Bl

BLM LIBRARY

88000304

IAGEMENT

A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF THE

CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE CANYONLANDS

SECTION OF THE MOAB DISTRICT

Richard A. Thompson
1979

CULTURAL RESOURCE SERIES

NO. 1

E

78

. U55
T46

I v^s

A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES

IN THE CANYONLANDS SECTION OF THE MOAB DISTRICT

OF THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

IN EASTERN UTAH

Prepared for the Bureau of Land Management

under the terms of contract no.

YA-512-CT7-32

by

Richard A. Thompson

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT LIBRARY

Denver , Colorado

88606364

International Learning and R-esearch, Inc.

Cedar City, Utah

April 30, 1978

PROPERTY OF

Bureau of Land Management

DSC LIBRARY

ADDITIONAL COPIES AVAILABLE FROM:

Utah State Office

University Club Building

136 East South Temple

Salt Lake City, Utah 84111

or

Moab District Office
125 West 2nd South

P.O. Box 970
Moab, Utah 84532

FOREWORD

This is the first in a series of U.S. Bureau of Land Management monographs
dealing with the historic and prehistoric, "cultural resources" in Utah. "A Stratified
Random Sample of the Cultural Resources in the Canyonlands Section of the Moab
District" was prepared by the firm of International Learning and Research, Inc.
and Dr. Richard A. Thompson, Archaeologist on the faculty of Southern Utah
State College in Cedar City. Information within this monograph was compiled
under contract with BLM for a Class II Cultural Inventory of lands scheduled for a
grazing environmental statement.

BLM is charged with the protection, study, and enhancement of varied and
valuable cultural resources on nearly 23 million acres of public lands in Utah.
Consequently, the Bureau must assure these resources are afforded proper protec-
tion and preservation, with consideration for the best scientific and public use.
Part of this responsibility is to disseminate significant new information to the
scientific community and public at large for their use. As a step towards filling
this latter obligation, I am pleased to present this first volume in what promises to
be a unique series of publications on Utah's past.

Paul L. Howard

Utah State Director

Bureau of Land Management

ABSTRACT

The one percent stratified random sample of 1,003,000 acres comprising BLM's
Canyonlands planning area yielded 225 prehistoric sites. Stratified by vegetation,
this small percentage inventory served to test the sampling design and allow for
future refinements.

Analysis of recovered data by site function, cultural affiliation, topography and
vegetation was completed on all four planning units. Tentative site density projec-
tions based on the sample were developed as a BLM management tool.

Richard E. Fike
Bruce Louthan
Archaeologists

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I. Introduction 1

Chapter II. The Natural Setting 8

Chapter III. Narrative Description of Quadrants and Sites 22

Chapter IV. Patterns In Canyonlands Prehistory 110

Chapter V. Projections of Site Densities and Cultural Resource

Sensitivity in the Study Area 151

Chapter VI. Conclusions 163

Bib liog ra phy . * ; 167

Appendix A. Tabulated Site Data 172

Appendix B. Cultural Resource Evaluations 196

Fig.

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Fig.

2a

Fig.

2b

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Fig.

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Fig.

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Fig.

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Fig.

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Fig.

31.

MAPS AND CHARTS

Moab District Planning Units 9

Distribution of Sites According to Function 127

Distribution of Sites According to Temporal /Cultural Position.. 128

Indian Creek P.U. Site Distribution by Function 129

Castle Valley P.U. Site Distribution by Function 130

Dolores P.U. Site Distribution by Function 131

Beef Basin P.U. Site Distribution by Function 132

Indian Creek P.U. Cultural /Temporal Site Distribution 133

Castle Valley P.U. Cultural /Temporal Site Distribution 134

Beef Basin P.U. Cultural /Temporal Site Distribution 135

Chipping Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 138

Camp Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 138

Habitation Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 139

Storage Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 139

Rock Art Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 140

Basket Maker II Sites: Distribution by Topography

and Vegetati on 140

Basket Maker III Sites: Distribution by Topography

and Vegetation 141

Pueblo II Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 141

Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation. 142

Pueblo III Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 142

All Anasazi Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation... 143

All Sites: Distribution by Topography and Vegetation 143

Chipping Site Distribution by Size and Elevation 147

Indian Creek P.U. Ecozone and Site Distribution 152

Castle Valley P.U. Ecozone and Site Distribution 153

Dolores P.U. Ecozone and Site Distribution 153

Beef Basin P.U. Ecozone and Site Distribution 153

Site-Space Ratios by Ecozone and Planning Unit 154

Beef Basin: Cultural Resource Sensitivity Projection 157

Indian Creek: Cultural Resource Sensitivity Projection 158

Castle Valley: Cultural Resource Sensitivity Projection 159

Dolores: Cultural Resource Sensitivity Projection 160

n

PHOTOGRAPHS

following
page

Indian Creek Planning Unit. Site 42Sa5928. Lithic 15

scatter in middle foreground. Facing north. Hatch
Wash in background and La Sal Mountains on horizon.

Indian Creek Planning Unit. Site 42Sa5940. General 15

view of quarry area along ledges at center. Facing
northeast. Cliffs of Windwhistle Rock in background.

Castle Valley Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6064. Chipping 17

area in foreground facing east. La Sal Mountains in

background.

Castle Valley Planning Unit. Site 42Gr703. Rockshelter 17

habitation. Facing west. Pace Ranch is visible on floor
of Castle Valley in background.

Dolores Planning Unit. Site 42Gr707. Lithic scatter 19

and quarry area in foreground. Facing north.

Dolores Planning Unit. Site Gr708. Chipping station 19

in foreground. Facing southwest. Colorado River at
base of slopes in background.

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6087. Ceramic scatter 20

in foreground. Facing east. Lavendar Mesa on horizon.

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6117. Lithic scatter 20

on broad bench. Facing southwest.

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6100. Masonry wall 20

built to create storage unit in rockshelter. Facing
west northwest.

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6067. One of five 20

granaries built in rockshelters at this site. Facing

north.

m

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The axiom that all research is a collaborative effort is so
frequently repeated as to make it appear trite. The fact remains,
however, that the statement is a true one and the report herein
submitted is further testimony to its validity. In this collabor-
ation the first expression of appreciation is due the eight members
of the survey team who brought to the project a varied background
of experience and interest but who shared a common willingness to
expend the energy necessary to keep the project moving within the
constraints of available time and funds. Members of the survey group
included Michael Benson, James Dykman, Fred Gierke, Asa Nielson,
Michael Smith, and Alan Spencer of Brigham Young University, Barbara
Burden of Southern Utah State College and Linda Thompson of the
University of Oklahoma.

For advice and counsel at many points appreciation must be
expressed to Richard Fike, State Archeologist with the Bureau of
Land Management, and to Bruce Louthan, archeologist in the Moab
District of the BLM. Special thanks are due to Dr. Blair Maxfield
of Southern Utah State College for writing the material on the
geology of the project area for this paper. Much is also owed to
Janet Leek and Daphne Dal ley for enduring the tedium of seeing this
manuscript through its later drafts.

My greatest appreciation must be expressed to my wife, Georgia,
for enduring the project through its many vicissitudes and also to
my daughter Chelle who, happily, is still young enough to believe
that all field crews are assembled for her benefit.

IV

A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF THE CULTURAL RESOURCES
IN THE CANYONLANDS SECTION OF THE MOAB DISTRICT
OF THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
IN EASTERN UTAH

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.

This report summarizes the data recovered during the course of
an intensive archeological survey of 63 quarter section quadrants dis-
tributed over four planning units within the Moab District of the Bureau
of Land Management. The work was conducted under terms of contract
No. YA-512-CT7-32 concluded between the Bureau of Land Management
and International Learning and Research, Inc. , of Cedar City, Utah.

Under the provisions of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Reservoir
Salvage Act of I960 as amended by P. L. 93-191, the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966, and Executive Order 11593, all Federal agencies
are required to identify, evaluate, and protect prehistoric and historic
cultural resources on lands subject to their jurisdiction. A recent court
decision has required the Bureau of Land Management to prepare environ-
mental impact statements on grazing lands within a thirteen year period.
The present contract marks an initial step in the Bureau of Land
Management's compliance with that decision.

The contract under which this work was conducted called for a
Class II intensive survey of randomly selected quadrants within each of
the BLM planning units to be studied. For the Canyonlands Range project,
a 1% sample of the total of 1, 000, 300 acres was to be obtained through the
survey of quarter section quadrants selected in proportion to the area of
the major vegetation zones previously identified by the BLM. The dis-
tribution of these quadrants is as follows:

Total Sample Sample

Planning Unit Acreage Quads Acreage

Dolores
Castle Valley
Indian Creek/Dry

Valley /Monticello
Beef Basin

102, 000

7

1, 120

223,000

14

2,240

509, 300

32

5, 120

166,000

10

1,600

1, 000, 300

63

10, 080

1

BLM personnel selected the quadrants to be inventoried and plotted
them on planning unit maps prior to the start of field work. The contractor
then searched government and university records to ascertain if previously-
recorded sites were to be found within the quadrants in order to avoid
assigning new numbers to known sites. Survey teams were also expected
to locate at least one USGS corner marker in each quadrant prior to the
start of the inventory.

The contract definition of an intensive inventory states that it, "shall
consist of a high intensity, total, on-the-ground assessment in sufficient
detail to locate, identify, and analyze all visible cultural resources, both
historic and prehistoric. " The contract then stipulates the spacing re-
quired to meet the definition of intensive coverage with the proviso that,
"The inventory quadrants shall be covered entirely on foot by adjacent and
parallel, 'search-line' sweeps or transects across the units, using crews
whose individuals are spaced not more than 50 feet apart. This spacing
will be maintained except in those0 instances where the COAR gives a relief
from this requirement. Upon completion of a transect, the next adjacent
transect shall be inventoried in a like manner. No uninventoried spacing
shall occur between transects, and all of each transect shall be inventoried. "

Direction of the Canyonlands Range sampling project was the re-
sponsibility of the primary contractor, Richard A. Thompson, Vice-President
of International Learning and Research, Inc. and Professor of Anthropology
at Southern Utah State College, Cedar City, Utah. Tames L. Dykman of
Brigham Young University supervised the actual field work assisted by
Asa S. Nielson of the same institution. Both of these men functioned as
crew leaders during the actual survey work. Field workers included
Michael Benson, Fred Gierke, Michael Smith, and Alan Spencer of
Brigham Young University, and Barbara Burden and Linda Thompson of
Southern Utah State College.

Field work began on March 23, 1977, and continued on a five day per
week basis through May 4, 1977. This involved a total of 31 days in the
field. One day was lost to adverse weather conditions which meant that a
total of 240 worker days were needed for the examination of 63 quarter
section quadrants. The quadrants were thus inventoried at an average
rate of 3. 81 per quarter section. This rate was safely within the target
ideal of 4. 0 worker days per quadrant.

Prior to the start of field work it was decided that crews would,
wherever practical, live in motels and take their evening meals in local
restaurants. Breakfast and lunch would be prepared in the rooms and in
the field with supplies readily available in local stores. Tt was believed

that the slightly higher costs and the occasional increase in travel distance
would be offset by the advantages of greater comfort for the crew and the
reduced time needed for general housekeeping chores. Field camps were
to be used only where logistic considerations made it impossible to base
in nearby towns.

In keeping with this decision, then, the crew lived in Monticello
during the survey of the Indian Creek planning unit and for a brief part of
the work in the Castle Valley unit. Headquarters were shifted to Moab
for most of the Castle Valley phase of the project and for all of the work
in the Dolores planning unit. Only in the case of the Beef Basin phase of
the project was a field camp used for about 6 days.

Field crew concensus at the conclusion of the field work clearly
favored using the town-based approach whenever it proved practical.
Advantages cited included a reduction in essential chores at the end of the
working day, the obvious desirability of hot showers, and the greater
opportunity afforded each individual to isolate himself after the daily
demands for cooperative work .

Out of the 63 quadrants surveyed, it proved possible to locate USGS
section corner markers or quarter section markers in only 27 cases.
Some of the markers had necessarily been set in washes where periods of
heavy runoff had resulted in their destruction. In other instances the
markers appear to have been removed by vandals. In the case of six
quads in Beef Basin and one in the Dolores planning unit, the land had
not been surveyed and markers had never been placed. All markers
actually found have been marked with a small, black triangle on the
quadrant diagrams used to plot site locations.

In cases where markers could not be found, crews plotted their
locations by triangulation on prominent topographical features that could
be identified readily both on the maps and in the field. Once a point had
been established, the distances could be determined accurately by pacing
with appropriate adjustments to the length of the crew leader's stride.
In all quadrants where markers could not be found, an additional pass was
also made around the entire quad in order to make certain that the proper
area had been covered.

The basic field method involved the division of the field workers into
two four-member teams, each equipped with its own vehicle. The survey
methods employed by both teams were the same. Once the quadrant corner

had been identified, the crew leader established the line of march by-
sighting with a tripod-mounted Brunton compass with proper correction
from magnetic to true north. Landmarks were noted in order to aid the
crew in maintaining the line of march.

Once this had been done, the crew leader took a position 7. 5 meters
from the corner on a line at right angles to the line of march and in the
direction of the center of the quadrant. The other crew members then
positioned themselves along this line at 15 meter intervals. The crew
would thus be prepared to cover the ground in transects 60 meters wide
with each worker being responsible for the ground extending 7. 5 meters
to the right and to the left of his line of march. In general, then, a
quadrant could be covered closely in 14 transects. Each worker would
walk an average of 7 miles as the team covered one quad.

As the crews walked a transect, the crew leader would record the
distance covered by counting his paces and using a mechanical counter
to record every 10 or 20 meters as seemed most suitable. At periodic
intervals which varied according to the terrain, the crew leader would
call for flagging the course. The worker at the opposite end of the line
would then affix flagging to a convenient bush or tree. Landmarks were
used to maintain alignments with more distant features providing the
greatest accuracy. In addition to this, the crew leader and the worker
at the opposite end of the line made repeated checks with hand-held Brunton
compasses. In cases of doubt, the compass would be set on the ground to
insure more accurate leveling. On all subsequent traverses across the
quadrant, the procedure remained essentially the same except that one
member of the team would be assigned the task of collecting the flagging
set during the previous pass.

The method described above proved workable, of course, under
ideal conditions when the ground is fairly level or where slopes sustain a
fairly even gradient over considerable distances. As the terrain becomes
increasingly broken by ledges, washes, or hills, or as the juniper-pinon
cover increases in density, greater reliance had to be placed on compass
readings. Intervals between flagging were considerably reduced and the
spacing between workers had to be checked more frequently.

There were thus times when the irregularities in the terrain reached
such proportions that two adaptive strategies were required. In the first
of these the four member team remained in tact. Often, however, a mesa
top terminated in a precipice with some of the quadrant continuing out from

the base of the cliff. In other instances a quadrant would be divided by one
or more small canyons presenting too much of an obstacle to be crossed
repeatedly. In such cases, the team would survey the mesa top or other
ground in one portion of the quad in the usual manner while making careful
note of the distance covered up to the obstruction. With figures for the
ground covered, it proved possible to calculate quite precisely the distance
to be surveyed beyond the base of the cliff or on the opposite side of the
wash or canyon. Even with their limitations, the 15' maps available
provided more than adequate guidance for this form of adjustment.

In a few instances the four member teams were divided into two
two-worker units. This proved particularly useful on narrow ridges or
ravines as well as in some areas of extensive slickrock exposures. The
terrain was covered as intensively as the topographic configuration would
permit, but locational data necessarily relied more on triangulation from
prominent features and less on paced distances.

At the beginning of the field work it was agreed that, since this was
not a field school situation, the greatest efficiency in site recording
would be attained by having one individual on each team carry out the
same assignment in recording each site. The plan was followed and it
contributed significantly to the effective speed of site recording. The
crew chief always completed the site inventory form and the sketch map
while one worker remained responsible for photographs and photographic
records. The third worker usually handled locational data while the fourth
team member gathered information on the slope and aspect of the site,
its size and the flora of the area which the crew chief incorporated into the
site notes.

The survey teams went into the field with no knowledge of the ecozone
classifications assigned to each of the sampling units. It was assumed
that this information was withheld so that the survey teams would use their
own observations without the influence of prior judgements. The survey
teams were instructed, however, to make the most accurate estimates
possible of the percentage of each unit given to each ecozone encountered.
No categories were stipulated since it was expected that these would emerge
through observation. The resulting estimates produced the acreage totals
given for each ecozone in the sample areas as they are summarized in
Fig. 2. A discrepancy arises from the fact that, while the Bureau of Land
Management assigned a single ecological classification to each sample
unit, the field workers reported more than one ecozone in almost all
quadrants.

Two examples should illustrate the problem. In the first instance,
the survey teams recorded two sites in a quad which, it was later learned,
had been classified as brushland. The field crew description did, indeed,
indicate that the cover was predominantly brush. At the same time, how-
ever, the team leader noted that about 2% of the land in one corner of the
unit had a dense juniper-pinon overstory. Both sites were located in the
small forested area.

In the second example, the sample unit was classified as wasteland.
Field reports indicate that from 75% to 80% of the quad was taken up with
the talus slope and the sheer cliff face of Bridger Jack Mesa. This area
would clearly fall within the wasteland category. The remaining 20% to
30% of the quad was on the mesa top. Although the wasteland classification
was uniformly applied to the entire unit, the two sites found on the mesa top
were in a fairly dense juniper-pinon stand.

Tt was not until the field work was over that it was learned that the
Bureau of Land Management had classified the quads under five ecological
headings. These categories included juniper /pinon, sage brush, desert
shrub, grass, and wasteland. Without this information the survey teams
had used the classifications juniper /pinon, brushland, and wasteland. An
examination of site reports, quadrant vegetation summaries, and site
photographs indicated that, while some of the sage brush areas could be
identified, the work could not be completed with any consistency. In many
cases the difficulty centered around the fact that there appeared to be a
mixture of sage brush and other shrubs so that dominance, at best a
professional judgement, could not be determined. In view of this difficulty,
it was decided to continue with a single, generalized brushland category.

The problem with the grassland classic ation was somewhat different.
Field teams early reported sites located in grassland. In these cases, how-
ever, narrative field reports indicated that the areas in question had been
chained. The project director thus arbitrarily reassigned these sites to the
juniper-pinon ecozone. From the point of view of range management personnel
the grassland designation is an accurate assessment of the use-potential of
the land. It is a matter of great concern to the archeologist, however, that
the quadrant is grassland only because the original vegetation has been
removed. Although the archeologist does not assume that lands remained
unaltered by prehistoric users, he finds it important that lands should be
classified according to their prior modern natural condition and not accord-
ing to their recently altered state.

Under the circumstances, then, the grassland category was eliminated.
A major consideration was the fact that the validity of the sample had been
compromised by the archeologically inappropriate inclusion of chained areas

6

in the sample. There was the further fact that the field teams had classed
other areas as brushland even though it was later learned that these had
been listed as grassland quads. The discrepancy would appear to involve
the criteria used to classify the quads. The nature of this problem and
suggestions for its resolution will be discussed in the final chapter.

Field teams carefully noted the wasteland category and recorded
the extent of the acreage involved in each planning unit. This is given in
the first part of Fig. 2a. The wasteland category is not included in the
subsequent breakdowns of site locational data, however, because the entire
2,451 acres of wasteland was totally devoid of sites.

CHAPTER II, THE NATURAL SETTING

While the entire Moab District of the BLM lies within the Colorado
Plateau, this paper is concerned with the four planning units identified as
the Indian Creek/Dry Valley and Monticello unit (hereafter referred to as
the Indian Creek planning unit), the Castle Valley, Dolores, and Beef
Basin units. The locations of these tracts are plotted in Fig. 1 on the
following page.

All four of the areas studied share common features based upon the
general aridity of the region which varies somewhat with altitude. Common
geological attributes also contribute to broadly similar patterns of surface
configuration. At the same time, of course, regional distinctions are
found. There is, for example, a general tendency for the elevation to
fall from the higher areas along the Monticello latitude to much lower
readings in the Moab area and north into the area of the Dolores River.
While these elevational differences and certain elements of geological
distinction foster differing frequencies of the plant species common to the
project area, the basic list of floral resources remains substantially the
same throughout the region.

Geology of the Indian Creek, Beef Basin, Castle Valley,
and Dolores Planning Units.

E. Blair Maxfield

Represented within the Indian Creek, Beef Basin, Castle Valley
and Dolores planning units are many geologic formations and a wide range
of rock types. This report first describes the various formations and the
rock types represented in the project area. This overview is then followed
by a description of the distribution of these features within the several
planning units.

Permian System

Cutler Group. The Cutler Group is undifferentiated and displays
relatively thin red beds that were deposited by streams on broad
flood plains and on extensive tidal flats. Some arkosic eolian beds
are to be found as are occasional strata containing numerous
pelecypods. As one travels westward and southwestward, one is
moving regionally and stratigraphically seaward in Permian time.

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The result is that more and more evidence emerges for the
interpretation of truly marine environments within the Cutler
strata. At the confluence of the Green and Colorado rivers,
just west of the Indian Creek planning unit, most of the Cutler
group is marine and may be differentiated into several dis-
tinctive formations.

Elephant Canyon Formation. The oldest sequence of Permian
strata that may readily be segregated into a distinctive formation
in the area of these planning units is the Elephant Canyon
Formation. This formation is typically comprised of inter-
bedded gray limestone, sandstone, and shale containing abundant
marine fossils. The unit near its type section in the vicinity of
the confluence of the Green and Colorado rivers is about 1, 000
feet thick. The "Rico Formation", exposed in the Shafer Dome
in the southwest corner of the Castle Valley planning unit, is
recognized as the upper half of the Elephant Canyon Formation.

Cedar Mesa Sandstone. The Elephant Canyon Formation grades
upward into and interfingers with the Cedar Mesa Sandstone. The
most typical exposures of the Cedar Mesa are in the Beef Basin
unit. This generally white, fine-grained, calcareous sandstone
reaches thicknesses greater than 1, 000 feet in Cataract Canyon.
The Cedar Mesa is also typically highly cross-bedded. Numerous
horizontal bedding planes bound more or less tabular sets of cross-
stratification. The Cedar Mesa Sandstone was originally interpreted
as an eolian deposit but the nature of the cross -stratification,
supplemented by ripples and convolute bedding, strongly suggests
a subaqueous origin. The fluctuating shoreline of the seaway that
was involved lay a short distance north and east of the confluence of
the Green and Colorado Rivers. The Cutler arkosic red beds from
the east were deposited on tidal flats and deltas marginal to the
Cedar Mesa area and interfingering of the two distinctive facies
developed.

Organ Rock Shale. The Cedar Mesa Sandstone and its lateral
equivalents are overlain by the Organ Rock Shale, a dark, reddish
brown siltstone and mudstone formation. Like the other red beds
in the Cutler Group, the Organ Rock is a fine-grained facies of the
arkosic fluvial sediments that extend from their eastern source far
to the west.

10

Triassic System.

The Triassic rocks form high vertical cliffs surrounding the western
mesas of the Indian Creek planning unit. Triassic rocks throughout their
extent in the Colorado Plateau area are eroded into spectacular cliffs and
bewildering erosional features which create vistas of great scenic beauty.

Moenkopi Formation. The Moenkopi formation is the lower portion
of this system and is usually found at the base of the cliffs in the
area. It weathers to form red-brown ledges and slopes in wide
outcrop belts on cliffs and in canyons. The Moenkopi formation
rests uncomformably on Permian rocks belonging, in most localities,
to the variously named members of the Cutler Formation. The
Moenkopi consists of slope-forming siltstone interbedded with
resistant ledge-forming sandy siltstone and very fine-grained
sandstone. The sandstone is very micaceous and well indurated,
the grains being composed ot quartz and feldspar and are generally
well sorted and angular. The siltstone is grayish-red and reddish-
brown, horizontally laminated and ripple laminated. The sandstone
and sandy siltstone beds are red and reddish-brown, horizontally
laminated, ripple laminated and cross-stratified.

Chinle Formation. The Chinle Formation is widely exposed.
Regional studies show that this feature accumulated in a basin
covering large parts of Utah, Arizona, and adjacent states to the
east. All flora and fauna recovered from the Chinle is of continental
origin. Many of the lenticular, poorly sorted sandstone beds were
deposited in streams while the shale, mudstone, and siltstone which
compose much of the Chinle accumulated in a floodplain environment.
Many of the limestone beds in the formation probably represent
deposition of lakes of limited extent. An extensive unconformity
marks the base of the Chinle throughout the area. Where the Shinarump
Member of the Chinle is present, relief on the unconformity is as
much as 50 feet in channels cut into the upper surface of the Moenkopi
Formation. In most of the other parts of the area where the Shinarump
is absent, the unconformity is an obvious undulatory surface of erosion
that shows only minor relief.

Wingate Sandstone. Overlying the Chinle Formation is the massive
Wingate Sandstone. The thickness of the Wingate varies from 240 to
373 feet. It is reddish-brown to light tan but in some cases its
weathered surfaces have been blackened by desert varnish. The
sandstone is very fine to fine-grained and it is composed of well-sorted
subround to round, clear and iron-stained quartz grains. Dark

11

accessary minerals are common. At occasional points, thin,
dense, gray limestones form a very minor lithology. Large-
scale crossbedding is a distinctive aspect of the Wingate
Sandstone. Some crossbeds are 50 feet long and dip as much
as 30 degrees. Throughout the area, bold cliffs are a charac-
teristic feature of this formation. This is due partly to its
uniform lithology and partly because it is protected by the
overlying resistant Kayenta Formation. Also significant is the
fact that the underlying soft Chinle Formation erodes rapidly
and maintains a very steep slope while the Wingate cliff recedes
by means of rock falls along great vertical joints.

Kayenta Formation. The Kayenta Formation consists largely of
sandstone and minor amounts of interbedded siltstone and shale.
Sandstone beds range from very fine to coarse grained and, at
places, are conglomeratic. The conglomerate commonly consists
of sandstone, clay, and sparse chert pebbles as much as one inch
in diameter and dispersed in a sandstone matrix. The sandstone
beds are as much as 35 feet thick, are lenticular and show parallel
bedding on small-scale crossbedding. Sandstone beds are purple,
red, white, tan, reddish-orange, and reddish-brown. Dark reddish-
brown silty shale and siltstone form beds that generally are less
than one foot thick but, in some places they may attain a thickness
of as much as 15 feet.

Jurassic System

Navajo Sandstone. The Navajo Sandstone thins as it moves north-
eastward. From a thickness of 634 feet in White Canyon, it is
reduced to a thickness of 158 feet at a locality 12 miles northwest
of Moab. The Navajo Sandstone in most of the planning units under
consideration forms an extensive rolling, dissected surface dis-
tinguished by great rounded knolls or domes. The Navajo consists
of grayish-orange and light gray, very fine to fine-grained sandstone.
Thin lenticular limestone beds containing nodules and lenses of
chert constitute a minor lithology. The Navajo Sandstone, of eolian
origin, is typically cross -bedded on a large and intricate scale.
The top of the Navajo is a significant hiatus that marks a break
between the end of deposition of the Navajo and the beginning of
deposition of the overlying Carmel Formation.

12

Carmel Formation. The Carmel Formation was deposited above
an unconformity at the top of the Navajo Sandstone. The basal beds
of the Carmel are generally composed of reworked sand from the
Navajo which contain a layer of sparse to abundant chert pebbles
at the base and disseminated chert granules within the body of the
basal beds. The surface of the unconformity is remarkably
smooth showing only minor irregularities which are probably the
result of localized current action but generally less than a foot
wide and a foot deep. The formation is predominantly reddish-
brown siltstone and clay shale. To the northeast the formation
becomes the moderate red earthy siltstone and light red sandstone
of the Dewey Bridge Member of the Entrada Sandstone.

Entrada Sandstone. In east- central Utah the Entrada has been
divided into three members. The lower Dewey Bridge Member of
reddish-brown, sandy siltstone ranging from a few inches to 20 feet
thick. The Slick Rock Member, generally 70 to 100 feet thick, is
light brown or light buff, a light reddish-brown, pink or salmon
colored, and is composed chiefly of very fine to fine-grained,
moderately well sorted quartzose and somewhat feldspathic sandstone.
The Moab Member attains its maximum development on Wilson and
South Mesas southeast of Moab where the member forms the con-
spicuous white upper part of the Entrada. On Wilson and South Mesas
the Moab Member is more than 90 feet thick. The Moab consists of
mostly very well sorted quartzose, somewhat feldspathic, sandstone.

Summerville Formation. The Summerville is a regressive, marginal
marine deposit accumulated on salt marshes and tidal flats. It is
composed of thin, even-bedded red, gray, green, and brown sandy
shale, siltstone, and mudstone at places containing masses of red
and white chert along with limestone nodules. Minor gypsum beds
and veinlets are also present.

Bluff Sandstone. The Bluff Sandstone is present above the Summer-
ville Formation. It is a light-colored, predominantly crossbedded
sandstone that attains a thickness of about 340 feet near the town of
Bluff, but it interfingers with the Summerville formation to the north.
The Bluff Sandstone has thus completely disappeared by the time
the southern boundary of the project area has been reached.

Morrison Formation. The Morrison Formation lies with a light
angular unconformity on the Summerville Formation and it con-
sists of two members, the Salt Wash and the Brushy Basin.

13

The Salt Wash Member constitutes approximately the lower
half of the Morrison in east central Utah. At the outcrop the
member forms a steep, ragged slope consisting of cliff -forming
sandstone ledges alternating with slope-forming mudstone units.
A bench, supported by a relatively resistant sandstone unit,
generally marks the approximate top of the member. The Salt
Wash member ranges from 300 to 325 feet thick and it consists
predominantly of interstratified sandstone and mudstone. The
sandstone is grayish-yellow, very pale orange, and white. It
is fine to medium- grained.

The Brush Basin Member forms the upper half of the Morrison
Formation in east central Utah. It generally crops out as a relatively
unbroken steep slope above the bench formed by the resistant upper
part of the Salt Wash Member and below a cliff-forming sandstone
of the overlying Burro Canyon Formation. Thicknesses range from
325 to 425 feet. The Brushy Basin Member consists of rocks con-
sidered typical of the Morrison Formation throughout much of the
western interior of the United States. Variegated bentonitic mudstone
is the dominant rock. It is usually banded red, purple, and gray
although in limited areas, a greenish gray may dominate.

Cretaceous System.

Burro Canyon Formation. This feature consists of a basal light
gray to light brown conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone and
an overlying red to green to gray mudstone. Each sandstone is
made up of innumerable small lens like bodies but the sandstone appears
to be relatively massive and is widely traceable. Thinner lenses of
sandstone are present in the mudstone in most places. Thin beds
of limestone and chert are present in some areas but carbonaceous
material is rare. In places the basal sandstone is absent whereas
in other areas, two or more conglomerates or conglomeratic sand-
stones may occur in the unit. The thickness of the Burro Canyon
Formation may vary widely throughout the Colorado Plateau but,
it averages about 150 feet thick in the planning units. In most
localities it is bounded above and below by an erosional surface although
in a few places the mudstone interfingers with carbonaceous mudstones
of the overlying Dakota (Naturita) Formation.

Dakota (Naturita) Formation. Overlying of interfingering with the
Burro Canyon Formation is the Dakota Formation. In most localities
the Dakota consists of three distinct lithologic units. An upper
sandstone unit, a carbonaceous shale and impure coal unit, and a

14

lower, widely traceable conglomeratic sandstone unit. Sandstone
and siltstone lenses may occur in the carbonaceous shale unit.
Thicknesses range from 0 to 200 feet but an average is about 100
feet. In most places the Dakota rests unconformably on the Burro
Canyon but in some places the two formations intertongue. It is
dis conformably overlain by the Mancos but also intertongues with
it laterally.

Mancos Shale. The Mancos Shale consists of dark gray, well-bedded,
silty shale and occasional tongues or lenses of sandstone and limestone.
The total thickness of the Mancos shale may exceed 5, 000 feet. In
the area of the planning units, however, most of the Mancos Shale has
been eroded off to such an extent that only a thin layer remains.

Holocene System

Quaternary. Many of the surfaces of the planning units subject to
this study are covered with a relatively thin layer of quaternary
terrace and pediment gravels and sands. Much of the gravel and sand
deposits are wind blown and some show true dune structures. Much
is also apread out in thin sheets.

The Environmental Setting of the Indian Creek, Castle Valley
Dolores and Beef Basin Planning Units

Indian Creek Planning Unit

Formations of the Cretaceous system and of Quaternary gravels and
sands cover most of the surface of the southeastern portion of the Indian
Creek planning unit. Quaternary Terrace and Pediment gravels combine
with abundant isolated outcrops of Mancos Shale to occupy much of the
extreme southeast corner of this unit. These rock elements are found in
most of T34 and 33S and the southern half of T32S, R23, 24, 25 and 26E.

The Burro Canyon and Dakota Formations occupy most of the northern
half of T32S, R23-26E. These formations generally form a series of small
cliffs along the northern edge of the Great Sage Plains giving rise to the
vistas that can be seen from the northern edges of Peter Point, South
Canyon Point, Iron Canyon Point, West Summit, and Summit Point. There
are also some isolated outcrops in T33 and 32S, R24E.

15

Indian Creek Planning Unit. Site 42Sa5928. Lithic
scatter in middle foreground. Facing north. Hatch
Wash in background and La Sal Mtns. on horizon.

-:*

Indian Creek Planning Unit. Site 42Sa5940. General
view of quarry area along ledges at center. Facing
northeast. Cliffs of Windwhistle Rock in background,

The areas of Hart Point, Hatch Point, and Rone Bailey Mesa in
the central portion of the planning unit are occupied by the Jurassic
Formations including Navajo Sandstone, Carmel Formation, and Entrada
Sandstone. Surrounding the above points and mesas are Triassic formations
that form the spectacular cliffs of the area. The lower portion of the cliffs
is usually occupied by the Moenkopi Formation overlain by the Chinle and
the massive cliff-forming Wingate and Kayenta Formations.

Along the western portion of the Indian Creek planning unit is an
extensive esplanade capped by the Cutler Formation undifferentiated in
the northwestern portion, and the Cedar Mesa Sandstone Member of the
Cutler in the southwestern portion of the unit. In the northeastern corner,
the Elephant Canyon Formation ("Rico" Formation) is exposed in the
Shafer Dome and along the deeper gorges of the Colorado River. There
is also an extensive outcrop of Pensylvanian age Hermosa Formation,
consisting of richly fossiliferous limestone, dolomite, and shale in the
Lisbon Valley Anticline in T30S, R25E.

Of the wildlife known in the planning unit today (Indian Creek URA,
1976), only the deer and the rabbit seem likely to have provided significant
food resources for prehistoric man. Petroglyphs in the project area also
argue the importance of bighorn sheep. Some game birds may have been
taken and a local informant whose name has been lost speculates that fish
may once have been important. It should be noted, however, that Indian
Creek, the largest drainage in the unit, is not now a perennial stream.
Some informants believe that it may have flowed throughout the year prior
to the advent of the European. Should this prove to have been the case,
some fish could have been utilized but their dietary contribution would have
been limited.

The major ecozones in the unit have been defined and summaries of
their major components listed. (Indian Creek URA, 1976). Thus the
juniper-pinon zone has a major overstory of pinon pine and the Utah juniper
while the understory consists largely of service berry, cliff rose, and
ephedra. This association is most common to the steeper slopes with
shallow, rocky soil and higher elevations.

The sage brush zone is dominated by an overstory of big sage and
four-wing saltbush. The understory commonly includes Indian ricegrass,
squirrel tail, blue gramma, curly grass and sand drop seed.

The desert shrub ecozone may be subdivided into five distinct
associations with different shrubs as the dominant species in each but with
much overlapping of the understory components. The shadscale association

16

also includes curly grass, sand drop seed, Indian ricegrass, blue gramma,
snakeweed, ephedra, and erigonum. The four-wing saltbush group includes
big sage, rabbit brush, winterfat, snakeweed, ephedra, three awn, blue
grama, squirrel tail, curly grass, sand drop seed, and Indian ricegrass.

An association classed as, "Other Desert Shrubs," yields a grouping
similar to that found in the four-wing saltbush zone but the number of
related species is greater. The most prominent of these are four-wing
saltbush, curly grass, Indian ricegrass, snakeweed, cacti, shadscale, old
man sage brush, yucca, and rabbit brush. A group dominated by blackbrush
includes curly grass, Indian ricegrass, ephedra, and cacti. A final category
termed, "Other Half Shrubs, " includes copperweed, Indian ricegrass, curly
grass, rabbit brush, four-wing saltbush, snakeweed, and cacti.

No definition of the barren waste category is given although it is
evident that the reference is to areas substantially devoid of vegetation.
Louthan (personal communication) asserts that the category is defined as
areas having less than 2% vegetation cover. The most common examples of
such conditions are to be found in areas of substantial slickrock exposure
or in places subjected to such regular flooding that few plants are able to
take root.

Castle Valley Planning Unit

Cutting along the southwestern border of the Castle Valley planning
unit, Cane Springs Canyon has cut deep enough to expose the Cutler Formation
undifferentiated and has cut into the top of the Elephant Canyon ("Rico")
Formation. From Cane Spring Canyon northeastward to about midway in
the unit at a point where the Porcupine Rim runs across, the area is
floored by Jurassic and Trias sic age rocks. Where washes have cut deeper,
the Triassic Wingate Formation is exposed while on the higher erosional
remnants it is the Jurassic Entrada Sandstone that is exposed. The Navajo
Sandstone is the most widely exposed formation in this central portion of the
planning unit.

Porcupine Rim is an abrupt escarpment along the southwest side of
Castle Valley. The mesa is held up by the resistant Kayenta Formation
similar to the mesas in the Indian Creek unit. In the face of the escarp-
ment is exposed the Wingate Formation which forms massive cliffs underlain
by the Chinle Formation. The Chinle forms a small and rather steep slope
with the ledge-forming Moenkopi Formation directly beneath it. The main
portion of the valley is floored by the arkosic Cutler Formation undifferen-
tiated. Round Mountain in the southeast part of the Valley is a Tertiary

17

Castle Valley Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6064. Chipping
area in foreground. Facing east. La Sal Mtns. in the
background.

3Sr.

^t::'

—_■

■*-: ■-* .»-...- ■, •" ^' *■

H '

-

- - • ;

■
« \ ^ . "a

■ *&* O,

Castle Valley Planning Unit. Site 42Gr703. Rock-
shelter habitation. Facing west. Pace Ranch is
visible on floor of Castle Valley in background.

porphyritic intrusive surrounded by the Moenkopi Formation. Castle Rock
and Parriott Mesa are erosional remnants capped by the resistant Kayenta
Formation. Along the west and northwest sides of the valley are a series
of prominent finger- like mesas protruding out into the valley. On their
leading edges they are capped by the resistant Kayenta Formation whiLe
they gradually add formations further back until, at the northern border
of the planning unit, the capping is the Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation.

While portions of this area provide only marginal habitat for deer
at any time of the year, much of the planning unit affords good quality
winter range for these animals (Castle Valley URA, 1972) and it is likely
that the area served as a winter source of game for prehistoric inhabitants.
Elk and bear are reported occasionally but they appear to enter the unit from
nearby areas. It is entirely possible, of course, that their numbers were
once somewhat larger. Big horn sheep were last seen along the Colorado
about 25 years ago but these animals were doubtless of some dietary
significance in the precontact period.

The wild turkey has recently been introduced into the unit. The
success that these birds have had in moving into a number of environmental
niches suggests the possibility that they may once have been native to the
area. Should archeological evidence demonstrate that this was the case,
they may have been a source of food along with the plentiful mourning
doves and the cyclical rabbit populations.

In the distinctive habitat provided by the Colorado and Dolores Rivers,
waterfowl are abundant during the winter months while fish may have played
some role in the diet of pre- Columbia inhabitants. The extent of such use
must await archeological verification, however.

Although various agency papers differ in the acreage accorded to
each of the major ecozones within the planning unit (cf. Castle Valley URA,
1968 and Cultural Resource Sample Design, 1977), this would appear to
represent the revisions inherent in an ongoing reassessment of the unit's
resources. The basic composition of each of the major zones remains well-
defined, however. These associations are essentially the same as those
noted in the Indian Creek planning unit.

The juniper- pinon zone may be subdivided into three constituent
elements (URA, 1968). The first is a scrub juniper category common to
lower elevations. This is frequently a zone transitional between the desert
shrub association and the true juniper-pinon type. The more typical or
"true" juniper-pinon zone occurs at somewhat higher elevations than does

18

the scrub form and the Latter utilizes generally better soils. In the third
category, the forest contains a higher percentage of pinon. This feature
is found at even higher elevations under conditions of still better soils and
somewhat more annual moisture. In some instances this subzone is a part
of the juniper- pinon- ponderosa transition or ecotone.

The grasslands occur in deep, well-drained soils that are most
commonly found on mesa tops. The dominant species is blue grama found
in frequent association with galleta and sagebrush. Blue grama is poor
in forage productivity but is valuable for erosional control because of the
stabilizing action of its root systems.

Sagebrush areas form the most limited association within the unit.
They are most common to mesa tops where they appear as "parks" ringed
by apparently invading juniper and pinon. Associated plants include cheat
grass, galleta, blue grama, and wheat grasses.

Dolores Planning Unit

The Dolores planning unit is on the western nose of the Uncompahgre
Uplift. The younger rock units are along the western edge of the unit while
older rock elements are found in the east-central portion.

The Cretaceous Dakota and Burro Canyon Formations are exposed in
the southwest corner of the unit where they cap Hotel and Scharf Mesas.
The Jurassic Saltwash Member of the Morrison Formation caps Steamboat
Mesa and extends in the northwestern direction along the northeast face of
Scharf and Hotel Mesas. The other Jurassic formations, Summerville,
Entrada, and Navajo, along with the Trias sic Formations, Kayenta,
Wingate, and Chinle, make an arc around the nose of the Uncompahgre
Uplift in T22S, R26E. The Chinle Formation rests unconformable upon
the eroded Pre-Cambrian rocks of the Uncompahgre. The Pre-Cambrian
core of the Uncompahgre Uplift is exposed in T22S, R26E and in the
eastern portion of T22S, R25E. There are also outcrops of Pre-Cambrian
rocks along a fault block running east and west in the southern part of
T21S, R25E. This also occurs along the Colorado River and in various washes
running into the Colorado from the east in T20 and 21S, R25 and 26E.

The faunal resources of the unit (Dolores URA, 1973) are substantially
the same as those of the Castle Valley unit. The deer in the area winter in
the Dolores planning unit and spend the summer on higher ground in Colorado.
At the present time there is some over-population of deer. The condition
grows out of difficulties in coordinating management practices on privately
owned Colorado lands and publicly owned land in Utah. Such a problem

19

«■£

-

* * *

4'--

-~-~*.

jgfc

-""""•'

■

' tf 3*'

"~ **

Dolores Planning Unit. Site 42Gr707. Lithic scatter
and quarry area in foreground. Facing north.

^

Dolores Planning Unit. Site 42Gr708. Chipping
station in foreground. Facing southwest. Colorado
River at base of slopes in background.

would not exist in pre-Columbian times, of course, and it is likely
that the Dolores area was also winter hunting ground.

Bear and elk are occasionally seen in the Dolores planning unit
but they appear to be intruders from other areas. Prior to the advent
of the European they probably occurred in numbers sufficient to be of
some dietary significance. While there would appear to be fewer game
birds in the Dolores unit than in Castle Valley, the Colorado and
Dolores Rivers remain potential sources both of waterfowl and of fish.
One limitation should be noted, however. Much of the Dolores River
freezes over during the winter thus disrupting a part of their annual
cycle.

In the description of the major plant communities of the Dolores
planning unit (Dolores URA, 1973), no discussion of grasslands is offered.
The remaining associations are, meanwhile, similar to those identified in
the other units.

I

The juniper-pinon forests concentrate in the higher areas of the unit
as well as on the steeper slopes. The understory for most of the forested
region is Indian ricegrass and needle-and-thread grass. Some blackbrush
occurs as the understory at the lowest elevations reached by the pygmy
forest.

The desert shrub association is dominated by blackbrush with a
scattering of saltbush which becomes more common around the confluence
of the Dolores and Colorado Rivers.

Sage brush flats are located on the higher and more northerly parts
of the planning unit. The understory is needle-and-thread grass, Indian
ricegrass, curly grass, and some annuals.

The balance of the unit is covered with land classed as barren waste.
Although none of the URAs define this category, this paper has previously
noted that this is generally regarded as a zone with less than 2% vegetation
cover.

Beef Basin Planning Unit

The Beef Basin Planning Unit is floored by the Cedar Mesa Sandstone
except in the deeper canyons such as Dark Canyon, Gypsum Canyon, and
their tributaries. These canyons have cut deeply enough to expose the
Elephant Canyon ("Rico") Formation.

20

tk rw'J§B

&r, ^&&~* *" -" ' I skip? -t f *jk8h

I •^r^^foi^ >* *J$N

^\Si£

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6087. Ceramic
scatter in foreground. Facing east. Lavendar Mesa
on horizon.

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6117. Lithic
scatter on broad bench. Facing southwest.

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6100. Masonry
wall built to create storage unit in rockshelter.
Facing west northwest.

m

v»

Beef Basin Planning Unit. Site 42Sa6067. One of
five granaries built in rockshelters at this
site. Facing north.

The Cedar Mesa Sandstone is generally a well-sorted sandstone with
good permeability and porosity and therefore a good aquifer throughout
most of the Planning Unit. Interbedded with the sandstone are thin, dis-
continuous shale layers that act as permeability barriers. The Cedar Mesa
Sandstone overlies the Elephant Canyon Formation which is also a rather
impermeable unit. Because of these relationships numerous small springs
and seeps issue from the Cedar Mesa Sandstone in the deeper canyons
which have cut into the sandstone deep enough to expose the interbedded
shale layers and the underlying contact with the Elephant Canyon Formation.

Appreciable amounts of Quaternary alluvial cover occur only in the
north central part of T33S, R16E and scattered dis continuously throughout
T32S, R18 and 19E in the Beef Basin Planning Unit.

The wildlife that may have been hunted and utilized by prehistoric
man in the Beef Basin unit persists to the present day. Significant food
resources would have included deer, rabbits and probably bighorn sheep,
although both elk and bear continue to be reported and should have had
at least some nutritional importance prior to the arrival of the European.
A URA on Beef Basin wildlife is not available but local informants report
that the region continues to support an abundant deer population which is
much sought after by hunters.

In the examination of the plant communities involved in the unit, it is
evident that associations similar to those noted in the Indian Creek planning
unit persist in the Beef Basin unit. The juniper- pinon combination occurs
here, as elsewhere, on the high plateaus and on the rough slopes at higher
elevations. The pygmy forest in the Beef Basin unit has, for the most part,
only a most limited understory. This may be due to the greater competitive
success of the trees in the absorption of moisture. Much of the forest cover
on the plateaus has been chained during the course of range improvement
projects. BLM personnel indicate that slightly more than 12,000 acres had
been chained by 1967 and they state that much more has been chained since
that time although precise figures are not available.

The desert shrub association found in the Beef Basin unit includes
shadscale, black brush, ephedra, along with some curly grass and Indian
ricegrass. The sage brush lands in the unit generally have a dense under-
story of grass. This may relate to the fact that the sage brush appears to
have been subjected to serious overgrazing although it is not clear whether
this is attributable to game or to livestock. The barren waste area occupies
a significant part of the broken terrain in the unit and it is made up of areas
of slickrock exposures, sheer cliffs, and some of the canyon bottoms of
the Dark Canyon Plateau.

21

CHAPTER III. NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIONS: QUADRANTS AND SITES.

On the pages that follow, brief descriptions of each quadrant
summarize the nature of the covering vegetation and the principle
physiographic features within the quarter section. The descriptions
are accompanied by diagrammatic representations of the sample unit
upon which the position of each site is marked.

Site function is indicated in each diagram by a series of code
letters which are appended to the site numbers when they are appropriate.
The letters used in this paper include: CH=chipping; CA = camp; CE=
ceramic; HB=habitation; ST = storage; RS = rockshelter; RA = rock art.

Cultural affiliation and approximate temporal position are indicated,
when suggested by the data, by the traditional Pecos Classification notations:
BM-II, BM-III, P-I, P-II, and P-III. The term "Pueblo" is used to denote
a site that has an apparent Anasazi affiliation although the data does not
afford a precise indicator of the age period. The designation "ARCH,"
indicates a late archaic site while "Paiute,11 is a reference to cultural
diagnostics of either Southern Paiute or Southern Ute. Diagrams have,
of course, been omitted in the cases of quadrants in which no sites were
found.

As indicated briefly in the opening statements of this paper, the sample
design (BLM Cultural Resource Sample Design, 1977) was established initially
by imposing a one half mile grid on existing vegetation maps. In each of the
major ecozones thus gridded, numbers were assigned to each half mile quad-
rant and selection of the sample units was made with the aid of a computerized
table of random numbers. The initial design was flexible in the sense that it
projected a 10% sample of each ecozone but it was set up in 10 increments of
i% each. The final decision called for an initial sample of only 1% and it is
on this basis that this cultural resource inventory has been conducted.

Indian Creek Planning Unit

The Indian Creek planning unit (which includes the Dry Creek and
Monticello units) contains a total of 509, 118 acres (Cultural Resource
Sample Design, 1977). The 32 sample quadrants apportioned to this unit
total 5, 120 acres c.ran almost even 1% of the total. The 224,886 acres
of juniper-pinon were sampled in 14 quads with a combined area of 2,240
acres. Four quadrants provided a 640 acre sample of just over 1% of the
total of 55, 769 acres listed as grasslands while three sample units with a

22

total of 480 acres in sage brush provided a sample slightly under 1% for
the 50,009 acres in this category. The 148,458 acres in Desert Shrub
vegetation were sampled in 9 quads totalling 1,440 acres or slightly under
1%. Finally, two sample units with an acreage total of 320 produced a
1% sample of the 29, 996 acres classified as Barren Waste.

Beef Basin Planning Unit

The Beef Basin Cultural Resource Sample Design (1977), reports
that this planning unit includes a total of 145, 124 acres. Of this amount,
90, 984 acres are listed as juniper-pinon which accounts for 62. 7% of the
total area. Five quarter section sample units combined to form an 800
acre or . 88% sample of the zone. The 8,629 acres designated grass land
covers 5. 9% of the unit. Here a single 160 acre sample unit produced a
1. 8% sample. A total of 8, 120 acres are listed as sage brush lands with
a single quarter providing a 1.9% sample. Some 14% of the planning unit,
20,246 acres, has been classified as Desert Shrub land for which a 1. 58%
sample was obtained through a survey of two quadrants. A 160 acre
quadrant of Barren Waste supplied a . 9% sample of the 17, 144 acres in
this category which accounts for 11. 8% of the Beef Basin Planning unit.

Castle Valley Planning Unit

Although there is a total of 208,882 acres of land in the Castle Valley
planning unit, the Cultural Resource Sample Design (1977) was applied to
only 149, 941 BLM-managed acres. Within this limit, the juniper-pinon zone
covers 97,400 acres of about 65% of the total. A generous 1. 5% sample was
provided in the assignment of 9 sampling units with a total of 1,440 acres.

Grasslands comprise only 2,251 acres in the area or about 1. 5% of
the total, and no quadrant was assigned. The 10,470 acres listed as sage
brush account for 7% of the acreage and the requisite 1. 5% sample was
provided by a single 160 acre quadrant.

The desert shrub associations are reported as involving 11, 120
acres or about 7. 5% of the total. A single quadrant approximated the re-
quisite 1% sample of the zone. Barren waste, meanwhile, was calculated
as claiming 19% of the unit with 28, 700 acres. A one percent sample of
this zone was produced in the 480 acres of three quadrants.

23

Dolores Planning Unit

A total of 101,890 acres are included within the Dolores planning
unit and a 1% sample of this land was obtained with seven 160 acre
quadrants totalling 1, 120 acres. Beyond this, however, it should be
noted that the breakdown of these quads according to ecozone provides
an illustration of some of the problems which arise in the use of
small sampling percentages in areas of very limited acreage.

The juniper-pinon association covers 39.4% of the unit with a
total of 40,210 acres. Two quadrants totalling 320 acres produce a
sample of just under 0. 8%. In contrast to this, the 4, 800 acres in grass
account for only 4. 7% of the area and a single 160 acre sample unit
covers 3% of the area. Similarly, 4, 760 acres in sage brush to which
a single quadrant was assigned, produced a similar 3% sample.

The desert shrub group accounts for 44, 890 acres or 44. 1% of the
unit but the 320 acre sample of two quadrants produces a sample of 0. 71%.
A single 160 acre sample unit accounts for 2% of the 7,230 acres (7. 1% of
the total) of the planning unit that has been classified as barren waste.

A communications oversight resulted in a situation in which field
work and the preparation of a preliminary draft of this report were done
without knowledge of the ecozone classifications assigned to each quadrant
by the BLM. While this circumstance has occasioned some added difficulties
in subsequent revisions of the report, the view expressed here is that the
advantages that result outweigh the difficulties involved. Field workers
reached their own conclusions in describing each quadrant and have made
their own assessments concerning the areas covered by different ecozones.
Inevitably there will be discrepancies between the calculations made in the
field and those of the sampling design but these will serve to highlight
potential pitfalls in future sampling programs and they may be used to
improve sensitivity in future projects.

A discussion of the implications of the more detailed analysis of
quadrant ecosystems will be postponed to a later point in the report. Here,
however, it should be noted that the BLM classification of each quadrant
has been added in capital letters at the conclusion of the narrative descrip-
tion of each quadrant.

This project has not used the most widely known BLM site report
form but has, instead, made use of an experimental form developed by
BLM personnel in Utah. This form is designed to facilitate the organization
of data for quantification by computer or by other means. While such an

24

approach is essential if trends in large bodies of data are to be discerned,
it does not remove the necessity for narrative descriptions.

The site forms contain space for comments. In the field this area
is used primarily to record any information that does not fit within the
categories of the main portion of the sheet. In reworking the site reports
after the field work has been completed, however, this space is used to
write a narrative description of the site. This statement attempts to in-
clude all of the quantifiable data contained on the form. The narrative
site descriptions which follow the quadrant descriptions in this chapter are
taken directly from the site sheets filled out during the project.

Also relevant to the base line data of this chapter are tabulated
summaries of site data and reproductions of the CRES forms used to
evaluate the potential of each site. Both are included in the appendix to
this report.

INDIAN CREEK PLANNING UNIT

Quad 11. (Sec. 18 SE 1/4, T27S, R21E) The quadrant divides distinctly
into two contrasting ecological zones. The red sands of the Colorado
River bottoms support a widely spaced sage brush overstory which en-
compasses about 65% of the quarter section. The remaining 35% has
been classed as wasteland, encompassing, as it does, the red sandstone
cliffs that rise above the river bottom land. Neither sites nor random
artifacts were found. (No corner marker was found. Location was
established by triangulation on topographical features clearly identified
on maps. ) DESERT SHRUB.

Quad 30. (Sec. 15 SW 1/4, T31S, R21E) Part of the quadrant embraces
the north end of Bridger Jack Mesa which lies just to the west of the
locally prominent Dugout Ranch. Three different areas can be distinguished
here. The first is a comparatively level bench region covered with shallow
soil, some sand dunes and occasional slick rock exposure. Vegetation in-
cludes a few stunted juniper, small sage brush, some cacti, and grasses.
A single petroglyph site was found in this zone which accounts for some

45% of the quad. Approximately 6% of the quarter section is taken over

by cliff faces and talus slopes. The juniper are a bit larger here, but
widely separated. Some brush and grasses also occur. No sites were

found in this zone. The mesa top proper has some dune areas and

patches of slick rock but it is basically a moderately dense juniper-pinon
overstory. The understory of this 40% segment includes bitter brush,
cacti, ephedra, cheat and other grasses. No sites in this zone. (Quarter
section marker was located at the base of a cliff. ) BARREN WASTE.

25

RA 42Sa6042-

i ;

^ r

, '

Quad 30.

42 Sa 6042 Elev. 1609 m (5280 ft. ) A small petroglyph panel
on a vertical surface at the base of a ledge which faces east
overlooking rolling brushland dominated by ephedra, yucca and
sage brush with some juniper. The snake design is too limited
to be associated with any culture although team members suggested
that the panel may be associated with 42 Sa 6041 which would
argue early Anasazi.

Quad 33. (Sec. 26 NE 1/4, T27S, R20E) A sage brush overstory on red
sand flats covering about 32% of the quadrant contrasts sharply with the
68% of the area dominated by sandstone cliffs. A single large but heavily
eroded chipping site was recorded in the brushland. (Quarter section
marker located.) DESERT SHRUB.

CH,CE,(PAIUTE) 42Sa606O

. .. -t-

L 1

Quad 33,

26

42 Sa 6060 ELev. 1243 meters (4080 ft. ) The chipping station
faces northeast with a slope of no more than 2°. The area
measures 75 meters north-south and 150 meters east-west, ex-
tending along the base of a cliff with some erosion flowing to the
northeast. The site has a clear view of the flood plain of the
Colorado River. Grazing apparently has intensified erosion.
Sage brush and saltbush form the overstory in the absence of
trees. Gray chert primary and secondary flakes displayed a
concentration of only about 2 per square meter. Although a
single sherd was found, it appears to be of Paiute origin- -a fact
which suggests site utilization any time between the mid 1300' s
and the early historic period.

Quad 37. (Sec. 6 SW 1/4, T28S, R21E) Two ecozones occur in this
quadrant. A juniper- pinon overstory dominates a relatively flat area
encompassing about 80% of the total area. Sandstone outcrops and areas
of blown sand are also found in this flat. Two small lithic manufactur-
ing sites and an isolated artifact were found in sandy areas in the juniper-
pinon. Less than two meters square in each instance, the sites appear
to have been the product of very brief use. -- The second zone, about
20% of the area, is broken wasteland created by the head of a canyon which

indents the northern part of the unit. No sites were found in this area.

(No corner marker was found. It appears to have been destroyed during
work on a seismic road which runs down the section line. Location plotted
from topographical features with the aid of aerial photos. Two extra
sweeps at right angles to the seismic road were added to insure coverage
of the quadrant. ) JUNIPER -PINON.

CH 42Sa5938

CH 42Sa5937

'• •

r !

7 "

i

Quad 37.

27

42 Sa 5937 Elev. L787m (5860 ft.) The site, a small chipping
station, is located at the edge of a juniper-pinon clearing. It
is concentrated in a six by six meter area with few associated
tools. Water is one km north of the site. Main vegetation is
juniper-pinon, sage brush, ephedra and grease wood. The
entire site appears to have been used only once or twice.
Secondary flakes and blade forms all of white chert were the
only lithics observed. Culture-period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5938 Elev. 1792m (5880 ft. ) The site is a small chipping
area facing northeast at 40 . It lies on an open flat between
two drainages. The site was probably utilized only once, as
only six secondary flakes were found. The nearest water is 0. 7
km to the north. Main vegetation is juniper-pinon, sage brush,
rabbit brush, and oak brush. All flakes were of white chert.
Cultural affiliation is indeterminate.

Quad 42. (Sec. 14 NE 1/4, T29S, P21E) Sagebrush flats cover this
unit. Heavily grazed by sheep, the area varies less than 20 feet in
elevation in any part of the section. A rock road some eight miles in
length, cuts the middle of the quadrant from east to west. No sites were
recorded. (Two markers were located.) SAGE BRUSH.

Quad 53. (Sec. 30 SE 1/4, T32S, R21E) A thick juniper-pinon stand on
top of Bridger Jack Mesa dominates this quadrant by covering 60% of the
area. The pygmy forest also includes some small sage brush flats. One
site, a small granary with associated ceramics, was located on forested
flat lands area. The remaining 40% of the area is wasteland consisting of
cliffs and steep talus slopes below Bridger Jack Mesa. No sites were
found in this zone. (No corner markers were found. Topographical
features on Bridger Jack Mesa were used to triangulate the position. )
BARREN WASTE.

1 ■ r

i '

^2Sa5948 ST, RS, CE (P-III)

Quad 53.

28

42 Sa 5948 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft.) This apparent storage unit
or granary is located in a site area of 15 meters north-south
and 10 meters east-west. The granary itself is about two meters
square and sits under an overhang at the base of a small cliff.
Rough-shaped slabs with little chinking were used in the con-
struction. The site terrain is broken and slope below the granary
is 7°. Soils are residual. Below the site to the south is a wash.
Above the site and to the north is a series of terraces and small
cliffs which rise to a flat area. The site has been vandalized
(part of the walls torn down) and some erosion has occurred.
Other than this, the site is in fair condition. It is located in a
juniper-pinon woodland with small amounts of sage brush, salt
brush, and ephedra also present. No lithic artifacts were noted,
but a good sample of ceramics were found, including sherds of
Mesa Verde B/W (1200-1300) and a possible Mesa Verde Corr.
sherd (1100-1300). Following the lead of this small collection,
the site should be considered to have been used between 1200 and
1300 A. D. and to fall within the Pueblo III range.

Quad 72. (Sec. 30 NW 1/4, T29S, R25E) The vegetation of the unit is
uniform but there are two distinct topographical zones. The largest area
extending along the gently rolling ridge line is sage-dominated. Occasional
juniper, several types of grasses, and cacti were also noted. Minor
arroyos cut away some of the ridge and erosion has removed top soil ex-
posing a sandstone bedrock. Exposed quartzite and a few sources of

chert were seen in this region. Four sites were found in this area.

The second zone is dominated by a wash or major arroyo in the north-
eastern part of the unit which drains to the north. The deeper soils and
a slightly higher available moisture have produced rabbit brush and sage
brush which is a bit taller than that found in the other area. Exposed
chert and quartzite are also present. Some grasses such as blue gramma
are to be found. One site occurred in this region. There is sign of deer
and rodent activity over the entire quadrant. (Corner marker was located. )
GRASS.

CH 42Sa6029

CH 42Sa6031-

Quad 72,

1

J ft-

1

1
1

1

1

1 .

-__ _ 1

1

1
1

i

H-42Sa6028 CH
42Sa6027 CH

^2Sa6030 CH

29

42 Sa 6027 Elev. 2005m (6580 ft. ) This small lithic site
covers six square meters on a slope looking east at 95°.
The soil is a sandy clay now eroding badly due to chaining
disturbance. The former juniper-pinon forest has been seeded
in crested wheat. Tools include a square base knife and a
knife tip. The remainder of the site is a few flakes of chert.
Cultural affiliation of this site could not be assigned.

42 Sa 6028 Elev. 1993m (6540 ft. ) Site area is 150 meters
east-west and 200 meters north-south. The lithic scatter
is located on the north side of a knoll and faces northwest at
310°. Shallow soil has eroded exposing a slick rock base in
several areas. While the site contains only a few clumps of
snake weed, the perimeter of the site has a light overstory of
juniper-pinon. Only primary chert flakes were observed at the
site. A lack of diagnostic artifacts rendered cultural determination
impossible.

42 Sa 6029 Elev. 2002m (6570 ft.) A lithic scatter occupies an
area nearly 200 meters square on top of a knoll. The general
aspect is east at 90 with a slope which varies from 1 to 6°.
Soils on the knoll top are sandy and are eroding down the north
side. Considerable rock material occurs in this sand. The
heaviest concentration of material is on the knoll top, although
flakes were noted on the north slope. The knoll is covered with
a light juniper-pinon overstory with sage, cacti and snake weed
also present. While there is considerable detritus, no culturally
diagnostic tools were located.

42 Sa 6030 Elev. 2004m (6575 ft. ) The site follows a ridge line
around the head of an arroyo and covers an area of 200 meters
north-south by 300 meters east-west. The large lithic scatter is
on sandy soil with several minor arroyos washing into the main
arroyo which lies to the east at 70°' These wash areas have
concentrations of secondary cultural deposits. The site is in
moderately dense juniper-pinon cover with various grasses in
clear areas while snake weed, ephedra, and yucca occur in less
disturbed locations. Even though the detritus was heavy, no
tools of diagnostic value were recovered.

30

42 Sa 6031 ELev. 2023m (6640 ft.) A lithic scatter curves
along a ridge line and slope extending 160 meters east-west
and 75 meters north-south. The soil is rocky and erosion has
caused some secondary cultural deposition. The site generally
looks north at 10 . The area has juniper -pinon cover while
snake weed, yucca, cacti and sage also occur. Secondary chert
flakes dominate the lithic inventory while two knife fragments
were collected. The tools collected were not diagnostic so no
cultural affiliation has been determined.

Quad 88. (Sec. 35 NW 1/4, T29S, R24E) At one time the quad was a
fairly homogeneous unit with a heavy juniper- pinon over story. At
present, however, with the exception of small, steep, and rocky areas,
nearly all of the quarter section has been chained. In only one limited
area, amounting to about 10% of the total, did it appear that brushland

had dominated before chaining. ' Two major arroyos, running towards

the south-east, cut through the area and these are fed by numerous
tributary gullies. The thin top soil has eroded in some places to expose
sandstone and limestone bedrock. Two sites, associated with lithic
sources,were found in bedrock areas. (No corner markers were found. )
The quad was located by a check on intersecting fence lines and verification
with the map that they ran on section lines. ) GRASS.

CH 42Sa5988—

CH 42Sa5991-

CH 42Sa5992-
CH 42Sa5996-

CH 42Sa5998-

42Sa5989 CH
42Sa5990 CH

42Sa5993 CH
42Sa5994 CH
42Sa5995 CH

42Sa5997 CH

Quad 8§,

42 Sa 5988 Elev. 2133m (7000 ft.) The lithic scatter now covers
an area of 10 meters east-west by 40 meters north-south.
It occupies a ridge of sandy soil between minor arroyos. The
site is badly eroded at the southern end and the entire area has
been chained. Formerly a juniper-pinon forest, it is now
seeded with crested wheat grass. Artifact remains consist
mainly of primary chert flakes with no diagnostic tools for
further cultural identification.

31

42 Sa 5989 Elev. 2121m (6960 ft.) The Lithic area covers a
15 meter square on badly eroded sand and faces northwest at
300°. The site occupies a ridge between arroyos in what was
once a heavy juniper- pinon forest, but which has been since
chained. The area is now seeded with crested wheat grass and
has some sage growth. No diagnostic tools were recovered.

42 Sa 5990 Elev. 2130m (6990 ft.) The lithic site occupies an
area of 10 meters square in a rock-strewn sandy surface of
a rocky sand on a ridge top that slopes down to the south. The
site was in a juniper- pinon forest which has been chained. Now
crested wheat grass is present along with sage and cacti. Two
tools, a scraper and a knife fragment were recovered, but
nothing culturally diagnostic.

42 Sa 5 991 Elev. 2127m (6980 ft.) A small lithic scatter
occupies a six meter square on the south bank of an arroyo.
The site is on badly eroded sandy soil which has been chained.
The former juniper-pinon forest area is now dominated by crested
wheat grass, cacti, and sage. Cultural material consists of
primary and secondary white chert flakes, but no diagnostic tools
were recovered.

42 Sa 5992 Elev. 2103m (6900 ft.) A lithic scatter, or possible
hunting site, covers an area 20 meters square on the north slope
of a rocky arroyo. The site faces south at 170° with a 3 slope.
Some erosion of the sand around the rock has occurred, scattering
the cultural remains. Juniper-pinon form the overstory, with
snake weed and narrow leaf yucca also present. Cultural remains
consist of chert detritus. One knife tip was observed, but not
collected. No other diagnostic cultural material was seen.

42 Sa 5993 Elev. 2 133m (7000 ft. ) The area of occupation is a
five meter square in a sandy soil at the base of a rock outcrop.
The lithic scatter faces west at 270 , and is badly eroded and has
been chained. Originally the site was in a juniper-pinon forest,
but now crested wheat grass and sage growth predominate. A
number of gray chert flakes and a quartzite knife tip were observed,
but no diagnostic tools.

32

42 Sa 5994 Elev. 2127m (6980 ft.) A small, but intensive lithic
scatter is located in a seven meter square area on the north
slope of an arroyo. The north side of the site has been chained,
while the remainder has been heavily impacted by erosion and
cattle grazing. The north end section is now seeded in crested
wheat grass. The remainder is still a heavy juniper- pinon stand
with growths of snake weed and ephedra. Numerous deer trails
and coyote feces were observed at the site. Cultural materials
consist of gray chert secondary flakes occurring at a density of
seven per square meter. No diagnostic material was recovered.

42 Sa 5995 Elev. 2121m (6960 ft. ) The site area occupies 20
meters east-west by 40 meters north-south on a small knoll
with a northeast slope facing 65 . The area is surrounded by
arroyos and some secondary deposition has occurred on the north
end of the site. The juniper- pinon forest formerly in the site
area has been chained and seeded crested wheat grass and sage
brush are now dominant. The cultural remains are chert and
quartzite primary flakes with a few secondary flakes, suggesting
a possible manufacturing function for the site. No diagnostic
tools were recovered.

42 Sa 5996 Elev. 2118m (6950 ft.) A lithic scatter contained
within an area 20 meters east-west by 30 meters north-south
on a slope facing west at 270°. The soil is a fine, sandy clay
which has eroded. The north edge has been cut by an arroyo.
Formerly a juniper- pinon forest, the area is now seeded with
crested wheat grass. The cultural materials are mainly white
secondary chert flakes; no diagnostic material was observed.
The activity of surface collectors is evidenced by several piles
of flakes.

42 Sa 5997 Elev. 2109m (6920 ft. ) Lithics are scattered over
an area of 20 square meters on an eroded slope facing south at
200 . The area is in sandy red clay amid a heavy juniper-pinon
forest with a snake weed understory. Erosion has exposed a
natural white chert, but cultural materials are redish-brown
primary chert flakes. No diagnostic artifacts were located on the
site.

33

42 Sa 5998 Elev. 2978m (6820 ft. ) A light lithic scatter occupies

an area of 30 meters square with a northwest aspect of 340 .

The site has been chained and is now eroding into a small arroyo.

The sandy, shallow soil formerly supported a juniper- pinon

forest but the area is now seeded with crested wheat grass. Cultural

material consists of secondary and tertiary white chert flakes.

No diagnostic tools were observed.

Quad 120. (Sec. 17 NW 1/4, T29S, R24E) This quadrant is marked by
two zones. One is an open sage brush area and the other involves eroded,
juniper-pinon- covered hills. The northwest portion of the quad has also
been developed into a large reservoir area which has involved the con-
struction of two small dams. The more westerly quarter of the unit is the
sage area. This also includes some isolated areas of chained juniper and
pinon. The remaining area, aside from the reservoir, is dominated by
rolling hills cut by active arroyos. Gullying has exposed large amounts
of lithic material suitable for flaking. The entire unit has been greatly
impacted by grazing, chaining and the construction of three separate
power lines. Every site found had either been vandalized or seriously
impacted by the search for minerals. (Corner marker located. )
GRASS.

CH 42Sa6003

CH 42Sa6000
CH 42Sa5999

CH 42Sa6001 —

■42Sa6012 CH
■42Sa6010 CH
42Sa6011 CH

.42Sa6007 CH
■2Sa6002 CH
•42Sa6008 CH
42Sa6009 CH
-42Sa6004 CH
-42Sa6005 CH
■42Sa6006 CH

Quad 12C.

42 Sa 5999 Elev. 2000m (6560 ft. ) The lithic materials are
scattered 50 meters north to south by 75 meters east to west
and run down a ridge slope toward the valley. The site, in
aeolian soil, has been nearly destroyed by two power line corridors
and by erosion. Vegetation is juniper-pinon with crested wheat
grass, snake weed and yucca. Lithics observed were both chert
and quartzite secondary flakes. The material available was not
sufficient for further culture determination.

34

42 Sa 6000 ELev. 2000m (6560 ft. ) The site is 30 meters north
to south and 60 meters east to west. It is located on a ridge
slope facing a valley to the west; arroyos cut into the hills on
both sides. This is a long, narrow lithic scatter in a residual
sandy soil. Power line access disturbance, erosion, and deer
trails in the area render the site condition poor. Juniper-pinon
and sage with snake weed comprise the main vegetation. Lithics
observed were primary quartzite flakes and secondary chert
flakes. Culture-period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 6001 Elev. 2009m (6590 ft. ) The lithic scatter is 40
meters square on a rocky slope facing west and looking into the
valley and an arroyo. The soil is residual and is eroded. Juniper-
pinon with small snake weed patches and ephedra comprise the
main vegetation. The lithics observed were mostly chert secondary
flakes and some small tertiary flakes with large quantities of
quartzite which had not been utilized. Cultural information in-
adequate for further cultural determinations.

42 Sa 6002 Elev. 2006m (6580 ft. ) The site, 120 meters square,
is situated in fine residual sand. The lithics are scattered along
a ridge which gives access to the surrounding area. The area has
been impacted by erosion, claim markers, road construction and
vandalism. Juniper, pinon, ephedra and snake weed comprise the
main vegetation. Some lithic concentrations exist in furrow arroyos
and thus appear to be secondary deposits. Lithics were chert and
quartzite flakes of various sizes along with some cores while only
a few tools were observed. The materials available were not
sufficient for further cultural identification.

42 Sa 6003 Elev. 2000m (6560 ft. ) The site extends from west to
southeast. The lithic materials run 75 meters north to south and
150 meters in a general west to southeast direction. The site is
on a ridge top with several arroyos leading away in all directions.
The soil is a shallow residual sand which has been disturbed by
erosion, access roads, and fences. Vegetation is mainly juniper-
pinon along with ephedra, yucca and snake weed. Lithics observed
show extensive use of native quartzite as well as primary and
secondary chert flakes, the source of which is unknown. The lithic
materials available were not sufficient for further cultural
determination.

35

42 Sa 6004 Elev. 2006m (6580 ft. ) The Lithic scatter is 30
meters north to south and 60 meters east to west and is located
on the south slope of an arroyo which leads to the sage flat to
the north. The area is between two small arroyos in a fine,
sandy alluvial soil. Vegetation is juniper and pinon with sage
nearby, though none is present in the site. Lithics observed
were secondary chert flakes. No culture- period could be
determined.

42 Sa 6005 Elev. 2006m (6580 ft.) The site, 15 meters square,
sits on a ridge top formed by a rock outcrop which provides an
excellent view of the valley. Arroyos run in all directions. The
area is disturbed by drill pad access roads which have disturbed
the shallow residual soil. Vegetation consists of juniper-pinon
and snake weed. Lithics are white chert flakes of the secondary
type and were not sufficient for further cultural determination.

42 Sa 6006 Elev. 2001m (6565 ft. ) The lithic area is 8 meters
north to south and 20 meters east to west on the edge of an arroyo
between an access road and a former juniper-pinon flat which has
been chained and seeded. The site is eroded and contains a shallow
alluvial soil which is washing into an arroyo. The main vegetation
is juniper and pinon with sage, crested wheat grass and snake weed.
Lithics observed were primary quartzite flakes and were not sufficient
to make further cultural observations.

42 Sa 6007 Elev. 2015 (6610 ft. ) The lithic scatter runs 20 meters
north to south and 25 meters east to west on a slope of sandy
alluvial soil. Erosion and some evidence of animal movement have
reduced the site to a poor condition. Vegetation is mainly juniper-
pinon and snake weed. This site has green-gray chert which has
not been found in the other sites in this area. Culture- period is
indete rminate .

42 Sa 6008 Elev. 2018m (6620 ft. ) A lithic scatter is 30 meters
square and located on a slope 75 meters north of a saddle at the
head of a major westward drainage. The soil is a sandy alluvium.
There are deer trails and erosion throughout the area. There is
a drill pad in the site and several piles of lithic materials of recent
origin. Vegetation consists of juniper-pinon along with snake weed,
sage and thistle. Lithics observed are mainly primary and secondary
chert flakes which were not sufficiently diagnostic to make further
cultural determination.

36

42 Sa 6009 Elev. 2018m (6620 ft. ) Located on a ridge running
east-west, the site is 20 meters north to south and 30 meters
east to west. The site opens onto a sage flat with an arroyo to the
north. Lithics are scattered in the sandy alluvial soil. Historical
trash, roads, and drill pads along with erosion and deer trails have
contributed to the poor condition of the site. Juniper- pinon and
sage along with some snake weed comprise the main vegetation.
Lithics observed were mainly debitage. Culture-period indeterminate.

42 Sa 6010 Elev. 2014m (6610 ft. ) The site is a 15 meter square
lithic scatter found on the slope of a partially cleared and seeded
arroyo. Another arroyo is located to the west and draws toward
a reservoir. Deer trails and erosion in the fine alluvial soil have
rendered the site condition poor. The main vegetation is juniper-
pinon with sage and crested wheat grass. Primary chert flakes
were present. No culture- period could be determined.

42 Sa 6011 Elev. 2000m (6560 ft. ) The site is 40 meters square
and located on a slope cut by an arroyo looking out into East Coyote
Wash. The lithics are scattered in a loose alluvial sand. Several
deer trails and erosion have destroyed most of the site area. The
main vegetation is juniper- pinon and sage with some snake weed.
Lithics observed were mostly chert detritus, indicating a possible
hunting site of limited use. Further cultural determinations could
not be made on the basis of the cultural debris present.

42 Sa 6012 Elev. 1996m (6550 ft.) Lithics are scattered over
an area 15 meters square on a slope in a wash that empties into
East Coyote Wash to the north. The soil is a sandy clay. It is
badly eroded with deer tracks and evidence of vandalism, all con-
tributing to the poor condition of the site. There is a possible
historic campfire in the west part of the site near an arroyo.
Vegetation is juniper- pinon and sage along with snake weed, ephedra
and yucca. The lithics observed were primarily chert detritus.
Culture-period indeterminate.

Quad 128. (Sec. 18 SW 1/4, T29S, R21E) A juniper-pinon stand dominates
this quadrant. The forest is thinnest along the southern boundary and
becomes much thicker as one moves to the northern edge. The terrain
is fairly flat with but one low ridge running north and south. The area has
been heavily grazed and subjected to considerable impact by oil-drilling
equipment. No sites were found. (Corner marker found. ) JUNIPER-
PINON.

37

Quad 143. (Sec. 1 SW 1/4, T29S, R20E) A major cliff face and its
associated talus slope constitute a wasteland zone covering 18% of the
unit. It is marked by the growth of a few stunted sage and juniper along
with some cacti. Very little grass was observed. A second zone is a
badly eroded area of shallow soil located between a large ridge and a mesa
top. This covers the remainder of the quad. Loose soils and residual
sands in the area are seriously eroded. Some snakeweed, yucca, cacti
and stunted sage grow in the zone which lacks either trees or grass.
No sites were found. (No marker could be found. ) Apparently lost to
heavy erosion. Corner calculated by triangulation on topographic
features. ) DESERT SHRUB.

Quad 185. (Sec. 35 SW 1/4, T29I/2 R22E) The quadrant is marked by three
types of terrain: terraced ridges, flats, and a wash. The terraced
ridges converge into a point in the southwest portion of the unit. The
balance is flat land cut by Hatch Ranch Wash which runs from north to
south. The unit is covered by sage brush over 60% of the quarter section
while 35% has a juniper- pinon overstory. About 5% of the land is waste-
land. Five sites were recorded. Twowere flaking areas, one was a

large quarry site, and two were habitation sites. One of the latter was
in an open area while the other was found in a rock shelter. (Two
markers were located.) JUNIPER -PINON.

CH 42Sa5934

CH 42Sa5932-

42Sa5935 CH
42Sa5936 HB.RS(P-II)

42Sa5933 HB

▼ Quad 185.

42 Sa 5932 Elev. 182 9m (6000 ft. ) This site is a large lithic
scatter and quarry area primarily centered upon a bench or
terrace. It is 400 meters north-south and 440 meters east-west.
The general condition of the site is fair to good with some erosion
occurring. The major vegetation includes juniper and pinon,
rabbit brush, yucca, and saltbusb with clumps of wild grasses
growing where conditions permit. Most artifacts observed are
rudimentary forms and debitage (flakes, cores and raw materials).
Some blade forms were also noted. The culture-period is in-

determinate,

38

42 Sa 5933 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft. ) The presence of three metates
suggests that this may have been a habitation site. It is tightly
clustered and is mainly confined to a five by five meter area.
The site lies on a gradual slope in residual soils just above a
natural seep noted a few meters to the north. Directly below
the site about 150 meters to the west is a wash which empties
into Hatch Ranch Canyon. The site is in good condition and only
slight soil erosion has disturbed the area. The vegetation consists
mainly of juniper and pinon trees sparsely separated with saltbush
and gambel oak intermingled. No depressions or structural evidence
was observed. Artifacts include waste flakes, three cores, raw
materials, one mano, and three metates. Culture- period affiliation
is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5 934 Elev. 1792m (5880 ft. ) The site area measures six
meters by six meters and affords a view to the north. The site
is nearly level with a ground slope of only 2°. Soils are residual
in origin and only a minimum amount of erosion has occurred thus
leaving the site in good condition. Major vegetation around the
site consists of sparsely separated juniper and pinon trees with some
short sage brush. Artifacts consist mainly of large primary flakes
and the site is probably a small chipping station. The only artifacts
observed were waste flakes and one blade form, thus no cultural
determinations could be made.

42 Sa 5935 Elev. 1792m (5880 ft. ) The site consists of a ten
meter square which has been blown clear to reveal slick rock.
It is basically level (less than 1° gradient) and faces generally
northeast. Located on a ridge, the site provides a view of Hatch
Ranch Wash to the east. The condition of the site is good with
only a few areas blown out. Some natural erosion of the remaining
soils has occurred. Vegetation is primarily juniper trees with
sage brush, ephedra and yucca plants. Cultural debris was limited
to waste flakes and blade forms, thus making a cultural determination
impossible.

42 Sa 5936 Elev. 1768m (5800 ft. ) This habitation site is 25 meters
north to south and 20 meters east to west. It consists of a rock
overhang with slab walls and lies in the Hatch Ranch Wash about
10 meters above the present wash bed. Exposure of the site is to the
east and a gradual talus slope (4°) descends from the mouth of the
rock shelter to the wash. Soils are of alluvial origin and little
erosion has occurred in the site itself due to protection from the

39

42 Sa 5936 (Cont) elements. Most of the site has been destroyed
by vandalism. At least three pot holes have been placed in the
site at varying depths. The dominent vegetation is juniper and
pinon trees with a few sage brush and saltbush plants intermingled.
Observed artifacts include waste flakes, blade forms, scrapers,
a grinding stone and one sherd of thumb-nail-incised gray ware.
Cultural determination is not possible with the observed and re-
covered artifacts.

Quad 2 08. (Sec. 29 NW 1/4, T29S, R20E) The quad is the ultimate for
Canyonlands- -slick rock! Only 10% of the quarter section produces some
grass in the form of small growths of cheat grass and crested wheat grass.
In the rocky portions, the wasteland, some very sparse juniper-pinon is
found to grow along with cacti, bitter brush, cliff rose and an unidentified
broad leaf plant that resembles the dandelion. Areas of chert nodules were
seen but there was no evidence of their exploitation by man. No sites
were found. (No corner marker was found. Location established by
compass march from Sec. 28-27 marker I mile away. ) DESERT SHRUB.

Quad 216. (Sec. 23 NE 1/4, T30S, R23E) Low, north-south ridges with
either juniper-pinon or sage brush cover characterize the quadrant.
About 58% of the unit is covered with juniper-pinon while 30% is dominated
by brush. The remaining 12% is wasteland areas of slick rock along the

ridges. A bit of this is also located in the Hatch Wash bottom. Seven

sites and several isolated artifacts were found. Five sites were chipping
stations exploiting chert sources noted throughout the entire unit. Two
sites proved to be camp sites; one with a few sherds and the other with
clearly discernible charcoal stains. (Three markers were located. )
SAGE BRUSH.

CH 42Sa5926-
CA 42Sa5925-

CA 42Sa5929-

CH 42Sa5930-

_J L

Quad 216.

■42Sa5927 CH
42Sa5928 CH

42Sa5931 CH

40

42 Sa 5925 Elev. 1780m. (5840 ft.) This apparent campsite is
located in a small draw on a slope facing west at 280°. The site
centers around a possible burned area on a sheltered slope that
has an area of slick rock in the middle. Water is located 0. 75 km
to the north-east. Main vegetation in the area is juniper, sage
brush, rabbit brush and grease wood. Lithic tools present include
secondary and primary flakes, cores, hammerstones and one knife
base. The cores and flakes suggest manufacturing activity; the
knife base suggests hunting -eating. Cultural debris is not
adequately diagnostic to assign this site a specific cultural
affiliation.

42 Sa 5926 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft.) This apparent chipping site
is a lithic scatter located on the edge of a small knoll. The site
faces the northeast at 40 . The site area affords a good view to
the north along Hatch Wash. Few tools were located. Most lithic
material was found on slick rock where the wind has blown away
the top soil and exposed the flakes. Game trails are present and
it is possible that the area may have served as a game lookout.
Main vegetation on the site is juniper (sparse), sage brush, grease
wood and saltbush. Primary, secondary and tertiary flakes and
cores were observed. Cultural debris present is not sufficient to
determine specific cultural affiliation.

42 Sa 5927 Elev. 1767m (5800 ft.) This apparent chipping site
is concentrated in a series of three blowout areas where erosion
has uncovered underlying sandstone. The site is on a gentle
slope facing east at 80° just above the Hatch Wash river bottom.
Water is available 0. 3 km to the east. Vegetation is largely sage
brush, saltbush, and tumble weeds. The artifacts indicate hunt-
ing. Primary and secondary flakes, blade forms and two knives
were observed. The cultural debris is located along the concave
zone between the slick rock and soil. These cultural materials are
not sufficiently diagnostic to assign the site a specific cultural
affiliation.

42 Sa 5928 Elev. 1792m (5880 ft. ) This chipping site is located
on a ridge between two small draws where it faces west at 270 •
Like the other four sites found in this section, it provides a good
view to the north. Water is 0. 5 km to the east. The site is subject
to wind erosion and exhibits a possible rock alignment, one slab high
and 1. 5 meters long with no associated material. Pinon, saltbush,
and wild grasses are the main vegetation. The site appears to be a
manufacturing area with good concentrations of secondary flakes.
Lithics observed include primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes,
scraper blade forms, and cores. Cultural affiliation can not be
assigned as cultural debris is insufficiently diagnostic.

41

42 Sa 5929 Elev. 1792m (5880 ft. ) The probable camp site is
on a slick rock ridge facing north at 0 to 10°. Most of the site
has been badly washed out so the artifacts are lodged along the
contact zone between the slick rock and the soil. In addition to
extensive water erosion, there has been some terracing action as
well. Pinon, broad leaf yucca, and mustard weed provide the
main vegetation found in the site area. A high density of artifacts
occurs with 60 to 70 per square meter. The dominance of
secondary flakes indicates tool manufacturing. Secondary flakes,
a core shatter, one knife tip, metate, and utilized flakes were
observed. Cultural debris, insufficiently diagnostic to assign
a cultural affiliation.

42 Sa 5930 Elev. 1792m (5880 ft. ) This possible chipping site is
located at the edge of a ridge exposed to wind action. The view
from the site is to the north, east and west. Nearest water is 1 km
to the west. This appears to be a manufacturing area with no
habitation. Sage brush, saltbush, and rabbit brush are the main
vegetative resources. The lithics observed were secondary flakes,
utilized flakes, and blade forms. Cultural materials present are
not sufficient to determine cultural affiliation.

42 Sa 5931 Elev. 1767m (5800 ft. ) This site is a small manu-
facturing area located on the edge of a ridge at the head of a
wash. The site faces southwest at 220° and is in the open with
nowind breaks and with little vegetation. There is a road nearby
and water is 0. 7 km to the northwest. Main vegetation is sage brush,
rabbit brush, and blue gramma grass. The site produced no tools,
although some may have been collected by surface collectors.
Lithics observed were confined to tertiary and secondary flakes.
Culture- period is indeterminate.

Quad 232. (Sec. 23 NW 1/4, T30S, R22E) A juniper-pinon stand covers
45% and slickrock covers 40% of the unit. Sage brush accounts for only
some 15% of the area. The quarter section is fairly flat although cut by
intermittent gullies which run north to south. Windwhistle Rock dominates
the northern edge of the quadrant. One site was located in a juniper-pinon
stand in a small draw. (A possible corner marker was located. The pipe
was found but the brass cap was missing. Triangulation on Windwhistle
Rock and other features confirmed that this was the corner of the section. )
JUNIPER-PINON.

42

7 r

' r

42Sa5940 CH

Quad 232.

42 Sa 594 0 ELev. 1865m (6120 ft. ) This large quarry site exhibits
concentrations of chipping stations within the area. The overall
size of the site is at least 150 meters north to south and 60 meters
east to west. Located on a ridge with fairly level terrain, the
main exposure faces east with a 3-5° slope. The site sits in a
protected area and forms a crescentic arc around a small wash
which drains to the south. To the north is Windwhistle Rock which
provides much of the site's protection. Most of the site lies on
residual soils although there are some blowouts and drifting soil
onto natural slick rock exposures. Minimal erosion leaves the
site in good condition. The site is in a juniper- pinon woodland
area with yucca and rabbit brush as understory. Artifacts consist
of cores, waste flakes and blade forms, none of which could suggest
a cultural determination.

Quad 241. (Sec. 22 SE 1/4, T30S, R22E) This quadrant is contiguous
with Quad 242 which lies to the east and they are of similar ecological
make up. The greatest difference is in the extent of the juniper-pinon
overstory. About 70% of this unit is made up of gently rolling hills covered
with juniper and pinon. Only 35% of 242 is similar. Sagebrush flats in
this quad cover some 20% of the area while slickrock wasteland accounts
for the remaining 10%. No sites were identified. (Marker was found. )
JUNIPER-PINON.

43

Quad 242. (Sec. 23 SW 1/4, T30S, R22E) This quad is contiguous with
232 on the north and with 241 on the west. It is close to Bobby's Hole
and the ground is somewhat more rugged than that noted in the other two
quads. Along the north is a large sage brush flat covering about 30%
of the unit. The juniper-pinon zone comprises about one third of the area
and concentrates on the ridges and around the canyon heads that mark the
central and southern part of the quarter section. The wasteland amounts
to 37% of the area and involves slickrock areas in the canyon heads in the
southern part of the section. No sites were found. (No marker found
but lines laid out from markers in Quad 232 and Quad 241 make the
location certain. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

Quad 303. (Sec. 33 SW 1/4, T32S, R21E) A broad, flat bench covered
with a heavy stand of juniper and pinon dominates 93% of the quadrant
while the remaining 7% is wasteland. Most of the bench has been chained
and only a thin band of trees remains along the ridge area at the base of
the bench. Three random manos, not associated with each other, were
found in the chained area but no sites were identified. (No marker was
found. Triangulation on topographical features established the location. )
GRASS.

Quad 307. (Sec. 6 SW 1/4, T30S, R20E) A sand flat with a sagebrush
overstory covers 93% of the unit. Low sandstone outcrops with some
juniper and pinon comprise the remaining 7% of the area. Altitude variation
over the entire quadrant is no more than 80 ft. Jasper flows originate in
the Chinle formation at the top of the outcroppings. The one chipping site
identified utilized this material. Blades, knives, and point fragments were
found at the site. (The quad was located by a National Park boundary sign
and with three survey markers identifying the same section. ) DESERT
SHRUB.

CH,CE 42Sa6059

-r

I- J

i I ■ i i

Quad 307
44

42 Sa 6059 ELev. 1487m (4880 ft. ) Covering a medium sized
area, the site is roughly 50 meters square. It is a lithic scatter
with an associated jasper source. The location above a ledge
provides a view of the goosenecks of the Colorado. Although
there is some evidence of wind erosion, the site is in good con-
dition. The site is in a well spaced juniper- pinon stand with
saltbush and yucca dominating the under story. The lithic materials,
including flakes, blades, bifaces and points, provided no clues
from which to make a cultural identification.

Quad 314. (Sec. 3 SE 1/4, T30S, R20E) Three ecozones can be identified
here. A large flat dominated by sage and saltbush covers 94% of the area.
About 2% of the area is given to a juniper- pinon stand in the northeast
corner of the unit. The remaining 4% is slickrock wasteland. A large bed
of jasper dominates the middle of the quarter section and a small flaking
site was found here. An isolated mano was also noted. (A cairn of rocks,
but no pipe or brass cap, was found. Triangulation on topographical
features established this as the corner.) DESERT SHRUB.

1 1

, «

i2Sa5949 CA

Quad 314.

42 Sa 5949 Elev. 1463m (4800 ft. ) The probably campsite is
located on a gentle sand slope that bisects a slickrock outcrop
on the west edge of the site. The site is located 50 meters from
the east boundary of the quarter section and 350 meters north of
the southeast corner. It is far from permanent water sources.
Vegetation on the site is comprised of sagebrush and ephedra.
Cultural material is dominated by a red chert. The site contains
hunting tools (blades, points and knives) and tool manufacturing
waste. It may have been a hunting camp. Lithic materials
available were not sufficient to diagnose specific culture affiliation.

45

Quad 374. (Sec. 31 NE 1/4, T31S, R22E) A mesa top covered with a
juniper -pinon stand, cliff faces, and sage brush flats comprise the three
ecozones of the quadrant. The mesa, isolated and difficult of access,
occupies 85% of the quarter section. One site, a vandalized granary,
was found on a small ridge on the mesa top. The brush flats occur in
the Indian Creek bottoms and at the edge of the cliff faces. These com-
prise no more than 3% of the area. The remaining 12% is wasteland. (No
corner markers were found. Aerial photos and the topographical map
were used to establish location. ) JUNIPER -PINON.

ST,RS(Pueblo) 42Sa5947

1 r

, [-

Quad 374

42 Sa 5947 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft. ) The site centers on a slab-
lined structure measuring eight meters north- south by three
meters east-west, and has a general exposure to the west. It is
located in an undercut at the head of a canyon. There appears
to have been two or three tiers of dry stone masonry used in the
construction. The structure may have been a granary but the
site has been badly vandalized and only a few stones of the original
walls remain in place. Below the site is a long, steep talus
slope. Vegetation near the site and on the talus slope is sparse
and consists of juniper and pinon, sage brush and ephedra. No
artifacts were observed and no culture determination was possible.

Quad 3 99. (Sec. 8 NW 1/4, T32S, R22E) Two zones cover equal areas
in this quadrant. One is a juniper- pinon over story while the other is a
wasteland of cliffs and steep talus slopes. Four petroglyph sites were
found along the cliffs. Two small sites were also found in the juniper-
pinon of the mesa top. Both show evidence of burning as in a fire pit
and a roasting pit. (A marker was found. ) JUNIPER -PINON.

46

RA 42Sa5941

RA 42Sa5942
RA 42Sa5944
RA 42Sa5943

. .. + .

{_ 1

1 *

— -42Sa5946 CA

42Sa5945 CA

Quad 399,

42 Sa 5941 ELev. 1829m (6000 ft.) The site, a petroglyph panel,
is one meter high and four meters wide and is located on the west
side of a large sandstone block which has been severed from the
cliff face to the east. The block rests at the base of the cliffs and
lies on a ground slope of about 8°. At the base of the petroglyph
panel there may also be an ash or fire area. The condition of the
panel is good, but there has been some erosion of the soil around
the block. The panel contains two figures; the left figure is
anthropomorphic and appears to be carrying a shield or vessel on
the left arm. The right hand figure is not clearly either man or
animal. A horizontal tubular shape is shown. Seven appendages
extend from this shape, three along each side, nearly aligning as
three opposive pairs. The seventh extends out from the top of the
right end at an angle. This figure might be a deer or a horse. The
anthromorph is 36 cm high. General vegetation around the site
includes juniper- pinon woodlands with a few pine and sage brush.
No artifacts were observed and culture period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5942 Elev. 1828m (6000 ft. ) This site is a series of petro-
glyph panels with an associated lithic scatter. The panels all
face due west and cover an area of 60 meters north-south and 25
meters east-west. The ground area in front of the panels slopes
down to the west at about 3-5°. Panel A and B have been pecked
on the cliff face while panel C was found on a sandstone block
which has fallen from the cliff and come to rest about 40 meters
away from its base. This block lies on a small talus area and the

47

42 Sa 5942 (Cont) small lithic scatter is associated with it. The
site condition is good with no real erosion or vandalism being
noted. Panel A contains anthropomorphic figures, a possible
zoomorph, and other representations. Panel B has animal figures
and other forms; Panel C shows animal figures or parts of them,
and what may be animal footprints. The vegetation in the area is
mainly juniper- pinon woodland with yucca, rabbit brush, sage
brush and prickly pear cactus form the understory. Artifacts
include flakes, a knife tip and a few manos. The style of the
petroglyphs seem to indicate they are of Anasazi origin.

42 Sa 5943 Elev. 1828m (6000 ft.) This site is a petroglyph
panel located at the base of a cliff. The panel is two meters
square and faces west. It appears to have two designs seemingly
clustered into two distinct elements. The right-hand cluster
includes three horizontal bars over an apparent "animal" head.
The left element seems to be an incomplete figure. The alluvial
soil below the panels slopes down at between 3 and 5 . The site
terrain is broken with most of it below the site being talus slope.
The site itself has not been disturbed and it lies within a juniper-
pinon woodland which includes sage brush and wild grasses as under-
growth. No artifacts were noted and thus no culture determination
is possible.

42 Sa 5944 Elev. 1828m (6000 ft. ) The site is a petroglyph panel,
10 by 12 meters, which generally faces west. It is located at the
base of a cliff and just inside a chimney. The ground slope below
the panel is 3 to 5° and soils are of an alluvial nature. A small
ledge extends out and away from the cliff base. The panel has
eight design units, most of which are men and sheep. The site is
undisturbed and lies within a juniper -pinon woodland. Sage brush
is also present. Only one waste flake was observed at the site.
No culture determination is possible.

42 Sa 5945 Elev. 1877m (6 160 ft. ) A small roasting pit is two
meters north-south by three meters east-west. Located in a small
wash in residual soils, the site generally faces northwest. Ground
slope is 2° or less so that its exposure is generally open. The
roasting pit resembles Paiute roasting pits and has not been dis-
turbed. Most of the vegetation in the area is juniper- pinon woodlands
with small amounts of ephedra and sage brush. The only artifact
noted was a red chert projectile point tip. Culture period indeter-
minate.

48

42 Sa 5946 Elev. 1871m (6140 ft. ) The site, a small camp area,
is one meter square and consists of a small fire pit located in a
little wash. Soils are residual and the ground slope is 6 . The
site has not been disturbed except for slight erosion. Vegetation
around the site is juniper-pinon woodland with some prickly pear.
No artifacts were observed therefore no culture determination can
be made.

Quad 426. (Sec. 21 NW 1/4, T28S, R23E) The quadrant is on a large bench
between Muleshoe Canyon and the mesa to the east of it. The area is eroding
in a flow to the west and to the south into Muleshoe Canyon. The region has

been heavily impacted by grazing and by mineral development. About

60% of the unit is distinguished by a large flat area with a few widely spaced
juniper and pinon. Seeding has produced extensive areas of crested wheat,
blue gramma, and perhaps other grasses. The soils of red clay and sand
are shallow but support prickley pear, yucca and sage brush as an understory,

Three sites were found in the zone. The second element is an eroded

area cut by gullies between small, rounded ridges and sandstone outcrops.
Grass and a few trees are to be noted. This area runs along the edge of
Muleshoe Canyon where gullying is deeper and has exposed slickrock. The
zone comprises about 20% of the quarter section. Four sites were recorded.

A highly eroded talus bench formed of a massive chert outcrop along

Muleshoe Canyon is a third zone. A few pinon and juniper keep company
with bitter brush. Terrain is extremely broken due to the chert outcrop.
The area covers 20% of the quad. (A marker was found. ) SAGE BRUSH.

CH 42Sa6039-
CH 42Sa6032-

CH 42Sa6040
CH 42Sa6033

CH 42Sa6034-

•42Sa6037 CH

42Sa6038 CH

-42Sa6035 CH
-42Sa6036 CH

Quad 426.

49

42 Sa 6032 Elev. 1646m (5730 ft. ) This is a small lithic site
confined to a 4 by 4 meter area on a bench surfaced with a sandy-
red soil. The site slopes northwest at 340 , and has a furrow
arroyo running through it. There are a few juniper and pinon in
the area but the dominant vegetation appears to be rabbit brush,
sage brush, and snake weed. Grazing has disturbed the site
considerably. Cultural material consists of a chert core,
several primary flakes, and a white chert corner-notched point
with serrated margins. This site is probably Anasazi although
a more precise time frame is not possible.

42 Sa 6033 Elev. 1748m (5743 ft. ) This rather thin lithic
scatter covers an area 100 meters east to west by 110 meters
north to south. Situated well up on the north bank of Muleshoe
Canyon, the site is cut by a number of small arroyos apparently
created by heavy grazing in the loose, sandy soil. Rock outcrops
are visible on the surface at a number of places within the site.
The site is covered with a few scattered juniper and pinon but the
dominant vegetation is sage brush, crested wheat grass and snake
weed. Most of the lithic debris is made up of secondary flakes
of chert. Nothing was found to suggest a cultural affiliation.

42 Sa 6034 Elev. 1782m (5670 ft. ) The site is located on a bench
part way up the north bank of Muleshoe Canyon where it covers an
area measuring 120 meters north-south and 400 meters east-west.
The soil is shallow and eroded. The erosion has exposed a massive
chert bed which produces two distinct types of stone. In the western
portion the material is a white chert from which nearly all of the
flakes observed on the site have come. The eastern portion produces
a blocky, poor quality red chert for which there is little evidence
of use. A few stunted junipers and pinon were noted in the site area
and these were interspersed with growths of ephedra, grasses,
and snake weed. Most of the erosional channels flow south into
Muleshoe Canyon and a flake scatter could be seen at the base of the
cliff. No diagnostic tools were found.

42 Sa 6035 Elev. 1816m (5960 ft. ) The site is a lithic scatter
measuring 20 meters square which is situated on a bench east of
Muleshoe Canyon. The site slopes down to the northeast with
drainage entering a canyon east of Muleshoe. The shallow, sandy
soil is eroded to the extent that the underlying slickrock is exposed
at a number of places near the site. This erosion has also
redeposited some of the lithic material. While a few small juniper

50

42 Sa 6035 (Cont) and pinon are found in the area, dominant
vegetation appears to be cheat grass and snake weed. Lithic
materials were restricted to primary flakes of white chert and
thus no culturally diagnostic materials were found.

42 Sa 6036 Elev. 1743m (5720 ft. ) A lithic scatter measuring
350 meters east-west and 50 meters north-south was found above
the edge of a cliff that drops into Muleshoe Canyon. The aeolian
soil and sand combination has been subjected to heavy grazing
which appears to have accelerated erosion to the point that it has
exposed the underlying slickrock at many points. Although there
are scattered juniper and pinon in the area, grasses, snake weed,
yucca and cacti dominate the plant community. Primary and
secondary flakes of white chert form the only evidence of human
activity and thus a culture- period cannot be assigned.

42 Sa 6037 Elev. 1749m (5740 ft. ) Sloping down to the west, the
site is a 100 meter square with the scatter resting on a level
bench which is covered with shallow soil. Erosion has exposed
the underlying slickrock in many places while historic road con-
struction and grazing as well as the activity of surface collectors
have all had additional impact. An active spring, which now
provides water for a stock pond, must have made the site more
attractive than most and this perhaps accounts for the rather dense
and extensive distribution of flakes. Despite this, however, no
diagnostic material could be detected.

42 Sa 6038 Elev. 1752m (5750 ft. ) This lithic scatter covers a
15 meter square located on an open flat where scattered juniper
and pinon join with a few clumps of snake weed and crested wheat
grass to provide the limited floral resources. With a slight slope
to the north-west, the site has been substantially disturbed by
several shallow washes which cut across it. Since only white chert
flakes were observed, no cultural determination is possible.

42 Sa 6039 Elev. 1749m (5740 ft.) Measuring only 10 meters square,
this lithic scatter rests on a sand dune where the general slope is
down to the west. Substantial grazing appears to have accelerated
the erosion process. The site is dominated by sage brush, snake
weed, and curly grass although a few small juniper and pinon are
to be seen. Although cultural debris was rather dense, it was
limited to white chert primary flakes, thus precluding any cultural
identification.

51

42 Sa 6040 Elev. 1749m (5740 ft.) A lithic scatter located on
nearly level terrain but with a slight slope down to the southeast.
Covering a 20 meter square, the site has been nearly destroyed
by the erosion process which has probably been intensified by
grazing. Essentially in brushland, the area is characterized by
sage brush, snake weed, and crested wheat grass although widely
scattered juniper and pinon are also present. Cultural evidence
is confined to white chert primary and secondary flakes. A
cultural determination could not, therefore, be made.

Quad 580. (Sec. 5 NE 1/4, T30S, R23E) The unit is characterized by a
long, sweeping slope which tends to fall generally from the southwest
down towards the northeast. The area is predominantly brush land although
this overstory thins towards the eastern edge of the quad and grass seems
to become more abundant. No sites were identified. (No corner marker
found. ) DESERT SHRUB.

Quad 5 93. (Sec. I NE 1/4, T30S, R23E) A large sandstone block, thrust
up from the floor of Dry Valley, dominates the quadrant. The top of the
block is capped by several layers of less well consolidated sandstone and
large bodies of pink and red chert. Resting on the chert and sandstone are
numerous shallow sand dune areas. The quarter section is drained by
Lopez Gulch but numerous gullies cut across the mesa top. A moderately
dense juniper-pinon forest covers some 60% of the mesa top with an under-
story of cacti, yucca, ephedra, snakeweed, cheat grass, bitter brush and
a few wild flowers. About 10% of the unit is wasteland with exposed chert
and slickrock. The remaining 30% is a rapidly eroding talus zone
characterized by a very few juniper and pinon, some yucca and cacti,
and a little grass. All eight sites found in the quad were located on the
forested mesa top. (Two markers were found. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

CH 42Sa5953-
CH 42Sa5952-
CH 42Sa5954-

--42Sa5957 CH

-42Sa5950 CH
42Sa5955 CH
42Sa5951 CH

42Sa5956 CH

Quad 59:

52

42 Sa 5950 Elev. 1929m (6330 ft. ) The site, a four meter square
lithic scatter, is located in broken terrain in a sand blowout on
a mesa top. The canyons drop off 70 meters to the north and 200
meters to the south. A small rock layer sits about 10 meters to
the east. Considerable erosion and secondary deposition are
evident while numerous deer and cattle trails are present. The
main vegetation is juniper with some pinon while ephedra, snake
weed, bitter brush, prickly pear and small narrow leaf yucca
form a complex understory. Secondary and tertiary flakes of
pink and gray chert and a possible scraper were observed. Culture
association indeterminate.

42 Sa 5951 Elev. 192 9m (6330 ft.) The site consists of three
lithic concentrations found in a sand blowout on the broken terrain
of a mesa top. Area one on the north side is a source of chert;
Area two (10 meters at 170° from area one) is a chipping station
and Area three, another chipping station is 15 meters south of
area one at 110 . The total area is 20 meters north to south by
150 meters east to west and is 70 meters from the cliff edge to
the northeast. The soil is loose, blown sand. The entire site area
has been subjected to considerable water erosion. It is located
70 meters south of the drop into Hook and Ladder Gulch. Juniper
and pinon are the dominant vegetation along with ephedra and snake
brush. Several deer trails cut through the site area and coyote
and deer feces were noted. Lithics observed were mostly primary
thin white chert flakes which were concentrated in the wash areas
indicating considerable secondary deposition. Culture-period is
indete rminate .

42 Sa 5952 Elev. 1929m (6330 ft. ) The site is a seven by seven
meter lithic scatter. It is situated in broken terrain on a mesa
top rimmed on the northwest by a rock layer. The aeolian soil
shows some secondary movement on the second terrace above the
main cliff at Lopez Gulch. It may have been a dry hunting camp
situated in a juniper- pinon stand with ephedra and snake weed also
present. Primary and secondary flakes together with a scraper
and knife blade were observed. Culture affiliation could not be
determined on the basis of the lithic materials present.

53

42 Sa 5953 Elev. 1914m (6280 ft. ) The site, five by five meters
square, is located in broken terrain on a mesa top near the west
edge of Lopez Gulch on the northern arm of the canyon. It is a
lithic scatter in aeolian-type soil. Some erosion is evident and
a deer trail runs north of the site. Juniper and pinon are the
major vegetation along with ephedra, prickly pear and sparse
snake weed. A scatter or primary pink chert was found without
related source materials. Culture affiliation is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5954 Elev. 1914m (6280 ft. ) The site, a 30 by 40 meters
lithic scatter, is concentrated in several sandy arroyos along a
mesa top. There is considerable secondary deposition which has
concentrated the cultural material in the washes. The sand is
not too deep and, in several areas, rock protrudes to the surface.
Several deer trails were observed within the site. Vegetation is
juniper-pinon with ephedra and snake weed also present. Below
the site is a large layer of chert material which may have been
the source of flaking stone. Lithics observed were primary
detritus chert with no tools nor tool fragments. The materials
available were not diagnostic thus no specific culture affiliation
could be assigned.

42 Sa 5955 Elev. 1914m (6280 ft. ) The site is 40 meters square
and is located on a mesa top 75 meters due south of the section
bench mark. In the site area are five small lithic scatters in shallow
aeolian sand. The area is eroded and several deer trails run through
the site. Juniper and pinon with some ephedra and snake weed make
up the vegetation. Lithics observed were mostly white and pink
chert primary f lakers. Culture association is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5956 Elev. 1890m (6200 ft. ) The site is a two meter square
lithic scatter, located in loose sand on a mesa top between canyons.
The area is washed out and there is evidence of deer movement in
the site. Vegetation is juniper-pinon and some ephedra. Very few
flakes and no tools were observed. Culture affiliation indeterminate.

42 Sa 5957 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft.) The site, one meter square,
rests on a mesa top looking into Lopez Gulch. The lithics are
scattered in rocky soil with some sand. The site is eroded and deer
trails are within the area. Vegetation is juniper-pinon, bitterbrush
and ephedra. Lithics observed were primary flakes, not sufficiently
diagnostic to assign culture affiliation for the site.

54

Quad 663. (Sec. 30 SW 1/4, T30S, R25E) This quarter section is best
described as a wide and deep alluvial valley sandwiched between two
large sandstone ridges to the east and west. Unusually diverse, the
area produces four zones. The first is composed of slickrock and steep
talus slopes amounting to 34% of the quadrant. The slickrock tends to
dip to the south and has small fissures and gullies breaking up the rock.
Some vegetation has accumulated in these broken areas and two lithic

sites were found in such pockets. The second zone is a drift area

of accumulated aeolian sands with a light cover of juniper and pinon,
sage and snake weed. The two largest sites were found in this zone
though it covers but 8% of the total area. This area blends into the re-
maining two. A flat composed of deep alluvial soil characterizes

zone three. Extremely tall four-wing saltbush, sage, and rabbit brush
indicate greater moisture though erosion and grazing have heavily
impacted the area amounting to 20% of the unit. No sites were found in
this component. The fourth zone is a wide valley floor with small sage
brush, saltbush and some grass covering 40% of the quadrant. This
treeless area has been heavily grazed. No sites were found. (Marker
not found. Would have been in a wash and has thus doubtless eroded
out. Position established by triangulation on topographic features. )
JUNIPER -PINON.

CH 42Sa5985

CH 42Sa5982

■42Sa5984 CH
42Sa5983 HB(BM-II)

Quad 663

42 Sa 5982 (Elev. 1878m (6160 ft.) The site is 50 meters north
to south and 100 meters east to west. This lithic scatter is located
on a ridge in sand and slickrock at the confluence of Dry Wash and
Indian valley, and 50 meters north of the south quad line. Deer
trails and grazing evidence were observed in the badly eroded site
area. The overstory is juniper -pinon with snake weed, ephedra,
blue gramma, curly grass and yucca. Previous collection is
manifest by the piles of flakes near claim markers. Lithics observed
were flakes and cores, one serrated corner-notch projectile point,
and one whole knife, approximately three by 10 centimeters.
Cultural materials suggest possible Pueblo II activity.

55

42 Sa 5983 Elev. 1887- 1902m (6190-6240 ft. ) The habitation
site spreads 200 meters north to south and 50 meters east to
west in a loose, sandy mixture of alluvial and aeolian soils. It
is situated on a ridge overlooking three drainages. The site
has been virtually destroyed by erosion, vandalism, and a road
which is cut through almost the entire length of the site area.
Vegetation includes juniper-pinon with four -wing saltbush, ephedra,
snake weed, prickly pear and yucca. Possible pit structures are
indicated by three areas of depressions which exhibit soil dis-
coloration and concentrated debitage. All depressions are badly
vandalized. Three probable retouch stations have about 200 tertiary
flakes per square meter and other areas of debitage exhibit 6-50
flakes per square meter. Other artifacts include three manos -
one small oval, two round rectangular - and one slightly used basin
metate. Pit structures and lack of ceramics may justify a possible
Basket Maker II- III categorization of the site. Salvage excavation
would be highly desirable here.

42 Sa 5984 Elev. 1890m (6200 ft. ) The site covers 10 meters north
to south and 20 meters east to west on a slope just above the base
of some slickrock in a small, sand-filled cut. The view is into
Dry Canyon. Erosion has had considerable impact. Dominant
vegetation is juniper-pinon, along with snake weed and sage. Lithics
were chert and quartzite detritus, indicating a possible manufacturing
site. Materials available were not sufficient for further cultural
dete rmination.

42 Sa 5985 Elev. 1927m (6320 ft. ) The three meters square site
is located on the bank of a wash which drains the mesa top. The
view is over the cliff into Indian Valley and down towards Dry Canyon.
The site is eroded and there are signs of deer in the site area. The
main vegetation is juniper-pinon with ephedra, bitter brush, and
snake weed also present. Chert and quartzite flakes along with two
knife fragments were noted. The materials present were not sufficient
to determine a cultural affiliation.

Quad 692. (Sec. 7 SW 1/4, T31S, P25E) Of the two ecozones noted in the
quadrant, the first is a mesa top at 7, 000 feet which exhibits a thin, sandy
soil that is heavily eroded. This covers 24% of the area. Roads have
severely impacted the area while small gullies and sheet erosion has moved
the cultural debris from two sites into the washes. These were extensive
lithic scatters suggestive of prolonged use. The lack of tools among the
flakes may be the result of local collecting. One point, an Abajo Stemmed,

56

Quad 692. (Cont. )

suggests a possible Pueblo I association. Zone 2 involves a talus

slope and deep gully along the southern part of the quad. The lack of
sites in this portion is doubtless associated with the severely eroded
Morrison clay soil, the lack of lithic material, the lack of water or
vegetation that mark the zone. (A corner marker was located one half
mile away. Location established by compass march from that point. )
JUNIPER-PINON.

42Sa5986 CH

CH 42Sa5987

i 1

i j

i i

i
, '

Quad 692,

42 Sa 5986 Elev. 2176m (7140 ft.) A large and extensive lithic
scatter spreads 200 meters east-west and 120 meters north-south
with a general aspect of 90 east. It occupies the edge of a mesa.
Road and drill pad construction, sheet and arroyo erosion, and
artifact collectors have heavily impacted the site. Vegetation includes
heavy concentrations of juniper-pinon, with ephedra, blue gramma,
and snake weed forming the understory. Several areas exhibit small
piles of flakes, apparently the work of collectors. Cultural remains
observed were primary, secondary, and tertiary chert flakes, a
point fragment, and scrapers. The culture- period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5987 Elev. 2164m (7100 ft.) This lithic site occupies an
area of 230 meters east-west and 170 meters north-south. The
site aspect is roughly southwest at 220°. The area is eroded into
several pockets and is impacted by roads, drill pads, and collector
activity. The area has a heavy juniper-pinon stand with ephedra,
cacti, snake weed, and various grasses also present. Artifact
collectors left piles of flakes in several areas. A few chert tool
fragments were observed, but there was nothing culturally
diagnostic.

57

Quad 713. (Sec. 31, NE 1/4, T31S, R25E) The quadrant is characterized
by a series of sandstone and clay formations cut by a number of guUies.
Two ecozones can be seen although they are distinguished mainly by the
degree of slope and resulting erosion. The northeastern third of the unit
is slightly less eroded because of the lower slope angle. Even then,
erosion has exposed quartzite materials and some chert. Permanent
water is scarce, but some seeps were located south of the quarter section.
This region has suffered heavy impact from grazing and mineral ex-
ploration. The overstory involves a heavy stand of juniper and pinon
with good amounts of bitter brush, yucca, and snakeweed. Four sites
are recorded from this one third of the quadrant. The second two thirds
of the unit is highly eroded and cut by gullies. Cover is in the form of
a moderately dense juniper-pinon stand with grasses below though less
dense than in the northern area. Five sites were found in the area, all
lithic scatters. (Two markers were found. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

CH 42Sa5976-

CH 42Sa5977-

CE.CH(P-II) 42Sa5980-
CH 42Sa5979-
CH 42Sa5981-
CH 42Sa5978-

42Sa5973 CH
42Sa5972 CH
42Sa5975 CH

-42Sa5974 CH

Quad 713
42 Sa 5972 Elev. 2002m (6570 ft. ) The small lithic scatter
covers an area of two by two meters and faces south at 195 •
It is located in a residual soil on a ridge line. Extreme erosion
has nearly destroyed the site. The overstory is a moderate
juniper-pinon stand, with small amounts of cacti, bitter brush, and
ephedra below. Deer trails exist near the site in several small
arroyos. The culture-period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5973 Elev. 1975m (6480 ft.) The site occupies an area
ten meters east to west and 20 meters north to south and faces
north at 0°. The light lithic scatter is located in colluvial soils
on a bench above an arroyo. The area has been severely impacted
by erosion with some secondary deposition of cultural materials
evident on the west side. The site occupies a small clearing in
juniper-pinon with minor amounts of bitter brush and ephedra.
Cultural materials consist of chert flakes and a single side-notch
point suggestive of Southern Paiute or perhaps Southern Ute was
found. Further culture- period designations cannot be made on the
basis of other cultural materials found.

58

42 Sa 5974 Elev. 1962m (6440 ft.) The lithic scatter and
possible source area for quartzite occupies an area ten by ten
meters which faces southwest at 200°. The area is dominated
by moderate juniper- pinon cover with yucca, snake weed and
bitter brush also being present. The site is in badly eroded sand.
Material remains include primary quartzite flakes and several
nodules of raw material. A lack of diagnostic tools makes further
cultural identification impossible.

42 Sa 5975 Elev. 1975m (6480 ft. ) The area occupied by a
possible hunting site is eight meters east-west and five meters
north-south. It is cut by a small arroyo into two nearly equal
concentrations. The lithic scatter is located on a bench terrace
and faces south at 170°. A large boulder on the north side makes
an effective wind break and numerous deer trails were noted near
the site. Situated in a clearing in juniper- pinon the site also con-
tains cacti, snake weed, curly grass and ephedra. Cultural
materials consist of primary chert and quartzite flakes. No dia-
gnostic tools were located to make cultural affiliation possible.

42 Sa 5976 Elev. 1975m (6480 ft.) Lithics are scattered over
a three meter square on a bench terrace which faces south at
175°. Erosion has exposed a coarse sand and quartzite pebble
matrix. The area is dominated by juniper- pinon with bitter brush
also present. Due to the severe erosion, cultural materials now
remaining are limited to a few quartzite primary flakes and no
diagnostic tools. Culture-period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 5977 Elev. 1901m (6240 ft.) The site, a lithic scatter,
occupies an area of ten by ten meters facing southwest at 250°.
The soil of the bench or terrace is a fine alluvial sand and clay.
The site is in fair condition, but has been impacted by the
headward erosion of a small arroyo. The area contains moderately
dense juniper-pinon, underlain by snake weed and ephedra. There
is a good concentration of primary and secondary chert and quartzite
flakes, but only one knife fragment was seen. Culture-period
indeterminate.

42 Sa 5978 Elev. 1902m (6240 ft. ) A small, but intensive manu-
facturing site, occupies an area four by four meters. The site
slope is down to the southeast with a 3° slope on a rocky colluvial
talus. Erosion has partially destroyed the site which is situated
in a moderate juniper-pinon cover. Snake weed and ephedra are
also present. Material remains consist of numerous quartzite flakes,
A lack of diagnostic tools makes further cultural identification
impossible.

59

42 Sa 5979 Elev. 1889m (6200 ft. ) An intensive lithic scatter
occupies an area 60 meters north-south by 40 meters east-west
which faces southwest at 220°. The area, a bench terrace, com-
posed of fine, sandy soil is cut by several furrow-type arroyos.
The vegetation is a moderate juniper-pinon stand with ephedra and
snake weed also present. An active seep is located about 50 meters
to the northeast. Several tools were collected, mostly knife
fragments and scraper types. No diagnostic cultural materials were
recovered.

42 Sa 5980 Elev. 1889m (6200 ft.) The site is a long, narrow
lithic scatter associated with an active seep. The area involved
is 14 meters east-west by 40 meters north-south with a southwest
aspect at 210°. The site is on a narrow bench paralleling the
seep run. Erosion and considerable deer movement have severely
impacted the site. The soil is a sandy clay with a few grass bunches
and bitter brush. Some juniper and pinon exist to the north and
west of the site. A point fragment and chert detritus were observed.
A single Mancos B/W sherd suggests a Pueblo II occupation.

42 Sa 5 981 Elev. 1874m (6150 ft. ) The area occupied by this lithic
scatter is 20 meters north-south by 40 meters east-west with a
southerly aspect at 185°. Site 42 Sa 5979 is directly north and
one terrace above this site which is on the first terrace above East
Canyon Wash. The area has numerous arroyos which have caused
extensive erosion of the site. Sparse juniper-pinon cover occurs
along with broad and narrow leaf yucca, snake weed and blue gramma.
The soil is a loose sandy clay. A few knife fragments were noted,
but no diagnostic artifacts were observed.

Quad 752. (Sec. 30SW 1/4, T31S, R21E) The most salient feature of this
unit is the head of a small canyon which is tributary to Lavender Canyon.
The upper end of the tributary is located near the center of the northern
half of the quadrant with the drainage flowing down to the southeast. The
mesa top of the western half and the northern edge of the unit reaches just
under 1828 meters (6000 ft. ). The side canyon entrenches into this to a
depth of some 122 meters (400 ft. ). The canyon and its talus slopes cover
about 35% of the area while the mesa top accounts for the balance. The
overstory is dominated by bitter brush while curly grass and snake weed
are also present. A single site was identified on a bench on the mesa top.
(No marker found. ) DESERT SHRUB.

60

RA 42Sa6043

t r
7 .. r

L {.

h-

i ■

! L

Quad 752

42 Sa 6043 ELev. 1609m (5680 ft. ) A small petroglyph panel
facing south and located on a vertical stone face on bench land
with a brush overstory of bitter brush, curly grass, snake weed
and yucca. No cultural assignment can be made on the basis of
the designs noted.

Quad 772. (Sec. 24 SE 1/4, T2 9S, R22E) The quadrant is covered entirely
by an open sage brush flat composed of sandy soils. A hill flanks the
western side of the area but it is terminated by a wash running east to
west across the northern end. A few junipers grow along the drainage but
they do not dominate even the area in which they grow. A single flaking
site, five meters square, was the only cultural source identified in a level
brush covered area. (No markers were found but a pipe without a cap was
found at the center of the section, and hence at a corner of the quad.
Triangulation on major features in the area supported the view that this
was a marker. ) DESERT SHRUB.

CH 42Sa5939

j -t-

{. J

1 1 * i i

Quad 772,

61

42 Sa 5939 Elev. 1731m (5680 ft. ) An extensive area of core
shatter argues the site use was limited to the preparation of
cores. Facing east at 105°, the site is located in a sand blown
area which reveals a number of slickrock ridges. Water is 0. 8
km to the west. Main vegetation is sage brush, grasses and
saltbush. The site was probably utilized for only a short time.
Lithics are confined to core shatters of native white chert.
Culture-period indeterminate.

Quad 806. (Sec. 22 SW 1/4, T31S, R24E) Two environmental zones
dominate this unit. The first, covering 75% of the area, is based upon
an aeolian soil rapidly eroding to beds of sandstone, limestone, and
chert. The area is covered by a moderately heavy juniper- pinon stand
with an understory of ephedra, bitter brush, sage, yucca, and cacti. Some
grazing is evident but it has been light due to the limited grass and the
rocky nature of steep slopes in the area. A total of 13 chipping sites

were found in the area in association with natural chert sources. The

second zone covers the remaining 25% of the quarter section and con-
sists mainly of flat alluvial waste and bench areas in the north-eastern
portion of the unit. It has been grazed rather heavily as grasses are
more abundant here. Juniper and pinon grow in some numbers but the
stand is much more open. The thicker and deeper soils found in some
of the wash and canyon areas produce large stands of sage and rabbit
brush. One site recorded in this area extended into the first zone as
well. (A marker was found on a hillside. ) JUNIPER -PINON.

CH 42Sa5962-
CH 42Sa5963-

CH 42Sa5970-
CH 42Sa596<
CH 42Sa5968-

CH 42Sa5973r

CH 42Sa596!
CH 42Sa596(

42Sa5961 CA,CE(P-II)
42Sa5964 CH

42Sa5959 CH
42Sa5958 CH
42Sa5960 CH
42Sa5967 CH

Quad 806.

42 Sa 5958 Elev. 1884m (6180 ft. ) The site is six meters square
and is located on a small bench east of the main wash in an open
area surrounded by juniper and pinon. The main lithic concen-
tration is in a small wash. Other vegetation includes bitter brush

62

42 Sa 5958 (Cont) and ephedra growing in colluvial soil. The
site overlooks two minor arroyos and is somewhat eroded. One
deer trail was noted. Primary flakes and a few tools, including
three knife fragments and two scrapers, are present. Although
raw material is lacking; the cultural debris indicates a possible
manufacturing site. No further cultural determination is possible
from the materials observed.

42 Sa 5959 Elev. 1875m (6150 ft.) The site is a lithic scatter
running three meters north to south and five meters east to
west. It sits on a bench overlooking two washes: the main
canyon wash is 20 meters to the west. The soil is a residual red
clay which contains many pebbles. Vegetation is dominated by
juniper and pinon along with snake weed. Deer trails can be
seen on both sides of the canyon washes while erosion is evident
in the site area. Small primary flakes of gray and white chert
and quartzite suggest that this is a butchering site, but the absence
of diagnostic tools prevents cultural identification.

42 Sa 5 960 Elev. 1865m (6120 ft.) The lithic scatter is crescent
shaped with the open side facing south. The entire scatter is 50
meters wide and 30 meters long. The site sits on a ridge between
the main wash and a minor arroyo. The area has a commanding
view of the East Canyon Wash and two minor washes, while it faces
cliffs to the east and a rolling talus and flood plain to the west. The
soil is rocky, being heavily impregnated with sandstone and cobbles
form a conglomerate formation which appears to be the source of
material for chipping. The vegetation is dominated by juniper and
pinon with bitter brush, ephedra, and snake weed also present. The
observed 'lithic s were primary and secondary chert flakes and primary
quartzite flakes. Several tools were collected but were not sufficiently
diagnostic to make a culture-period determination.

42 Sa 5961 Elev. 1835m (6020 ft.) This probable quarry site, 75
meters north to south and 100 meters east to west is situated on a
bench looking East into a canyon mouth and also overlooking the
fault near East Canyon Wash. The entire mountain to the south of
the site is covered with raw materials of chert and quartzite. This
is a combination prehistoric-historic site distributed over two vege-
tation zones. Juniper and pinon predominate in the southwest portion
of the site, while sage flats with cheat grass and four -winged saltbush
dominate the northeast portion of the site area. The modern mine
camp has been placed on a large prehistoric quarry. There has been

63

42 Sa 5961 (Cont) considerable disturbance by machinery in some
areas as well as by erosion. Several deer trails are evident on
the slopes. The sherds that were observed were all located in a
one meter square and may have been brought in recently along with
historic trash. The site shows only chert flakes and no prehistoric
tools which could be culturally diagnostic. If the sherds "belong"
to this site, the three identified as Mancos B/W would assign a
Pueblo II culture period between 950 and 1100 A.D.

42 Sa 5962 Elev. 1847m (6060 ft. ) Situated at the base of a talus
slope between two arroyos, the site is 100 meters north-south and
30 meters east-west, although some lithic debris spills beyond this
into a wash on the west. The area overlooks the flats around East
Canyon. The sandy soil is a residual alluvial type containing no
lithic resources, although some can be found in the west wash. Up
the wash to the west about 100 meters are four large cottonwoods
which argue considerable moisture and a possible seep. The
vegetation includes small juniper and pinon along with sage brush,
snake weed, curly grass, and narrow leaf yucca. The site has
been disturbed by erosion and grazing as well as by vandalism.
Lithics observed are white, gray, and pink chert flakes and white
quartzite flakes. The flakes, mainly secondary, were found in a
density of about eight flakes per square meter. Several nodules
of chert and two scrapers were observed but the culture -period
remains indeterminate.

42 Sa 5963 Elev. 1853m (6080 ft. ) The lithic site is 70 meters
north to south and 100 meters east to west on a bench in a box
canyon. A rock ledge borders on the southeast, a deep arroyo
on the west, and a gradual slope drops to the north. The site
affords a north view onto the flats of East Canyon Wash. The
soil is alluvial and eroded. Juniper and pinon, cottonwood,
ephedra, bitter brush, narrow yucca and several grasses comprise
the vegetation. Lithic detritus and a few tools indicate a possible
kill or butchering site, but materials are not sufficient for further
cultural identification.

42 Sa 5964 Elev. 1859m (6 100 ft. ) The site, 60 meters north to
south and 50 meters east to west, is situated on the west talus
slope looking into a flat alluvial plain to the north. The site area
itself is in a small pocket cut out by erosion. A terrace extends
to the east. The colluvial soil of the site has been disturbed by
grazing. The main vegetation is juniper and pinon, with sage brush,
rabbit brush, and broad leaf yucca also present. Lithics observed
were chert and quartzite flakes as well as several nodules. Cultural
identification remains impossible.

64

42 Sa 5965 Elev. 1966m (6450 ft. ) Lithic material scattered
80 meters north to south and 40 meters east to west comprise
the site. It is located on broken terrain cut by a small arroyo.
The colluvial soil is eroded and deer trails are common. While
juniper and pinon comprise the main vegetation, bitter brush
and ephedra are also present. Three concentrations of lithic
scatters with some flakes in between them were noted. One
area contains the source materials while the other two are small
chipping stations. The lithics observed were mostly debitage and
a few tool fragments, but these were not sufficient to facilitate
cultural identification.

42 Sa 5966 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft.) The lithics are scattered
over a ten meter square which is located on a small ridge along
a bench at a point which overlooks the canyon. The soil is a
sandy alluvium which is eroded because of the slope and the arroyo
drainage. The vegetation is dominated by a juniper-pinon stand
but bitter brush and ephedra are also present. The lithics are
confined mostly to primary flakes of brown and gray chert. One
scraper was noted but materials were not sufficient for cultural
determination.

42 Sa 5967 Elev. 1908m (6260 ft. ) The site is seven meters
square and is located on a terrace between the cliffs of a canyon
floor. The eroded soil is a pink sand. Deer tracks are numerous
in the area. Vegetation is juniper-pinon with an understory of narrow
leaf yucca, sage brush, wheat grass, bitter brush, and blue gramma.
Lithic materials include brown and gray chert flakes and one
scraper. The site is a possible manufacturing area but the materials
observed are not adequate for further cultural determination.

42 Sa 5968 Elev. 1969m (6460 ft. ) This site is 150 meters north-
south and 70 meters east-west. It is a lithic scatter located on
a ridge cut by numerous arroyos. Deer trails and evidence of
erosion are prominent on the colluvial soil. Vegetation is juniper
and pinon along with snake weed and ephedra. Lithic material is
confined to primary flakes of chert and to large quantities of quartzite.
Nothing is sufficiently diagnostic to permit a cultural assignment.

42 Sa 5969 Elev. 1859m (6 160 ft. ) The lithic site is five meters
square and was found on a bench in a saddle. The view looks over
cliffs into a valley and box canyon. There are a few deer trails
around the site and erosion is moving the colluvial soil. Juniper
and pinon comprise the main vegetation along with narrow and
broad leaf yucca, snake weed, and ephedra. The small quantity of
chert flakes was not sufficient for cultural determination.

65

42 Sa 5970 Elev. 1914m (6080 ft. ) The lithic scatter is three
meters square and located on a ridge slope looking into East
Canyon Valley. The soil is colluvial and eroded. Vegetation is
juniper and pinon as well as bitter brush and ephedra. Lithic
materials are primary gray chert flakes. Two tools were also
found. This may be a kill site, but materials are not sufficient
to make further cultural determination.

42 Sa 5971 Elev. 1935- 1950m (6350-6400 ft. ) The site is 20
meters square and is located on a bench in a nearly level area
between two arroyos. There is a large wash to the west with a
secondary lithic concentration. The area also looks into East
Canyon Wash and the flat has the effect of forming a small basin
against the cliff. The colluvial soil is eroded. Vegetation is
mainly juniper and pinon with snake week, bitter brush and ephedra
forming the understory. Lithic materials observed include chert
debitage and several tools which were not sufficient to facilitate
cultural identification.

Quad 1001. (Sec. 35 NW 1/4, T29S, R25E) The quadrant area is essentially
a sandstone bench cut by large washes, each with minor tributary gullies.
Some flats covered with a shale-like material are seen in the northeastern
section. The major washes have cut deep cliff faces in the sandstone while
the gullies have cut into the soil and shale to form several acres of gently

rolling ridges. Some chert material is exposed in the northeast. The

first zone, covering some 10% of the quadrant, is a flat terrace on the
west side of the quad. Although now chained, it was a moderately dense
juniper-pinon forest now seeded to crested wheat grass. Two sites were

recorded here. Zone two, covering some 15% of the quad, is the flat

bottom of the canyon and the adjacent talus slopes. A moderately dense
juniper-pinon overstory covers both the slopes and the canyon bottom with
sage, snakeweed, ephedra, and bitterbrush as an understory. Erosion
here has been accelerated by heavy grazing. Three sites were located in

this element. In zone three a heavy juniper-pinon forest grows in soil

that is badly eroded to expose shale and sandstone. Very limited grass,
some yucca and cacti complete the floral catalog. No sites were found in

this area which accounts for 25% of the quarter suction. A heavy

juniper-pinon growth accompanied by some grasses and yucca dominate
the fourth area which accounts for 25% of the total. Four sites were
found in this zone in a fairly flat area near the edge of zone five. In zone
four, meanwhile, the gradients are more gradual, the erosion less, and

the soil in deeper. The final ecozone covers some 25% of the quadrant.

Here the top soil is in place, sage is abundant along with rabbit brush and
grass. No sites were found. Deer trails, coyotes, rodents, predatory
birds, and doves were noted. (Corner marker appears to have been
removed during chaining. The corner was calculated by triangulation on
topographical features. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

66

CH 42Sa6014-
CH 42Sa6015-

CH 42Sa6018-
CH 42Sa6019-
CH 42Sa60;

CH 42Sa6022~

42Sa6013 CH(ARCH)

42Sa6017 CH
42Sa6016 CH

42Sa6021 CH

Quad 1001

42 Sa 6013 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft. ) The area of Lithic concen-
tration is 30 meters north-south by 40 meters east-west. It is
situated on a slope facing south at 180 . The slope angle varies
from 2 to 7°. Soil is thin and lies over bedrock which has re-
sulted in considerable erosion and secondary deposition of lithics
in washout pockets. The area has a moderately dense juniper-
pinon stand with sage brush, bitter brush, snake weed, and
ephedra present. There are several detritus concentrations,
mostly of chert. A knife and a corner-notched point were collected.
The area may have been a hunting site. The point suggests a
possible Pueblo I-II activity.

42 Sa 6014 Elev. 1923m (6310 ft. ) A light lithic scatter was
found in an area about 20 meters square on a terrace above an
arroyo. The soils are eroding to the south at 190°. Extensive
erosion has caused secondary deposition of flakes at the site.
The site is in an area with a moderately dense juniper-pinon over-
story with sage brush, snake weed, and various grasses also
present. Cultural material is mostly secondary chert detritus. No
diagnostic tools were present.

42 Sa 6015 Elev. 1920m (6300 ft. ) The site area is about 20 meters
east-west by 100 meters north-south and it occupies a point at the
confluence of two large washes. Soils where the lithics lie are
shallow and have eroded to the east, exposing bedrock and concen-
trating cultural materials in several pockets. The area has also

67

42 Sa 6015 (Cont) been chained. Flora originally consisted of
juniper and pinon but now saltbush, sage brush and snake weed
dominate. The lack of diagnostic tools and the presence of piles
of flakes and historic trash argue possible vandalism by historic
users of the area. The remaining cultural material consists of a
green, chert-like stone. Cultural determination was, of course,
impossible.

42 Sa 6016 Elev. 1950 m (6400 ft. ) A light lithic scatter is
spread over an area of 40 meters east-west by 75 meters north-
south on a slope facing west at 270 . The slope is washing into
an arroyo and it has also been collected by surface hunters as is
evidenced by several piles of flakes. The soil is a fine clay which
supports a moderate juniper-pinon overstory. Sage brush, snake
weed, and curly grass are also present. Cultural material con-
sists of chert and a highly metamorphized limestone, mostly in
the form of primary flakes. The lithics observed were not sufficient
for cultural determination.

42 Sa 6017 Elev. 1938m (6360 ft.) A small lithic scatter occupies
an area ten meters square on a slope facing southwest at 240°.
The soil is a fine sandy clay which is somewhat eroded at the south
end of the site. The site is located within a juniper-pinon stand at
the end of a sage flat. Cultural material consists of chert primary
flakes only. As such, the material does not make cultural identifi-
cation possible.

42 Sa 6018 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft. ) The site area is ten meters
east-west and 20 meters north-south and is located on a slope
facing southwest at 220°. The small lithic scatter occurs in a
sand-clay soil on a terrace which has been subjected to considerable
erosion. The site is in a former juniper-pinon forest, now chained.
Crested wheat grass and sage brush now dominate the area. Cultural
material consists of some two dozen primary flakes of chert with
no diagnostic items evident.

42 Sa 6019 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft.) A light lithic scatter occurs in
a 30 meter square area on a second terrace above a major canyon.
The soil is a fine sandy clay which is heavily eroded. Erosion has
concentrated a few flakes of the scatter in pockets. The site area
has also been chained. Formerly a juniper-pinon stand, the area

68

42 Sa 6019 (Cont) now has crested wheat grass and sage brush
in the flat. Cultural material consists mostly of primary chert
flakes although a few tool fragments were collected. The material
is not adequately diagnostic to facilitate cultural determination.

42 Sa 6020 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft. ) The lithic area occupies a
30 meter square located in a sandy soil on the second terrace
above the floor of a large canyon. The site faces southeast at
120°. The area has been chained. Located, thus, in a former
juniper-pinon zone, the site area is now seeded in crested wheat
grass which is associated with cacti and sage brush. The remain-
ing material is mostly chert flakes with a few quartzite flakes.
One point and a knife, both lacking bases, were collected. Cultural
determination was not possible due to the lack of diagnostic materials.

42 Sa 6021 Elev. 2048m (6370 ft.) A large, intensive lithic scatter
is about 60 meters square. In three areas the lithic density is in
access of 20 flakes per square meter. The site is located in sandy
soil on a point overlooking a major wash and it faces northeast at
40°. Some erosion has occurred. Flora includes a light juniper-
pinon stand with sage brush and snake weed also prominent. To the
east is a large sage flat. The cultural materials were mostly a
gray chert and a fine-grained, green stone that has not been identified.
The site lacked cultural diagnostic materials.

42 Sa 6022 Elev. 1926m (6320 ft. ) A large but light lithic scatter
occupies an area 70 meters east-west by 120 meters north-south
on a terrace overlooking a major wash. The slope of the site is
generally down to the west while the soil is a shallow, sandy clay
with considerable erosion in the southwest quarter of the area where
some bedrock is exposed. The site is located just within a light
juniper-pinon stand with sage brush, cacti, and snake weed also
present. A large sage flat is located east of the site. Artifact
density rarely exceeds four flakes per square meter, but several
tool fragments occur, including scrapers and knives. Material
remaining includes various sizes of chert and quartzite flakes. Tool
fragments were insufficient for further cultural identification.

69

CASTLE VALLEY PLANNING UNIT

Quad 32. (Sec. 34 NW L/4, T24S, R22E) The quad has two distinct
ecozones divided by a cliff face 1200 feet high. Some 70% of the quarter
section is located in the Colorado River bottoms and is composed of
clay, steep talus slopes and cliff faces. The second and higher element
within the area is on the south bench of the river canyon. This mesa
top is covered with a thin stand of juniper and pinon with a saltbush
understory. No sites were found. (Marker was not found and position
affirmed by triangulation on landmarks. ) BARREN WASTE.

Quad 43. (Sec. 22 NE 1/4, T27S, R23E) Two juniper-pinon-covered
slopes dominate the east and west sides of the quadrant and comprise
about 25% of the total area. These two segments are divided by Pack Creek
along which are found actual sage- covered river bottom lands accounting
for 35% of the area and sage brush flats which cover 40% of the land. Two
large chipping sites were found in the bottoms where exposed quartzite
and chert secondary deposits were utilized. Two small chipping stations
were found on the east ridge and the fifth, an apparent hunting station,
was found in the sage near the edge of the creek. (No section markers
were found- -apparently lost to erosion in the area. Triangulation on
local topographical features and on a ranch house marked on the map
were used. ) SAGE BRUSH.

CH 42Sa6061-
CH 42Sa6062

42Sa6064 CH
42Sa6063 CH

42Sa6065

Quad 43,

42 Sa 6061 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft.) Measuring 300 meters north-
south and 70 meters east-west, the site is situated on fairly level
alluvial soil between two washes which converge just to the west
to form Pack Creek. Site slope is generally down to the southwest
at no more than 2°. The site area is in juniper- pinon woodland
although the actual site is dominated by sage brush with some prickly
pear. Cultural debris included primary and secondary flakes, a
core and a knife fragment. None of these chert materials proved
diagnostic.

70

42 Sa 6062 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft. ) A lithic scatter and probable
chipping site that extends for 80 meters east-west and 40 meters
north-south. The ground slopes at about 2 to the west. Pack
Creek runs past the northern edge of the site, flowing from east
to west. The residual soils are eroding only slightly. The rather
open juniper- pinon stand has an understory of sage brush and
saltbush. The primary and secondary chert flakes naturally proved
to be non-diagnostic.

42 Sa 6063 Elev. 1877m (6l60 ft. ) This very small chipping
site covers only one square meter, a fact perhaps dictated by the
fact that the site is located on a high point on a razor back ridge
no more than 10 meters wide with a slope of about 3°. The residual
soils are undisturbed while an open juniper-pinon stand is underlain
by sage brush, rabbit brush, cactus and ephedra. The site produced
four flakes and a mid-section fragment of a knife. Thus, no cultural
determination is possible.

42 Sa 6064 Elev. 1902m (6240 ft. ) The chipping site is contained
within a 3 meter square and is located atop the same razor back
ridge upon which Sa 6063 is located. East of the site is a large
vertical drop marking the end of the ridge while to the north and south
the ridge drops steeply at about 40°. Slope of the area to the west is
about 8 . The broken and rock terrain contains residual soil which
has eroded some as the result of grazing by both deer and cattle. An
open juniper-pinon stand is accompanied by an understory of sage
brush and ephedra. The primary and secondary chert flakes provided
no diagnostic evidence.

42 Sa 6065 Elev. 182 9m (6000 ft. ) This camp site occupies an 8
meter square with a 2° slope of the residual soil down to the south.
The actual site area is nearly level in an area which overlooks Pack
Creek to the south. The undisturbed site is in a juniper-pinon clearing
where the flora includes sage brush and prickly pear. The cultural
material included primary and secondary flakes, a knife and a point
fragment and a small mano. Cultural identification was not possible.

Quad 47. (Sec. 10 NW 1/4, T25S, R23E) The quadrant is dominated by the
massive Castle Rock which intrudes into the area on the east. About 94%
of the unit is covered by Castle Rock and its associated talus slopes and
benches. The remaining 6% of the area is covered with sage flats charac-
teristic of Castle Valley. The flats and the terraces between the talus
slopes produce a land area of some 50 acres with a 15 slope while the
balance inclines at 75° or better. No sites were found. (Marker located.
USGS crew working in area during the survey. ) BARREN WASTE.

71

Quad 115. pec. 2 7 NW 1/4, T26S, R21E) This quarter section divides
into four ecozones. First, and covering only 3% of the area, is a canyon
bottom with a seep. The area has various grasses, scrub oak, etc.
No sites but many game trails. ---A second zone is composed of talus
slopes and cliff face areas covering 20% of the total area. Here are found
scattered juniper and pinon, cliff rose, bitterbrush, some blackbrush,
ephedra and occasional cacti. Two sites are found here: a possible

Basketmaker site in an alcove and a nearby petroglyph that 'matches'.

Covering 27% of the unit is a brush flat that includes some grass, ephedra,
and an occasional juniper or pinon. Soils are shallow and contain some

chert nodules which account for two chipping sites found. Finally,

about 50% of the quadrant is covered by slickrock mostly in the form of
sandstone domes and flat rock outcrops with small pockets of sand in
which a juniper or pinon might grow in company with some ephedra. No
sites here. (Marker located on cliff edge. ) BARREN WASTE.

CH 42Gr718

CH 42Gr72L-

1 1

=tr==^-N j

, '

■42Gr719 CA.RS(BM-II)
42Gr720 RA(BM-II)

Quad 115.

42 Gr 718 Elev. 1317m (4320 ft. ) A lithic site that appears to
have been a resource area. Covering a 100 meter square on the
mesa top residual soils, the site slopes down to the SW in a
vegetation zone which includes curly grass, snake weed, ephedra,
and prickly pear. Cultural debris is restricted to chert nodules,
cores, and primary flakes--none of which are diagnostic.

42 Gr 719 Elev. 1341m (4400 ft. ) Under an overhang at the head
of a talus slope, the site measures 40 meters east-west and 5 meters
north-south. The site faces due south while the ground in front of the
shelter area slopes down at 2°. The site has been severely vandalized
very recently. The dirt piles reveal considerable charcoal, suggest-
ing that the site may have good depth. While gray and white chert
flakes found here were not diagnostic, the possible depth suggests
that it might be a Basket Maker II site --but this cannot be regarded as
anything more than a suggestion at this point.

72

42 Gr 720 Elev. 1341m (4400 ft. ) A petroglyph site with a panel
no more than 40 cm square on a vertical face of a ledge. The
pecked designs include a complete anthromorph and one that is
partially complete. The panel faces due south overlooking an
expanse of sage brush and cheat grass. The trapezoid body style
suggests a possible Basket Maker II or III origin.

42 Gr 721 Elev. 1390m (4560 ft. ) This site extends for 25
meters east-west and 10 meters north-south on the residual soil
of a mesa top near a large sandstone dome. The site slopes down
at 5° to the SW and some erosion has followed along this route.
The brushland vegetation includes black brush, ephedra, juniper,
curly grass, prickly pear and snake weed. The white chert
primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes proved to be non-diagnostic.

Quad 142. (Sec. 5 SW 1/4, T25S, R23E) The unit is characterized by a
massive cliff face and associated talus slopes which relegate two thirds
of the quarter section to the wasteland category. The remaining one third
of the quadrant is fairly level flats above the river bottoms dominated by
saltbush. The level terrain is dotted with very large boulders that have
broken away from the cliffs above and all three sites in the unit were rock-
shelters formed under these boulders. They might be called "free standing
shelters". Two small shelters had flakes in association while the other had
ash areas, a metate and some sherds. (A marker pipe was located although
the brass cap was gone. Verified by topographical triangulation. )
DESERT SHRUB.

CA,RS 42Gr704.
HB,RS 42Gr703

i2Gr702 CA,RS ,CE (BM-1 1 1 ,P-1 1 1 )

Quad 142.

73

42 Gr 702 Elev. 1438m (4720 ft. ) The site is what is sometimes
referred to as a "freestanding" rockshelter. That is, the shelter
is under a portion of a large rock that has fallen from higher ledges.
The shelter faces SE as the ground slopes down at 4°. The brushland
flora is dominated by saltbush, sage brush and rabbit brush. The
soil appears to be alluvial. The cultural material associated with the
shelter includes a basin metate and mano and 4 charcoal darkened
areas. Some chert primary and secondary flakes, a hammerstone,
a core are the total lithic component. Ceramics include 2 sherds of
Chapin Gray, 1 Mesa Verde Corr. , and 2 unidentified corrugated
sherds. While the sherd count is very small, it is, of course,
entirely possible that the shelter was first used in Basket Maker III
or Pueblo I times and then again some time during the Pueblo III
period.

42 Gr 703 Elev. 1414m (4640 ft. ) This possible habitation site is
a rockshelter facing NE in a zone dominated by saltbush, scrub oak,
sage brush and rabbit brush. The alluvial soil slopes down away from
the shelter at about 3°. At one end of the shelter was rough laid
masonry with neither shaping of the stone or chinking to produce either
a semi- permanent habitation or at least a camp site. Modern users
have piled sage brush against the wall. It is possible that a second
wall covered the other end of the 3 meter front of the shelter as well.
Three secondary flakes and a mano fragment failed to provide the
diagnostic evidence needed to make a cultural assignment.

42 Gr 704 (Elev. 1414m (4649 ft.) This small rockshelter also located
on alluvial soil has been heavily disturbed by cattle, apparently seeking
shelter. Vegetation is saltbush, grease wood, scrub oak and rabbit
brush. The shelter faces SW with a gentle slope dropping down in front
of it at a rate of no more than 1 . The shelter, which commands a view
of Castle Valley has not been modified by walls. Lithics were confined
to white chert secondary and tertiary flakes which produce no data
significant to cultural identification.

Quad 153. (Sec. 18 SE 1/4, T24S, R25E) The quadrant is divided between
a relatively flat juniper-pinon zone and a wasteland region of cliffs and
talus slopes. The juniper-pinon stand is moderately dense with occasional
small clearings. It covers 80% of the quarter section. The trees crowd out

much of the understory. All five sites were found in this area. In the

wasteland region the talus is very steep and the cliff face deeply incised. (No
marker found. The area chained and cut by roads and a drill pad. Location
established by triangulation on topographic features. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

74

CH 42Gr712

CH(PAIUTE) 42Gr713

^2Gr709 CH
l2Gr710 CA
42Gr711 CH(P-II,P-III)

Quad 153.

42 Gr 709 Elev. 1706m (5600 ft. ) A lithic scatter measuring
10 by 15 meters and located on a bench with a 4° slope down to
the south. The coarse red sand has a juniper- pinon overstory
with snake weed the major plant in the clearing. Recent use is
attested by the presence of tin cans and a few bottles (none of which
are old. ) The badly eroded site produced only primary and
secondary flakes of chert and a sandstone slab that appears to
have a grinding surface on one side. The cultural affiliation
remains indeterminate.

42 Gr 710 Elev. 1706m (5600 ft.) This probable camp site is
limited to a 4 meter square. The site is in residual soil on a
bench which slopes down to the E at 5°. The juniper-pinon over-
story is underlain by a vegetative community that includes ephedra,
black brush, yucca, curly grass, and snake weed. The ash lens
has thus far escaped the erosion that is affecting the flake scatter.
A few chert and one quartzite primary flakes were insufficient to
suggest cultural affiliation.

42 Gr 711 Elev. 1703m (55 90 ft. ) This 4 by 6 meter lithic scatter
is located in broken terrain covered with residual soil that slopes
down to the south at 7° --a fact which has resulted in heavy erosion
in the area. The dominant juniper-pinon overstory is associated with
sage brush, prickly pear, snake weed, curly grass, rabbit brush.
Lithics were confined to chert secondary flakes except for a side
notched point found near the edge of the site area. Survey team members
suggest it indicates a Pueblo II or more possibly, a Pueblo III
affiliation, but this should be regarded as highly tenuous.

75

42 Gr 712 Elev. 1703m (5590 ft.) Site is a small scatter of
secondary white chert flakes contained within a 2 meter square.
The surface of residual soil slopes to the south at a mere 1
although there has been a considerable amount of erosion.
Juniper and pinon are found here with ephedra and curly grass.
No cultural identification was possible.

42 Gr 713 Elev. 1706m (5600 ft.) An intensive lithic concen-
tration limited to a 1.5 meter square located on broken terrain
with a 2° slope down to the SE. The juniper-pinon woodland
domination of the area is supplemented by sage brush, yucca,
and snake weed. The white tertiary flakes produce 2 projectile
point bases which might suggest either Pueblo II use or later
Ute--but such a conclusion is provisional at best.

Quad 2 09. (Sec. 24 SE 1/4, T24S, R25E) The quad is divided between
a juniper-pinon zone covering 92% of the area and a wasteland area of
slickrock and cliffs accounting for the balance. The juniper-pinon
segment divides into three basic sub-zones. The first is mesa top where
the understory includes Indian ricegrass, curly grass, and ephedra. The
second is a talus area with curly grass, cacti, sage, and rabbit brush
beneath. The third portion involves lower rolling hills where the under-
story is sage and cheat grass. The slickrock wasteland is vertical,

heavily incised by runoff and has very little vegetation. No sites were
recorded in the quad. (Corner pipe located but cap is missing. Verified
by triangulation on topographic features. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

Quad 269. (Sec. 35 NW 1/4, T24S, R24E) The quadrant is contiguous
with Quad 270 (see below). The quarter section was initially a level area
that has been subjected to accelerated erosion by grazing and by Onion
Creek. Wastelands of eroded wash beds comprise 60% of the area while
sage brush flats account for 15%. A light juniper-pinon overstory covers
the remaining 25% and it acts as a sort of intermediate zone between the
wasteland and the brush flats. No sites were recorded. (Corner markers
not found. Areas where they should occur were eroded. Good lines were
run, however, from the two markers found in Quad 270. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

Quad 270. (Sec. 35 NE 1/4, T24S, R24E) The unit overlies a flat valley
floor that has been heavily eroded by the head of Onion Creek. Eroded
wasteland areas cover 55% of the quarter section. Juniper-pinon stands
account for only 10% of the area and the zone is limited to the higher slopes
of the wash and to the edges of the brush flats which cover the remaining
35%. The brush areas have been plowed to foster the growth of grass. Two
small mano fragments were noted but no sites were recorded in the
section. (Two corner markers located. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

76

Quad 652. (Sec. 9 SW 1/4, T27S, 22E) Of the three zones in the
quadrant, a wasteland of slickrock and domed sandstone accounts for
30% of the total. A few juniper and pinon grow in cracks along with
cacti and bitterbrush. Another 40% of the area is taken up by a desert
shrub zone which is a sand dune area resting on a slickrock base.
Snake weed and cheat grass with considerable ephedra attest to heavy-
grazing. A single lithic scatter was recorded in this region. The
juniper-pinon overstory spreads over the remaining 30% of the quarter
section. This is in eroded canyon bottoms where there are some active
seeps. Vegetation includes various grasses, bitterbrush and cliff rose.
No sites were found in this area. (Corner marker found. ) JUNIPER-
PINON.

CH 42Sa6053-

, j

Quad 652,

42 Sa 6053 Elev. 1487m (4880 ft. ) The site measures 100 meters
north-south and 140 meters east-west. It lies in aeolian soils with
a 4 slope generally down to the north. Slickrock exposures are
common in the site vicinity. The site has been damaged by erosion,
by vandalism and by the construction of a road across the southern
portion of the site. The area is characterized by a sparse scatter
of juniper and pinon. The most common shrub forms are sage brush
and ephedra while snake weed and cactus were also observed. A
knife fragment as well as white chert primary and secondary flakes
proved inadequate to the assignment of a cultural affiliation at the
site.

Quad 697. (Sec. 21 SE 1/4, T27S, R23E) This quadrant is located on a
broader part of the Pack Creek Valley than was Ouad 43. About 40% of the
unit is in the creek canyon while the balance is on the western slope.
Some 65% of the area is covered with a good stand of juniper and pinon
while 30% is given to brush-covered flats and slopes. The 5% balance is
eroded wasteland. A single lithic scatter was recorded while an Elko Corner
Notched point was an isolated find. (A stone cairn was located although the
pipe and brass cap were missing. The position was confirmed by triangula-
tion on topographic features. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

77

1

I '

42Sa6066 CH

Quad 697.

42 Sa 6066 Elev. 1902m (6240 ft. ) Located on a ridge overlooking
Pack Creek, this chipping site measures 200 meters east-west
and 75 meters north-south, and drops very slightly to the west.
The residual soils are covered with a heavy stand of juniper and
pinon while blue gramma grass was also noted. White chert
primary and secondary flakes and knife fragments found were in-
sufficient to permit cultural identification.

Quad 748. (Sec. 5 NE 1/4, T28S, R23E) The quadrant is characterized
by a wide alluvial plain rimmed by slickrock exposures and a mesa
which is formed by a fine-grained sandstone in combination with a con-
glomerate of waterworn cobbles and pebbles. This appears to be the
source of chert found at all five sites recorded. Upon this base there are
three major zones. Brush flats account for about 22% of the area. Brush
combines with occasional juniper or pinon, cheat grass and crested wheat
grass. Two sites were found in the area- -Some 60% of the unit is covered
by juniper and pinon growing on eroded talus and ridge slopes where the
conglomerate forms the base. The understory involves small shrubs and

some grass along with cacti and ephedra. Two sites were recorded.

In the third area, accounting for the remaining 18% of the land, a mesa
top was once covered with a dense juniper-pinon stand that has been
chained. A single site was recorded in this element. (Marker not found.
Area where it was expected much disturbed by roads, drill pads and a
drainage system. Location established by triangulation on topographic
features.) JUNIPER-PINON.

78

CH 42Sa6046

r-r

Quad 748,

42Sa6045 CH

42Sa6047 CH

42Sa6048 CH
42Sa6049 CH

42 Sa 6045 Elev. 1731m (5680 ft. ) A large lithic scatter and
chipping area, 150 meters by 300 meters, has a general exposure
due west and ground slope varies between 2 and 15 . Soils are
both residual and alluvial in nature. A ridge dominates the
northern perimeter of the site, while a sage brush flat and clearing
occur on the eastern and central portions of the site. A dirt road
cuts through the southern section of the site and two drill pads have
been placed near its middle and south-east areas. Also, along the
southern periphery are several arroyos. Erosion, over grazing,
vandalism and construction have destroyed most of the site area.
Stands of juniper and pinon trees along with sage flat formations
grow within the site area. Also noted were rabbit brush, ephedra,
cactus, thistle, snake weed and cheat grass. Artifacts which were
observed were waste flakes and one worked flake. No cultural
determination was possible.

42 Sa 6046 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft. ) General exposure of the 30
by 50 meter site is to the northwest with a gradual ground slope of
4 . The lithic scatter is located on a small ridge with a knoll
on the southern end of the site perimeter. Arroyos flank both the
east and west sides of the site. The site is in poor condition be-
cause the residual soils have been eroded away. Juniper and pinon
woodlands occur in the general site area along with sage brush,
ephedra, yucca and curly grass undergrowth. The only artifacts
observed were waste flakes, mainly of white chert. No cultural
determination was possible.

42 Sa 6047 Elev. 1780m (5840 ft. ) The small chipping station-
lithic scatter is 30 meters square and has the general exposure
toward the east. The terrain in and near the site is nearly level
with a ground slope of only 3°. The northeast perimeter of the site
is flanked by arroyos while the northern area has a power line

79

42 Sa 6047 (Cont) crossing on a south-east-northwest axis.
Due to erosion of the residual soils and construction of the
power line, much of the site has been destroyed. Most of the
vegetation of the area is shrubs and grasses, sage brush,
cheat grass, curly grass and snake weed, with only a few isolated
juniper trees. All artifacts observed were waste flakes of white
chert. No cultural determination was possible.

42 Sa 6048 Elev. 1804m (5920 ft. ) The small chipping station
is only six meters square and is located on a ridge with an
arroyo to the west. The general exposure of the site is to the
northeast with only a gradual ground slope of 2 or less. Soils
are residual in origin and natural erosion has disturbed the site
only to a minor degree. Other than this impact, the site is in
fair condition. The site lies in a juniper-pinon woodland with
ephedra, small sage brush, snake weed, cheat grass, and crested
wheat grass as undergrowth. No cultural determinations were
possible because cultural debris was restricted to waste flakes.

42 Sa 6049 Elev. 1853m (6080 ft.) The site, a lithic scatter
and probable chipping area, is 20 meters by 40 meters with a
general southeast exposure. It lies on a ridge with an arroyo
to the east. Soils are residual and chaining has deforested the
entire area. Because of this, the site has been severely impacted
and virtually destroyed. Juniper and pinon trees were once the
overstory while sage brush, crested wheat grass, ephedra, snake
weed and cactus now dominate. Site artifacts consist of waste
flakes and two utilized flakes. No cultural determinations were
possible.

Quad 753. (Sec. 3 SW 1/4, T28S, R22E) Wastelands account for 25%
of the quadrant with 7% a slickrock area and 18% involving a cliff and
canyon bottom area. This has a fair stream flow but erosion and floods
would have eradicated any cultural evidence that may have existed.
Groves of cottonwood, rabbit brush and some juniper-pinon stands attest
to greater moisture as do tamarisk and willows. No sites found in the
wastelands. The remaining 75% of the quarter section is desert shrub
land with shallow soil covered with cheat grass, yucca, ephedra and a
few stunted juniper. Three sites were found here. (Marker located. )
JUNIPER-PINON.

80

CH 42Sa605(

- 1

7

42Sa6052 CH

42Sa6051 CH

Quad 753,

42 Sa 6050 Elev. 1622m (5320 ft.) The small lithic scatter,
four meters north-south by six meters east-west faces south-
east at 130°. Located in broken terrain, the site has a slope of
7°. A ridge lies directly west of the site area. The soil is
residual, with evidence of erosion. Juniper- pinon make up the
overstory with sage and snake weed below. Primary chert
flakes were observed. The culture- period is indeterminate.

42 Sa 6051 Elev. 1585m (5200 ft. ) The eight meter square
chipping site faces east at 110°. Located in broken terrain on
a slope of 5°, it is about 400 meters southeast of 42 Sa 6050.
The residual soil exhibits some erosion. Juniper- pinon, sage,
prickly pear, and snake weed make up the vegetative inventory.
Core fragments and primary and secondary white chert flakes
were noted. Cultural determination was not possible due to the
lack of diagnostic material.

42 Sa 6052 Elev. 1573m (5160 ft. ) Similar to sites 42 Sa 6050
and 6051, this small four by six meter lithic scatter sits on a
slope of 4°. The site faces southeast at 120°, and a drainage runs
to the northeast just on the north side of the site. Substantial
erosion is evident and the site is in poor condition. Juniper-
pinon, sage, ephedra, snake weed and cheat grass grow in the
residual soil of the area. Primary chert flakes were observed,
but the culture- period is indeterminate.

Quad 786 (Sec. 26 NE 1/4, T26S, P21E) The entire quadrant is typified
by a high mesa top on which are found several large dune structures.
Between these forms and in the deeper soils is a juniper- pinon/gambel
oak zone. The forested region accounts for 73% of the quarter section

81

Quad 786. (Cont) while the remaining 27% is slickrock wasteland
found in the northeastern area of the unit. A single site was recorded
in the forested region. (Marker not found. Position established by
triangulation on topographic features. ) JUNIPER -PINON.

CA,RS 42Gr722-

7 r

1 r

Quad 786,

42 Gr 722 Elev. 1460m (4790 ft. ) Here a rockshelter cuts into
a sandstone dome to attain measures of 5 meters wide, 10
meters high and 15 meters deep. The shelter faces due west
with the ground in front sloping easily down at 2°. A few gray
chert flakes were found below the shelter while inside it were
found two cobble manos about half of a pecked slab metate.
Such artifacts suggest fairly late use either by Southern Paiute
or by Southern Ute.

THE DOLORES PLANNING UNIT

Quad 3. (Sec. 32SE 1/4, T19S, R26E) A relatively flat brushland area
covers the entire quadrant. The soil is very sandy and cut by numerous
small drainages running east and west. A small line of bluffs some 20 to
30 feet high run north and south along the western edge of the area. A
small lithic scatter was recorded. (No corner marker was found.
Difficulty in locating the section resulted from lack of map detail.
Triangulation on topographic features used to establish position. )
SAGE BRUSH.

82

CH 42Gr708

_1

Quad 3.

42 Gr 708 ELev. 1403m (4600 ft.) This small lithic scatter
covers a 5 meter square located on a ridge above the Colorado
River in a shrub land environment dominated by sage brush and
snake weed. The site area slopes down to the SW at 3 . The
lithics, composed of primary and secondary flakes, a core and
a core shatter, fail to produce diagnostic data.

Quad 5. (Sec. 17NE 1/4, T21S, R26E) While a juniper-pinon stand
covers about 2% of the unit in the northwest quarter, 98% of the land is
covered with a brush flat that is cut by a shallow wash in the western
portion. The quad is north of Picture Gallery Ranch and has been sub-
ject to moderate grazing. No sites were located. (Corner marker not
found. Location established by triangulation on a fence line and on the
Picture Gallery Ranch Buildings, all of which are plotted on the UGSG
quadrangle. ) GRASS.

Quad 12. Sec. 13 SE 1/4, T21S, R25E) A long, narrow mesa top
accounting for 20% of the quadrant is covered with loose, shallow, sandy
soils that reveal bedrock in places. A moderately dense juniper-pinon

overstory is accompanied by bitterbrush, some grass and cacti.

A juniper-pinon stand in the canyon bottom covers a mere 4% of the
quarter section. Soils are deep but numerous gullies cut the area.

Several grasses were noted along with scattered brush and some cacti.

The remaining 76% of the quad proved to be wasteland composed largely
of talus slopes and slickrock. Scattered juniper with some brush was
found in cracks and some basins. A number of potential rock shelters
were noted but none revealed human use. No sites were found in the quad.
(Corner marker not found and position established by triangulation on
topographical features. ) BARREN WASTE.

83

Quad 105. (Sec. 8 SE 1/4, T22S, R26E) The quad is dominated by
a mesa top and associated bottom land. A juniper- pinon forest covers
85% of the section and proved to be especially dense on the mesa top
although it was heavy in the bottom land as well. Wasteland slopes
between the mesa and the bottom land accounted for the remaining 15%
of the area. No sites were recorded in the quad. (Marker not found
and position fixed by triangulation on topographical features. Lack of
map detail made quad location difficult. ) JUNIPER -PINON.

Quad 163. (Sec. 25 SE 1/4, T22S, R24E) An estimated 55% of the
quarter section was occupied by a slickrock mesa area largely covered
by a juniper-pinon overstory accompanied by grasses and cacti. Two

sites were recorded here. Another 20% of the area under study was

taken up by the terrace levels and saddles which lie above the main
canyon bottom. A moderately dense juniper-pinon stand covers this.

Two sites located here, The remaining 25% of the quadrant was

given over to canyon bottom and talus areas which were mostly eroded.
Various woody shrubs, rabbit brush and cacti form the major vegetation.
A single site, found adjacent to a large chert and quartzite source below
the Morrison formation, was recorded. (Corner marker not found. A
stone cairn without pipe or cap was at that apparent location and this
appears to have been verified by triangulation on topographic features. )
JUNIPER-PINON.

CH 42Gr714-

CH 42Gr715.

CH 42Gr717
CH 42Gr716-

vM2Gr705 CH

Quad 163.

42 Gr 705 (Elev. 1478m (4850 ft.) This chipping site is contained
within an 8 meter square. Situated in a canyon bottom with a 5°
slope, the site is in a growth of saltbush and ephedra although an
occasional juniper was also noted. Lithics were confined to white
and gray chert primary and secondary flakes and cores which pro-
vided no information upon which to base a cultural identification.

84

42 GR 714 Elev. 1463m (4800 ft. ) Measuring 5 by 15 meters,
the site rests on the residual soil of a bench where the slope

drops to the SW at 6° a factor in the heavy erosion noted.

The brushland system is dominated by sage brush, black brush,
snake weed and curly grass while an occasional juniper or pinon
is also to be seen. The primary flakes of chert, the scraper
and the knife fragments were insufficient to determine a cultural
affiliation.

42 GR 715 Elev. 1500m (4900 ft. ) This is a site shaped in the
form of a shallow crescent contained within an area 300 meters
square although not occupying all of that area. Dominant brush-
land vegetation includes sage brush, black brush, snake weed,
cheat grass, ephedra and prickly pear. The soil slopes down
from the terrace in all directions at rates that range from 1 to
15° with a predictable amount of erosion. The heavy scatter of
chert flakes provided no clue to a cultural association.

42 GR 716 Elev. 1530m (502 0 ft. ) A lithic scatter confined within
a 5 meter square situated in the residual soil of a mesa top with
a 4° slope down to the southwest. The brushland is dominated by
black brush, ephedra and snake weed with scattered juniper present.
Chert flakes and a knife fragment provide no clues as to cultural
affiliation.

42 Gr 717 Elev. 1499m (4920 ft. ) A lithic scatter covering an
area 20 meters square, the site is situated in the residual soils
of a mesa top with a 4° slope down to the southwest. Black brush,
sage brush, ephedra, a few juniper, snake weed, and curly grass
form the bulk of the plant community. Chert flakes provided no
culturally diagnostic data.

Quad 177. (Sec. 5 NE 1/4, T23S, R25E) A dense juniper-pinon forest
dominates 91% of the quadrant. The area is cut by a major wash and
several minor tributaries all running roughly northwest to southeast.
Brush flats account for the remaining 9% of the area. Two sites were
recorded in the brushland in association with chert resources. (Three
markers located. ) DESERT SHRUB.

85

CH 42Gr707-
CH 42Gr706-

7 j

., ,

i ;

Quad 177.

42 Gr 706 Elev. 1463m (4800 ft. ) This small lithic site
rests on broken ground with residual soil at the edge of a
canyon bottom. Measuring 15 meters north-south by 8 meters
east-west the site area slopes down at a rate of 5° to the SW.
Brushland vegetation is dominated by saltbush, sage brush and
rabbit brush. The site has been about half destroyed by erosion.
Chert primary, secondary flakes and cores together with a
biface fail to provide information needed to assign a cultural
affiliation.

42 Gr 707 Elev. 1450m (4760 ft. ) Located in a canyon bottom
stand of juniper -pinon, the site area slopes down to the north
at 5° and is heavily eroded. The woodland clearing is covered
with saltbush and sage brush where the site measures 100 meters
east-west and 50 meters north-south. The entire site has been
subject to heavy erosion. Chert primary and secondary flakes,
cores and a few blade forms were insufficient to provide a basis
for fixing a cultural affiliation.

Quad 232. (Sec. 15 SE 1/4, T23S, R25E) The first zone here covers
18% of the quad and is classed as a wasteland of broken cliffs and talus
slopes. Some juniper and pinon is to be seen as is a little grass and

brush but all vegetation is very sparse. A mesa top with relatively

flat topography of clay soil covers 82% of the unit. A stunted and sparse
juniper-pinon overstory is accompanied by stunted sage, blackbrush
and cacti. No sites were found in the quad. (Corner marker was located. )
DESERT SHRUB.

86

BEEF BASIN PLANNING UNIT

Quad 16. (Sec. 17 NW 1/4, T32S, R19E) The quadrant was dominated
by rolling brushland covering 94% of the land. In the northeast corner
of the unit a low ridge covered with juniper and pinon accounts for the
balance of the area. The two sites recorded were found in the small
forested area. These were both habitation sites composed of room
blocks and granaries with associated sherd concentrations. (No marker
located. Position established by triangulation on topographic features. )
SAGE BRUSH.

42Sa6067 ST,RS,CE(P-III)
:42Sa6068 HB.CH(P-II)

■j -t-

L 1

Quad 16,

42 Sa 6067 Elev. 2840m (6720 ft. ) Measuring 30 meters north-
south and 5 meters east-west, the site is located in a slickrock
area where two forms of sandstone meet to form a ridge in which
small rockshelters are formed. The area is within a juniper-
pinon forest with a sage brush and saltbush understory. Included
within the area are the remains of drylaid stone walls indicating
the presence of at least 5 small granaries. In addition to flakes,
cores, knives, and a mano, sherds on the site were tentatively
identified as Mesa Verde B/W, Mancos B/W and Mesa Verde
Corrugated all of which suggest an early Pueblo III affiliation.

42 Sa 6068 Elev. 2024m (6640 ft. ) This 10 x 10 meter site is
situated on a small bench overlooking a sage brush flat. A slight
erosion has moved the residual soil from the eastern edge of the
site which slopes slightly down to the southwest. The site itself
is in a good growth of juniper and pinon which is underlain by
sage brush and wild grasses. A pit house is suggested by a
depression. Secondary and tertiary flakes were noted while the
provisional identification of sherds as Mancos B/W and white
ware corrugated sherds suggests a Pueblo II period.

87

Quad 32. (Sec. 7 NE 1/4, T32S, R18E) Brushlands dominate the quad
and account for 70% of the area. The ground is cut by gullies but the
area supports a growth of small brush, rabbit brush, and cacti. A
talus and sand dune area covered 20% of the land. The overstory included
scattered but large juniper and pinon trees, some grass, ephedra, brush
and cacti. A large number of sites, both habitation and camp, occurred

in the zone. These tended to concentrate in the sandy areas. The

cliff and mesa top region which embraced only 10% of the unit also contained
a number of granaries and camp sites. Soils were shallow with sparse
grass and a light juniper-pinon cover. (Marker not found. Position
established by triangulation on topographic features. ) GRASS

3RS

ST,RS,CE(P-II

CH,CE(P-II

ST,CE(P-I

ST,RS,CE(P-I

,CE(BMIII,P-II

CA,CE(P-II

CH(P-II,P-II

CH
CA,CE(P-III)

42Sa6090

42Sa6096

42Sa6101

42Sa6100

42Sa6103^

42Sa61CT

42Sa610

42Sa610

42Sa610

CA,CE 42Sa6107

Quad 32

42Sa6038
42Sa6037

42Sa6086
42Sa6094
42Sa6085
42Sa6093
42Sa6095
42Sa6099
42Sa6089
42Sa6097
42Sa6092
42Sa6091
42Sa6098

CA.CE(P-III)
CA,CE(P-III)

CA,CE(P-II)

HB,RS,CE(P-II)

CH

HB,CE(P-II,P-III)

CH(P-II)

HB,ST,RS(P-II1)

HB,ST,RA,CE(P-II,P-III)

HB,ST,RS,CE(P-III)

HB,CE(P-II)

CA,CE(BM-III,P-III)

CA,CE(P-III)

42 Sa 6085 Elev. 2025m (6640 ft. ) Measuring only 15 by 20
meters, this lithic scatter is located on a ben<~h covered with
an eroded residual soil. Vegetation includes juniper and pinon
with saltbush, snake weed and ephedra. Red and black chert
detritus provided no basis for a cultural identification.

42 Sa 6086 Elev. 1865m (6120 ft. ) This possible camp site is
confined to a 25 meter square on the crest of a knoll with nearly
level surface of residual soil which has been slightly eroded.
Here the dominant vegetation is sage brush, saltbush and blue
gramma grass. Lithics were confined to red, black, and gray
chert tertiary flakes while a few sherds recovered include
McElmo B/W (1075-1275), Mancos B/W (900-1150) and Mancos
Gray (900-1000+) combine to suggest a 1050 date, something
between middle and early Pueblo II.

88

42 Sa 6087 Elev. 1853m (6080 ft. ) A possible camp site confined
to a 5 meter square, the feature is located on the floor of Bull
Valley where the residual soil has been heavily eroded despite the
fact that the surface appears to be nearly level. Vegetation is
confined to sage brush and cheat grass. Cultural material was
limited to a small ceramic scatter which included corrugated and
Mesa Verde B/W sherds which suggest a Pueblo III assignment.

42 Sa 6088 Elev. 1829m (6000 ft. ) Measuring 30 meters north-
south and 20 meters east-west, this site is located on a slope of
residual soil above the floor of Bull Valley. The rather heavily
eroded area is in a brushland zone with sage brush, saltbush,
and cheat grass forming the dominant cover. The lithics were
restricted to gray chert flakes, but the presence of Mesa Verde
Corrugated sherds suggest this is a possible camp site with a
Pueblo III association.

42 Sa 6089 Elev. 1865m (6120 ft. ) This habitation site measures
50 meters north-south and 60 meters east-west and is located on
a hill with a bench mark reading of 6355 (USGS-Needles 15')
One structure measures 2 meters by 2.4 meters and is formed
of masonry of unshaped sandstone. A second element measuring
1 by 1. 5 meters is similarly constructed and lies some 50 meters
NW of the first structure. A storage cist and an apparent fire basin
found 10 meters west of the first structure are indicative of living
activity as is yet another fire pit located 25 meters west of the cist.
The residual soil is eroding, apparently at an increasing rate.
Although a few juniper and pinon are present, the area is brush land
with sage brush, snake weed and ephedra the most common plants.
Lithics included chert flakes, a side notched point and an obsidian
knife. Four manos were noted along with a fragment of a slab
metate. Ceramics included corrugated and plain sherds as well
as Mesa Verde B/W. A late Pueblo II - Pueblo III site is suggested.

42 Sa 6090 Elev. 1853m (6080 ft.) This possible camp site
measures 5 meters square and involves a rock shelter which may
have developed as a granary. The shelter had been vandalized
and no fill was visible although the roof appears to be fire-blackened.
The area is in a juniper- pinon forest. The residual soil near the
shelter is heavily eroded. Secondary flakes of red and gray chert
constitute the lithic inventory while sherds included Mesa Verde
Corrugated which suggests a Pueblo III affiliation.

89

42 Sa 6091 Elev. 1878m (6160 ft.) The site measures 20
meters north-south by 30 meters east-west. The site area
slopes down to the SE at 6°, and the residual soil of the area
is heavily eroded. This possible camp site in in juniper-
pinon woodland where the understory includes sage brush,
ephedra, snake weed, wheat grass, thistle and a plant having
holly- like leaves. The rockshelter portion of the site faces
SE. Lithics included gray chert flakes and a fragmentary
corner notched point. Ceramics include Piedra B/W and Mesa
Verde B/W. This curious combination suggests both Basket
Maker III and Pueblo III but the latter date would appear to be
the most probable.

42 Sa 6092 Elev. 1867m (6 125 ft. ) This habitation site is
contained within a 20 meter square. Located on a bench over-
looking Bull Valley where, although a few juniper and pinon are
present, the area is essentially brush land with sage, saltbush,
black brush, yucca, cheat grass and crested wheat grass the
dominant plant forms. A very slight slope of the residual soil
is down to the west. The focus of the site is a structure of
coarse unmodified sandstone, circular in outline, the diameter
of the feature varies from 2.4 to 2. 6 meters. Lithics were con-
fined to gray and red chert flakes while corrugated sherds with
Mancos B/W and other Mesa Verde white ware indicate a late
Pueblo II site.

42 Sa 6093 Elev. 1868m (6130 ft.) This structural site is located
on a ridge overlooking flats in Bull Valley to the east and to the
north. The residual soil slopes down to the NE at about 3 . Although
an occasional juniper or pinon is to be seen, this is essentially
brushland with the dominant vegetation being sage brush, black
brush, yucca and cheat grass. The site area measures 30 meters
east-west and 20 meters north-south. A two room unit made of
large blocks of unmodified sandstone form an "L" shaped feature
at the northwest corner of the site. Some of the walls rest directly
on bedrock. Overall, the structure measures 7 by 9 meters. A
substantial lithic and ceramic scatter was found north of the
structure. Flakes of red and gray chert as well as of quartzite
formed the total lithic material while sherds included Mesa Verde
B/W, Mesa Verde Corr. Mc Elmo B/W, Mancos B/W, and Piedra
B/W. In spite of the single sherd of each of the two latter forms,
it seems most likely that the site marks a fairly early Pueblo III
habitation.

90

42 Sa 6094 Elev. 1865m (6120 ft. ) This rockshelter has an
area 5 meters square and faces north. An apparent wall has
existed near its mouth and a fire pit was also noted. There has
been considerable roof fall in the shelter while the slope below
is eroded to reveal some charcoal along with lithic and ceramic
materials. Essentially brushland, the site area is dominated
by sage brush, a bush with pointed, holly-like leaves and crested
wheat grass. Lithics were confined to pink chert flakes while
the only ceramics collected included a Mancos Gray sherd and
an unidentified white ware which, at most, suggests Pueblo II.

42 Sa 6095 Elev. 1878 m (6160 ft. ) The site was found on a
level part of the second terrace overlooking Bull Valley. The
residual soil is eroded showing the sandy material to be quite
shallow. An occasional juniper or pinon was noted in the brush-
land that was dominated bysage brush, snake weed, curly grass
and yucca. A small sherd, either Mancos or McElmo, suggest
early Pueblo II. No additional diagnostic assistance was found in
a scraper and three knife fragments or flakes of gray chert.

42 Sa 6096 Elev. 1871m (6140 ft.) This lithic scatter measures
75 meters east-west and 20 meters north-south. Located on a
terrace overlooking Bull Valley, the residual soil is badly eroded
but contained many deer tracks. Although there are some juniper
and pinon, the area is dominated by sage brush, yucca and snake
weed. Lithic materials included primary flakes of chert, two
corner notched points and a knife fragment. Ceramics were confined
to two very small white ware sherds. One of these appears to be
McElmo, suggesting, though most tenuously, Pueblo III.

42 Sa 6097 Elev. 1875m (6150 ft. ) Located in brushland just above
a cliff, this storage site measures 10 by 45 meters along the base
of yet another ledge. Sage brush, black brush and some snake
weed dominate although there are scattered juniper and pinon. The
site contains six granaries and two probable granaries. The
structures have been numbered from north to south along the
narrow ledge on which they are situated. Structure #1 has coarse,
drylaid masonry across the mouth of a cave which is 2 meters wide
and 1 meter deep. Structure #2 involves drylaid masonry also of
unmodified sandstone placed in front of an overhang 2. 6 meters
wide and 1 meter deep. Structure #3 involves two courses of
masonry in front of a shelter 7. 5 meters wide and 2 meters deep.
The shelter seems to have about 4 cm of fill. Structure #4 has

91

42 Sa 6097 (Cont) 3 courses of drylaid masonry at the mouth
of a shelter 2. 7 meters wide and 1. 4 meters deep with fill
also appearing to be some 4 cm deep. Structure #5 is a
cave in which the wall at the mouth has been nearly destroyed
by roof fall. Some 2 meters inside the cave is the remains of
another wall laid with mortar which is three courses high. This
wall is about 1. 5 meters wide and the cave extends another 3
meters behind the wall. Overall, the cave measures 2 meters
wide and 5 meters deep with about 6 cm of sand fill. Structure #6
has been badly eroded although it appears clear enough that it
was also fronted with a masonry wall drylaid of unshaped sand-
stone. The wall still covers 2 meters of an opening 6 meters
wide. The shelter is 1.6 meters deep. Two McElmo B /W
sherds suggest a Pueblo III affiliation.

42 Sa 6098 Elev. 1871m (6140 ft.) A possible camp site con-
tained within an area only 2 meters square on the slope of a
sandy dune- like area. The area is dominated by sage brush,
black brush, and snake weed with an occasional juniper or pinon.
This badly eroded site produced only Mesa Verde Corrugated
sherds, These suggest Pueblo III.

42 Sa 6099 Elev. 1871m (6140 ft.) This combination habitation
and storage site occupies a site area measuring 25 meters east-
west and 10 meters north-south on a ledge generally facing SE
with a slope in sandy residual soil dropping away from the site
at about 3°. Sage brush, black brush, ephedra and snake weed
are dominant though some juniper and pinon can be seen. Erosion
has nearly destroyed the granary and has eaten into the fill of
the room block. Principle features of the site include two
granaries, a single room habitation block, and an ash lens. The
habitation room was 3 meters square and formed of unshaped
sandstone blocks. Erosion has partially destroyed the west and
south walls. Granary #1 was found 5 meters E of the room.
Only about one half of the original length of the wall remains. The
wall is made of unmodified sandstone blocks and, at one point,
is still 3 courses high. Granary #2 is a small feature with a wall
made of shaped sandstone about 3 courses high. It is situated
some 20 meters East of Granary #1. The shelter it encloses is
1. 2 meters deep. Originally, the wall would appear to have been
1 meter high and 1 meter wide. The fire basin is 7 meters SE
of the habitation room. Here, erosion has been so great that the
dimensions of the basin is almost impossible to assess. A small
cobble mano was found on the surface near the fire basin. Sherds
identified as Mesa Verde B ,/W and McElmos B/W argue a Pueblo III
occupation here.

92

42 Sa 6100 Etev. 1879m (6165 ft. ) Located near a cliff edge,
the site area measures 5 meters east-west and 15 meters
north-south with a slope down to the north of as much as 6°.
Black brush, sage brush, and snake weed are the dominant plants.
The features here are a pair of granaries created by enclosing
natural depressions in the sandstone about midway up a cliff face.
Erosion has caused some damage to structure #2. Structure #1,
is formed of mortar laid shaped sandstone. The walls have been
chinked and the door capped with a cedar post lintle. The wall
is 2. 4 meters wide and 1. 6 meters high and covers a depression
some 1. 7 meters deep. Structure #2 has been nearly destroyed.
Only 50 cm of the wall remains although it covered 1. 8 meter
depression. Nearly all fill is gone. Two Cortez B/W sherds
and I Chapin gray would place the occupation of the site, if they
are significant, at about 900 A. D.

42 Sa 6101 Elev. 1877 m (6 160 ft. ) The site area is 10 meters
square and slopes down to the east at 3°. The loose, sandy soil
of the bench has suffered very little erosion. Black brush, yucca
and various grasses are dominant, the scattered juniper and pinon
occur. An apparent habitation room made of walls of unmodified
sandstone measures 3x2.5 meters. Chert flakes provided no
diagnostic aid while a Chapin/Gray sherd, a Mancos B/W sherd
and an unidentified corrugated sherd suggest a date not much later
than 900 A. D.

42 Sa 6102 Elev. 1920m (6300 ft. ) This lithic /ceramic scatter
covers a 3 meter square on a sandy bench facing north. The
predominant cultural debris consists of flakes of chert- -both
secondary and tertiary. Also noted was a Chapin Gray sherd and a
Chapin B/G in combination with 4 Mesa Verde B/W sherds and
an unidentified corrugated sherd. At a site which, at best, was
apparently a temporary camp site, the Chapin sherds perhaps
should be ignored since it is unlikely this may properly be considered
a multicomponent site, and a Pueblo III affiliation should be suggested.

42 Sa 6103 Elev. 1914m (6280 ft. ) This habitation site lies within
a 20 meter square on a bench overlooking Bull Valley. The slope
is down to the east by as much as 4° --a fact which accounts for the
substantial erosion observed. The environment is again brushland
dominated by black brush, ephedra, snake weed and various wheat-
like grasses. Some scattered juniper and pinon do occur. The two
small rock shelters are located in a small cliff face. Erosion has

93

42 Sa 6103 (Cont) removed any fill that may have existed.
The free-standing structure lies 15 meters S of the shelters.
Nearly circular, it measures 3. 7 meters north-south by 4. 2
meters east-west. At one point the remaining wall shows six
courses of shaped sandstone. The interior fill appears to
contain a considerable amount of charcoal. Sherds observed
included a Chapin Gray, a Chapin B/W and four Mesa Verde
B/W. Although this may be both a Basketmaker and a Pueblo III
site, the latter designation would appear to be the most appro-
priate.

42 Sa 6104 Elev. 1917m (62 90 ft.) This lithic/ ceramic scatter
lies within a 10 meter square on a terrace hard against the base
of a cliff. This site faces east looking into Bull Valley. The
shallow, sandy clay soil has been substantially eroded. Gray
chert secondary flakes account for all of the lithics while sherds
include corrugated forms and Mesa Verde B/W. Although sherds
were not collected and brought to the laboratory for examination,
it is reasonable to assign a Pueblo III status to the site.

42 Sa 6105 Elev. 1923m (6310 ft.) This small lithic scatter
is contained within a 10 meter square. It is located on a mesa
top where the residual soil slopes down to the SW at 3°. Erosion
has been substantial. Brushland vegetation is dominated by sage
brush, black brush, bitter brush, ephedra and snake weed. A
few quartzite flakes combined with gray chert secondary flakes
fail to provide any clue to the cultural affiliation.

42 Sa 6106 Elev. 1923m (6310 ft. ) A lithic scatter of red and
gray chert secondary flakes, the site measures 15 by 25 meters
in badly eroded sand on a mesa top. The site area slopes down
to the south at about 3 . Black brush and snake weed are the
dominant plant materials. The lack of diagnostic material prevents
cultural assignment at the site.

42 Sa 6107 Elev. 1911m (6270 ft.) A small lithic /ceramic scatter
measuring 3 meters north-south and 7 meters east-west, this site
is in loose, sandy soil at the base of a cliff. The site faces south
with a slope of some 3°. The result of the slope has been considerable
erosion. Sage brush, black brush, cacti, and snake weed dominate
the area though a few juniper and pinon are also present. Secondary
chert flakes and a point fragment complete the lithic inventory while
a number of unidentified corrugated sherds were noted. The site may

thus be considered to have been used in Pueblo II or Pueblo III times

but it is certainly later than 900 A. D.

94

Quad 59. (Sec. 6 NW 1/4, T32S, R19E) This unit is dominated by
a wash that is 80 feet deep in most places. This runs roughly north
to south through the area and creates a wasteland accounting for 70%
of the area. The remainder of the quad is covered with a thin stand
of juniper in which a lithic site and an isolated Elko Eared point were
found. (Stone marker without cap or pipe was found. Triangulation
on topographical features established it as the corner marker. )
JUNIPER -PINON.

7 r

i '

42Sa6069 CH

Quad 59.

42 Sa 6069 (Elev. 1901m (6240 ft.) This chipping site is
located on a river terrace located above a tributary to Butler
Wash. Heavy erosion of the aeolian soil has nearly destroyed
the site which is in an open juniper- pinon stand which includes
service berry and ephedra. Cultural material included primary,
secondary, tertiary flakes, a core fragment and some blade
forms. Nothing found proved sufficient for cultural identification,
despite the substantial size of the scatter which measured 75
meters east-west and 100 meters north-south.

Quad 93. (Sec. 9 SW 1/4, T33S, R16E) A comparatively level region
of juniper-pinon growth extends over an estimated 42% of the unit. Soils
are shallow but an understory of black brush, ephedra, cacti, and a few
grasses persist. Five camp and storage sites were found close to the

arroyos and rock outcrops in this region. A slickrock and table

rock zone accounting for 32% of the area is essentially brushland although
juniper and pinon join black brush and cacti. The area is heavily eroded

and produced one site. The cliff and talus slope wastelands amounting

to 14% of the total land produced no sites. Small niches produced juniper,

pinon, bitterbrush, and other plants. Also in the wasteland category

was the remaining 12% of the land given to canyon and wash bottoms.

95

2uad 93. (Cont. ) While two sites were recorded along the edge of
cashes, erosion continues to remove soil rapidly. Some juniper and
>inon grow here along with snake weed and curly grass, brush, cacti,
•phedra. Numerous game trails noted as well as doves and chukar.
Marker not found. VABM 6172 was found nearby and position fixed
iy following compass bearing to corner. ) DESERT SHRUB.

CH 42Sa6119
CA,RS 42Sa6118

CA,ST(BM-II)

ST

CA,ST

CA(BM-II)

42Sa6120
42Sa6123
42Sa6122
42Sa6121

CH 42Sa6117

42Sa6124 CH

Quad 93,

42 Sa 6117 Elev. 1706m (5600 ft. ) This lithic scatter measures
50 by 70 meters and is located on aeolian soil on a terrace. Erosion
appears to be caused by both wind and water in this case. The
ground slopes slightly down to the south. Cultural debris was limited
to primary and secondary flakes of red and gray chert. Cultural
identification was, thus, impossible.

42 Sa 6118 Elev. 1698m (5570 ft. ) The site includes a rockshelter
with an associated lithic scatter, all located at the bottom of a canyon
within an area measuring 10 meters east-west and 8 meters north-
south. The brushland system is dominated by blackbrush, holly,
ephedra, yucca and curly grass. On its northern side, the site
surface is rocky talus material but along the southern edge it is
fine sand. A slope of only 2 falls easily to the south. The cultural
material was restricted to a heavy scatter of red, purple, and gray
chert flakes. No cultural affiliation can be suggested.

96

42 Sa 6119 Elev. 1698m (5570 ft. ) Located in canyon bottom
alluvial soil with a southernly slope of 4 , this site measures
20 meters north- south and 25 meters east-west. In such conditions,
it is predictable that erosion would cause some secondary depositions
at the site. Dominant plants included black brush, ephedra, and
snake weed with an occasional juniper or pinon. The heavy concen-
tration of purple chert secondary and tertiary flakes suggested a kill
and/or butchering site to survey crew members, but the material
shed no light on cultural affiliation.

42 Sa 6120 Elev. 1731m (5680 ft. ) Measuring 40 meters north-south
by 30 meters east-west, the site rests on a loose, aeolian dune
complex with a general slope down to the SE at 4 . Although a number
of large juniper and pinon trees are on the actual site, the area is
dominated by black brush, ephedra, cacti, and various grasses.
The central feature of this chipping and camp site is a cist or fire
box measuring 45 cm square and made of shaped, rectangular sandstone
slabs. Some disturbance of the feature has been caused both by
erosion and root growth. No ash or soil discoloration was observed.
There were, in addition, a number of large gray chert primary flakes.
No diagnostics were available to aid in fixing a cultural identification.

42 Sa 6121 Elev. 1719m (5640 ft. ) This camp site is 5 meters
square in a highly eroded dune complex. The slope is down to the
SE at nearly 5°--a factor in causing severe erosion in the soft sand.
A few large juniper and pinon were noted but the brushland domination
of black brush and some grass continues. The central feature of the
site is a sandstone, slab- lined basin showing a considerable amount of
charcoal. The basis is 50 cm square. West of the basin or fire pit,
were a number of chert flakes and a knife fragment, but the lack of
diagnostics prevents a cultural assignment.

42 Sa 6122 Elev. 1719m (5640 ft. ) This isolated fire pit was found
in canyon bottom alluvial soils. Brushland domination of black
brush is continued even here where the slope is down to the SE
at 5°. The only evidence of man's activity here was the fire pit
itself, made of sandstone blocks, and associated ash discoloration.

42 Sa 6123 Elev. 1728m (5670 ft. ) An isolated storage cist was
located on a bench above the floor of a large canyon. The aeolian soil
is subject to some erosion on ground that slopes at a 5° rate to the
south. Brushland domination continues although a few large juniper
and pinon trees were close to the site. The feature is 50 cm square
and formed with shaped rectangular sandstone slabs. No other cultural
material was found in association.

97

42 Sa 6124 Elev. 1731m (5680 ft. ) Located on a bench covered
with alluvial soil, this lithic scatter measures 15 meters north-
south and 20 meters east-west. A 4° slope drops to the southeast and
the area has been severely eroded. Dominant plants include sage
brush, black brush, ephedra, rabbit brush, curly grass, and snake
weed. Cultural material was restricted to brown chert primary
flakes and it was thus impossible to make a cultural assignment.

Quad 102. (Sec. 16 SE 1/4, T33S, P 16E) The 15% of the land given to
juniper, pinon, and sage produced a single site. The shallow soils also

support some brush, cactus, and grass. The 18% of the unit involving

juniper-pinon covered terraces formed by the erosion of various rock
layers yielded six sites. Many deer trails in this zone are evidence of

the value of the brush in the area. A slickrock mesa covering 45%

of the quadrant dominated its center and produced a single site. Pockets
of soil had heavy floral cover because of water concentration but erosion

has removed much of the soil. The remaining 22% of the area was

wasteland formed by cliffs, steep talus and canyon bottoms. A single
site occurred here but there is little soil remaining after erosion.
Sparse brush, juniper and pinon are characteristic. (Marker not found
and position established by triangulation on topographic features. )
DESERT SHRUB.

CH,CE 42Sa6116

HB,ST,RS 42Sa6109
CA 42Sa6108

~-42Sa6115 CH

42Sa6114 CA,ST

42Sa6113 CH

42Sa6111 HB,CE(P-I,P-II)

42Sa6112 HB ,RS ,ST( P- 1 1 )

42Sa6110 CA,CE(P-III)

Quad 102

42 Sa 6108 Elev. 1743m (5^20 ft.) A possible camp site measuring
20 by 25 meters and sloping down to the north. "With a slope of 5°
the site has predictably been subject to heavy erosion. The presence
of 3 manos argues this was a camp site. Tt lies in a sand-dune,
slickrock area with traditional brushland cover of black brush,
yucca, curly grass and an occasional juniper. One of the manos is
of an oval type while the other two are what is often termed the one
handed form, being rectangular with rounded corners. Chert and
quartzite flakes complete the inventory of cultural material and
no cultural determination can be made.

98

42 Sa 6109 Elev. 1744m (5725 ft. ) A small rock shelter in slickrock
that has been developed into a granary. The shelter is 1. 2 meters
wide and 1.4 meters deep. The roughly shaped, drylaid masonry

that partially closes the opening about one third of the lower portion

of the wall remains. The area is brushland dominated by black
brush. A few flakes failed to provide the evidence needed to make
a cultural assignment.

42 Sa 6110 Elev. 1755m (5760 ft. ) This possible camp left a
small cultural scatter no more than 1 meter square. The area
slopes down to the SW at 5° and there is thus considerable erosion.
The location is in an area dominated by black brush and sage brush
on aeolian soil. The actual site is on a sand dune in the bottom of
a canyon. Sherds observed in the field but not collected are said
to have been Mesa Verde B/W. If this is accurate, the site can
be regarded as having a Pueblo III affiliation.

42 Sa 6111 Elev. 1743m (5720 ft. ) This habitation site contained
within a 20 meter square sits on a small mound in an area dominated
by black brush, ephedra, snake weed and curly grass. The general
slope of the surrounding ground is to the south at about 5°. The
surface evidence of perhaps two rooms is sitting on a slight mounded
area. The structure is defined with about 2 courses of visible stone- -
all of which were at least roughly shaped. A small area NE of the
structure displays considerable charcoal discoloration. Nearly all
of the cultural debris observed came from this same area. Lithics
were confined to a good sized quantity of chert flakes. Ceramic
samples produced two Mancos B/W sherds and 1 Piedra B/W.
This very small combination argues either for the assignment of
late Pueblo I or early Pueblo II.

42 Sa 6112 Elev. 1743m (5720 ft. ) Fitting within the boundaries of
a 10 meter square, the site is on the loose sand of a residual soil
which slopes down to the SW at about 3 resulting in some erosion
in the site area. Although the tree count seems to increase over
what was seen at earlier sites, the area is still brushland dominated
by bitter brush and mountain holly. Structure #1 abuts a ledge and
measures 4 by 3. 5 meters. More or less attached to this were two
apparent granaries. All were formed of sandstone walls, most of
the stone being shaped into blocks. Structure i 2 is marked by a
single course of sandstone blocks and measures 3 by 2 meters. It
lies about 10 meters south of Structure #1. About 5 meters W of
Structure #1 is a small rockshelter measuring 2 meters in width
and 1. 5 meters deep. It is estimated to be 1. 7 meters high. The
shelter exhibits areas of intensive fire blackening. In addition to
flakes, 2 Mancos B/W sherds and an unidentified corrugated sherd
argue for a Pueblo II affiliation.

99

42 Sa 6113 Elev. 1749m (5740 ft. ) A Lithic scatter resting on a
bench and facing nearly south with a slope down in that direction of
6° a gradient which has fostered substantial erosion. The brush-
land environment is dominated by black brush, mountain holly,
ephedra, and grass. Lithics took the form of primary and secondary
flakes of a brownish gray chert, with 3 points and a scraper recovered.
A possible Pueblo II affiliation was suggested by the field crew on the
basis of a subjective view that this site is associated with sites
42 Sa 6111 and 42 Sa 6112.

42 Sa 6114 Elev. 1737m (5700 ft.) The evidence of this campsite
is contained within a I meter square. Basically, it is a small,
slab- lined fire pit located near the base of the ledge. Some charcoal
is still visible. A few flakes and an absence of ceramics make it
impossible to suggest a cultural affiliation for the site.

42 Sa 6115 Elev. 1694m (5560 ft. ) This lithic scatter, measuring
10 meters square, is situated on a bench on residual soil with a
slope down to the N at 3°. Snake weed, ephedra, and prickly pear
are dominant. The soil, no more than 8 cm resting on bedrock is
eroding substantially. The cultural debris of the site was limited
to a heavy concentration of chert primary and secondary flakes.
Without additional diagnostic material, no cultural assignment can
be made.

42 Sa 6116 Elev. 1694m (5560 ft.) Another lithic scatter, this is
a light one measuring 8 by 10 meters, also rests on a bench with a
surface of residual soil. The ground slopes down to the N at 4°
and erosion has virtually destroyed the site. Scrub oak joins the
brushland list of plants here as does squaw berry. Others include
mountain holly, yucca and snake weed. An occasional juniper or
pinon is also seen. Chert flakes and a knife fragment are joined by
a single, unidentified sherd which can only place this in the very
general Anasazi period.

Quad 110. (Sec. 4, NE 1/4, T34S,P17E) The unit is located on a small
mesa- like area situated between two canyons into which some of the unit
falls. About 72% of the quadrant is the mesa area covered with a dense
juniper-pinon forest. The cliffs and talus slopes create a wasteland account-
ing for 28% of the tract. (Marker located. ) BARREN WASTE.

100

CA,ST 42Sa6079--

CA,ST(BM-II) 42Sa6030

i r

1 r

^^42Sa6078 CH

Quad 110,

42 Sa 6078 ( Elev. 2073m (6800 ft. ) A small lithic scatter measuring
20 meters square, the site is located on the edge of a mesa top
overlooking the head of Young Canyon. Although there is limited
evidence of erosion in the sandy residual soil, the site is in good
condition. The site area is in juniper -pinon forest land although a
part of the area has been chained. The understory is composed of
sage brush and saltbush. Cultural material was limited to secondary
flakes and blade forms of chert and thus a cultural determination
proved impossible.

42 Sa 6079 Elev. 2100m (6890 ft. ) The site centers on a small,
undisturbed, slab- lined fire pit with evidence of charcoal covering
an area 6 meters square. The residual soil of the vicinity is nearly
level while juniper and pinon dominate an understory of sage brush
and saltbush. The absence of cultural debris precluded the assign-
ment of a cultural-temporal position.

42 Sa 6080 Elev. 2973m (6800 ft. ) This limited habitation site
measures 9 meters north-south and 7 meters east-west. The focus
of the site is a fire pit and an associated slab-lined cist, neither of
which have been disturbed. The site is located in a small clearing
in a juniper-pinon forest at a point just above the edge of an un-
named canyon. In addition to the understory of sage brush and
saltbush, Oregon grape was also noted here. Although a projectile
point was found among the secondary flakes, no cultural assignments
could be made.

101

Quad 249. (Sec. 25 SE 1/4, T32S, R19E) A large mesa running roughly
east and west dominates the quad. The juniper-pinon cover which amounts
to 70% of the quarter section is found both on the mesa top and in some
stands around its base. A small area of desert shrub accounts for only
2% of the land and the balance is a wasteland of cliffs and talus slopes.
No sites were recorded. (Marker was found.) JUNIPER-PINON.

Quad 365. (Sec. 9 NE 1/4, T33S, R17E) The quadrant is characterized
by a series of benches that form a semicircle around the head of a canyon.
Tuniper and pinon dominate these areas to cover 80% of the unit while
wastelands in the form of talus slopes between the benches account for the
balance. Three lithic sites, a sherd concentration, and a burn area out-
lined in stone were recorded. (A marker was located. ) JUNIPER-PINON.

CH 42Sa6057

ST,CE(P-III) 42Sa6056-
CA.CE(P-III) 42Sa6055

42Sa5058 CA,CE

- 42Sa6054 CA.CE(P-II)

Quad 365.

42 Sa 6054 Elev. 1987m (6520 ft. ) This site appears to have
been a camp. It faces northeast at 50° and covers a ten meter
by five meter area. West of the site is a gully which is eroding.
The overstory is juniper-pinon while sage brush, ephedra and gramma
grass comprise the understory. There appears to be a fire pit of
which little remains. Mancos Corrugated and Mesa Verde white ware
identifies the site as probably Pueblo II. Lithic artifacts include a
knife, various primary and secondary flakes, and core shatter.

42 Sa 6055 Elev. 1996m (6550 ft. ) This is a sizeable ceramic-
lithic scatter although no structures were identified. The site
faces east at 100° and sits on a bench-basin slope along a small
eroding gully. Cliffs flank the west side. Main vegetation is
juniper-pinon and sage brush. Lithics were not collected, but they
include primary and secondary flakes and a metate. Potential
building stone was abundant and perhaps was used even though no

102

42 Sa 6055 (Cont) standing or identifable structures were found.
Ceramics, lithics and usable building stone suggest, however, that
structures have existed. Ceramics include corrugated wares,
an Abajo rim, Mesa Verde white ware, and one possible Cortez
B/W. Ceramics would place the site in late Pueblo II or early
Pueblo III.

42 Sa 6056 (Elev. 1999m (6560 ft. ) This is a small granary with
a few broad shaped building blocks remaining. If it existed, the
mortar has "melted" away. The site faces north at 20° and a
cliff rises immediately to the west. Main vegetation is juniper-
pinon while snake weed and prickly pear provide the understory.
The interior was empty except for one gray chert flake and two
sherds of Mesa Verde corrugated. Site is probably Pueblo TIT
habitation and may be associated with 42 Sa 6055.

42 Sa 6057 Elev. 1950m (6400 ft. ) This small chipping site faces
east at 100°. Sitting on a bench terrace, the site also is under-
going slope erosion. Main vegetation is juniper -pinon, snake weed,
and prickly pear. Various chert flakes were closely spaced and
lightly distributed in the five by five meter area. Lithics observed
were mostly secondary and tertiary flakes with one gray chert
knife tip. Culture -period could not be assigned.

42 Sa 6058 Elev. 1950m (6400 ft. ) The site consists of a burned
area with a heavy concentration of fire shattered rock which has
nearly disintegrated. The site faces southwest at 205° and lies
on residual soil. Water is 0. 8 km to the north. Juniper- pinon
comprise the overstory while sage brush and blue gramma grass
are the understory. One white ware sherd was observed in the
burned area, but no culture-period could be assigned.

Quad 446. (Sec. 18 SW 1/4, T33S, P l8E) The quarter section is dominated
by a deep canyon tributary of Fable Valley, that runs north and south through
the unit. About 60% of the area is covered with juniper and pinon. This
forest extends over a series of benches that comprise some 30% of the quad.
The four sites recorded were all found on a bench on the west side of the
canyon. Three were lithic scatters and the fourth was an apparent Pueblo III
habitation. (A quarter section marker was found in the adjacent section and
position was established by a compass march from that point. )
JUNIPER -PINON.

103

HB,RS(P-III) 42Sa6084

CH 42Sa6083

CH 42Sa6032

CH 42Sa6081

1 1

, '

Quad 446.

42 Sa 6081 Elev. 2194m (7200 ft. ) A small lithic scatter contained
within a 9 meter square, the site faces west with a slope of no more
than 1°. The residual soil has been eroded slightly while the main
vegetation is juniper- pinon over sage brush and saltbush. Lithic
materials included primary and secondary flakes, blades, bifaces
and core shatters. None of this contributed to a cultural identification.

42 Sa 6082 Elev. 2145m (7040 ft. ) Measuring 15 meters east-west
and 5 meters north- south, this lithic scatter is situated in a clearing
in a juniper-pinon forest on an almost level area of residual soil.
Flat brush, scrub oak and cactus constituted the understory. Although
a projectile point was included with secondary flakes and blade forms,
it has not been possible to assign a cultural-period for the site.

42 Sa 6083 Elev. 2145m (7040 ft. ) This site is but one of a series
of small to medium sized lithic scatters found on a ridge along the
western edge of the section. A very gradual slope gives this site
an easterly orientation while the residual soil remains undisturbed
by erosion. Measuring 25 meters north-south and 20 meters east-west,
the site is located in a fairly dense juniper-pinon stand with a saltbush
understory. Lithics were confined to secondary flakes of chert and
a few blade forms. No cultural identification was possible.

42 Sa 6084 Elev. 2145m (7040 ft.) A rockshelter developed into a
two room habitation unit with dry laid masonry. The s lickrock
over much of the area falls to the SE at about 15°. Above and to
the sides of the shelter area, the cover is one of juniper-pinon and
saltbush. Lithics were confined to a core and blades while a
diagnostic sample of sherds included Mesa Verde B /W suggesting a
Pueblo TT affiliation.

104

Quad 492. (Sec. 23 SW 1/4, T33S, P17E) This quadrant is situated at
the head of Young Canyon where the fairly level land is 50% covered by
a juniper-pinon overstory with 35% in desert shrub. The balance is a
wasteland of cliffs and talus slopes. The seven sites recorded mostly
reveal a Pueblo Til affiliation and were located either in the forested area
or at the base of the cliffs just above the brush flats. (Marker was located. )
TUNIPER-PINON.

HB,RS,CE 42Sa6076
CA 42Sa6070

HB,RS,CE(P-II) 42Sa6072

42Sa6073 HB,ST,RS,CE(PUEBLO)

2Sa6074 HB.CE(P-II)

2Sa6071 CA,ST

2Sa6075 HB,RS,CE(P-III)

Quad 492.

42 Sa 6070 Elev. 2170m (7120 ft.) This possible camp site
measures 50 meters east-west by 30 meters north- south. The
site is on a ridge overlooking the head of Young Canyon, Its
residual soil remains free of erosion while the open juniper-pinon
stand covers an understory of sage brush and rabbit brush.
Cultural material include a point fragment and a mano as well as
secondary and tertiary flakes. Despite this, a cultural determina-
tion cannot be fixed.

42 Sa 6071 Elev. 2145m (7040 ft.) Three possible fire pits
with associated charcoal suggest a camp site. Located on a
canyon rim, the site measures only 4 meters square while there
does not appear to have been any erosion. Juniper and pinon are
associated with rabbit brush and mountain berry. Of the three
fire pits, one shows some stone in circular alignment, the second
displays broken slabs while the third fire area is merely suggested
by a carbon stain. No other cultural material was found at the
site and a culture period cannot be assigned.

105

42 Sa 6072 Elev. 2 12 lm (6960 ft. ) This apparent habitation
site centers on a small overhang with a nearly disintegrated
windbreak in front of it. Ceramic and lithic material appear to
be washing from the feature which faces about south. The 8
meter square site is located on a bench above the floor of the
upper reaches of Young's Canyon. Here rabbit brush, sage
brush, cactus and some wild grasses underlie the juniper-pinon
overstory. Secondary flakes, a hammerstone and a blade
constitute the lithic sample while sherds include Cortez B/W
and a sherd of Mancos Gray. This combination would suggest
an early Pueblo II affiliation- -perhaps shortly after 900 A. D.

42 Sa 6073 Elev. 2133m (7000 ft. ) This habitation and/or
storage site is centered on a series of water-worn holes in the
sandstone cliff face in a site area measuring 30 meters north-
south and 5 meters east-west. The site faces west while the
aeolian soil in front slopes down at about 5°. There are eight
small shelters modified by the erection of masonry walls set in
heavy adobe mortar. Some may have been used either for habitation
or for storage. The ceiling of one is clearly fire-blackened. The
juniper-pinon forest is joined by mountain mahogany, sage brush
and wild grasses. Lithics included only secondary flakes while the
plain gray ware is the only ceramic form. It thus is possible to
say that the site is Anasazi but that its temporal position is un-
certain.

42 Sa 6074 Elev. 2133m (7000 ft. ) This structural site is
contained within a 35 meter square. The residual soil slopes
down at 3° to the west. Situated in a clearing among juniper-pinon
sage brush is the dominant plant on the site. Two or three rooms
of masonry are associated with a circular pit and with a trash mound
which contains a substantial quantity of charcoal. Erosion has
effectively destroyed much of the trash mound while the structural
walls have also suffered considerable deterioration. Lithic
materials included secondary flakes of chert, blades, knife frag-
ments and a mano. Ceramics examined include Mancos B/W
and 2 sherds of a Hovenweep variety. Ceramics would appear to
place the site in Late Pueblo II.

42 Sa 6075 Elev. 2133m (7000 ft. ) Contained within an area 60
meters north-south and 50 meters east-west includes a multi-room
habitation unit with associated granaries and a trash mound. The
residual soil affords a nearly level surface although the site orien-
tation appears to be towards the SE. The site is in a juniper-pinon

106

42 Sa 6075 (Cont) area in the first ledges just above the floor
of Young's Canyon. Sage brush and rabbit brush are also present.
Essentially, two room blocks occur. A walled habitation area
is developed from an overhang and has a granary and trash area
in association. The northern room block contains one or two large
rooms. This northern element has been heavily vandalized while
the one to the south appears to be undisturbed The lithic material
included secondary and primary flakes, hammerstones, projectile
points, and manos. The ceramics include Mesa Verde B/W,
Mesa Verde Corrugated, Mancos B/W, Cortex B/W and McElmo
Corrugated. Ceramics would seem to place the site in late
Pueblo IT through early Pueblo lit.

42 Sa 6076 Elev. 2121m (6960 ft.) This habitation site is limited
to a 4 meter square. The residual soil slopes very slightly to the
SE. The characteristic vegetation is juniper-pinon and sage brush.
Although no hearth area could be identified, fireblacked rock is
present. The structural element was developed in a small rockshelter
which appears to have been used only for a short period of time. In
addition to a few secondary flakes, Mesa Verde B/W and unidentified
corrugated seem to place the site in Pueblo III times.

42 Sa 6077 Elev. 2109m (6920 ft.) An apparent chipping site
measuring 15 meters square, it is found on a mesa top in a
juniper-pinon woodland area with a 4 slope. A knife fragment
and primary and secondary flakes of chert constituted the only
cultural material noted and thus the site could not be assigned either
a cultural or a temporal position.

INDIAN CREEK PLANNING UNIT
SITES RECORDED OUTSIDE QUADRANTS

42 Sa 6023 (Sec. 19 SW 1/4 T29S, R25E) Elev. 1999m (6560 ft. )
A light lithic scatter that occupies an area of 30 meters square on a
talus slope facing east at 150°. The slope of more than six degrees
has caused the sand and rock to erode considerably. There are a
few juniper and pinon on the site while sage is also present. The
site consists of primary chert and quartzite flakes, and has likely
been disturbed by relic collection as there are several piles of
flakes. The cultural material observed is not sufficient for further
cultural determination.

107

42 Sa 6024 (Sec. 19SWI/4, T29S, P25E) Elev. 2001m (6565 ft. )
An extensive lithic scatter is located in an area 50 meters north-
south by 150 meters east -west. Occupying the south slope of a
wash, the site faces north at 350 . The sandy clay soil shows
considerable erosion. A fence cuts through the site and several
piles of flakes have been made by relic hunters. Except for the
cleared fence area, the site sits in a moderately dense juniper-
pinon forest with considerable sage and snake weed forming the
understory. Several concentrations of various sized detritus
are present. Cultural affiliation could not be determined due to
insufficient diagnostic materials.

42 Sa 6025 (Sec. 19 SW 1/4, T29S, R25E) Elev. 2008m (6590 ft. )
A small lithic scatter is contained within an area 15 meters north-
south by 25 meters east-west on a ridge line. The site faces east
and looks into an arroyo. Soil is a rocky sand which is eroding
rather rapidly. Vegetation consists of a few pinon in the site while
mixed juniper- pinon, sage and curly grass occur outside the site
area. Cultural materials consist of a few secondary chert flakes.
Lithic materials present were not diagnostic.

42 Sa 6026 (Sec. 19SWI/4, T29S, R25E) 1987m (6520 ft. ) The
site is ten meters east-west by 25 meters north-south and occupies
the south face of a slope looking north at 20°. The north end is cut
by a small arroyo and erosion has redeposited some of the lithic
material. The site is in a moderately dense juniper-pinon stand with
sage, various grasses and snake weed also present. The area has
a few dozen chert flakes, but no diagnostic tool forms.

42 Sa 6041 (Sec. 22 NW 1/4, T31S, R21E) Elev. 1609m (5280 ft. )
This petroglyph site is just south of Quadrant 30 in the SW 1/4 of
Sec. 15. The design covers a two meter spread at the base of a
cliff at the edge of brushland characterized by bitterbrush and
ephedra although scattered juniper and pinon can be seen. The rock
surface on which the design appears is facing west. Although no
other cultural material exists in association, the concensus was that
the neckless, trapezoidal anthromorph was in an Anasazi style,
perhaps as early as Basket Maker IT or ITT.

108

42 Sa 6044 Sec. 22 NW 1/4, T31S, R21E) Elev. 1957m (6420 ft.)
A storage and possible habitation site located just south of Quad. 30
which is in Sec. 15, SW 1/4. Structural evidence is a cist measuring
lxl meters located on a mesa top with a gentle 2° slope down to the
east. While juniper and pinon form the primary overstory, clumps
of oak are also noted. Grasses form the understory on what appears
to be an alluvial soil. The cist is located in association with a few
chert flakes in a sand dune area. Some charcoal was evident in the
NE corner of the cist but was left undisturbed. A mano and a few
flakes were found some 100 meters south of the site but were not
clearly in association with it. No precise cultural assignment could
be made.

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CHAPTER IV. PATTERNS IN CANYONLANDS PREHISTORY

While the Four Corners area has been recognized for more than a
century and a quarter as a region rich in the evidence of prehistoric man,
it is also true that the Utah portion of this area was long neglected by
archeologists who focused their energy on the large and spectacular sites
in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Until the late 1950s, serious
excavation was reported in southeastern Utah only by Prudden (1918) and
by Brew (1946). The preoccupation with larger sites in other states
apparently combined with the generally greater difficulty of access to the
Utah area to make the region seem to be less rewarding in terms of
return for time and money invested.

When Brew reported his 1931-33 work on Alkali Ridge (1946), he
summarized the history of archeological research in southeastern Utah
as having been confined to a series of hurried sorties into various parts
of the area which remained unreported or reported sketchily at best.
Others have recounted the work prior to 1950 (Tobin, 1947, Patterson, 1975)
have followed Brew rather closely because there was so little that could
be added.

By the mid 1950s, however, the first signs of change were evident.
There was a growing awareness within the state that Utah's abundant
mineral and recreational resources remained substantially untapped.
Symptomatic of the rising concern for recreational as well as scientific
values of cultural resources were the brief reports of Alice Hunt (Hunt,
1952, Hunt and Wilson, 1952) which urged the protection of sites in Horse
Canyon and called for an intensive survey of the Tndian Creek drainage
in San Juan County Hunt (1953) followed these efforts with a much more
ambitious survey of the LaSal Mountains, the results of which she pub-
lished in a thoughtful and incisive report.

Sensitive to these same developments as well as to the needs of local
stockmen, the Bureau of Land Management built a road into Beef Basin
in 1950 and, four years later, following a limited survey in 1953, Jack
Rudy of the University of Utah excavated 9 small sites in the basin (Rudy,
1955). In 1959, Pierson reported on the archeological resources of the
Needles area which is now included within Canyonlands National Park.
In that same year William Thompson popularized a report of the archeo-
logical resources of the Fable Valley area which now lies just south of
the same park.

110

While these reports perhaps presaged an increase in archeological
research in southeastern Utah, nothing contributed so much to the ex-
pansion of knowledge of regional prehistory as the decision to build the
Glen Canyon Dam. The University of Utah entered into an agreement with
the Department of the Interior to undertake the requisite archeological
surveys and to follow up this work with selected excavations in the upper
Glen Canyon area. Under the direction of Jesse D. Jennings, the Glen
Canyon project produced a series of excellent survey and excavation re-
ports remarkable for the promptness with which they appeared.

While a great deal of the University of Utah's Glen Canyon work
dealt with the right bank tributaries, a number of significant publications
reported the archeology of the left bank within San Juan County. Of
particular significance to the concerns of this study was Fowler's (1959)
report of the Glen Canyon Main Stem Survey and Weller's (1959) record of
a survey of the San Juan Triangle. Pelevant excavation reports that
followed the survey accounts included those by Lipe (1959, I960), and by
Sharrock (1961, 1963, and 1964).

At the request of the Forest Service, meanwhile, Gunnerson (1962)
surveyed the Hammond Canyon tributary of Cottonwood Canyon west of
Blanding. Schroeder (1965) excavated two small sites on the route of an
access road to Natural Bridges National Monument. In 1965 the University
of Utah conducted an archeological survey of Canyonlands National Park
(Sharrock, 1966) and the following year Marwitt (1967) completed a pre-
liminary survey by air of portions of the Manti-LaSal National Forest.

A new direction appeared in archeological research within the area
when, in 1969, Brigham Young University began an annual summer archeo-
logical field school in Montezuma Canyon east of Blanding. Under the
direction of Pay Matheny, who had done earlier survey work in the area
(Forsythe, 1972), this program picked up threads of research first exposed
by Brew. In recent years a number of good reports have emerged from
this undertaking in the form of M. A, theses such as those of Forsythe,
1972), Patterson (1975), Miller (1976), Wikle (1976), and Harmon (1977).

Another "academic" research program also entered the area in 1969
when Lipe and Matson (1974) began preliminary work on Cedar Mesa which,
by 1972, developed into a well-designed and integrated project capable of
yielding maximum knowledge of prehistoric human behavior from data based
primarily upon detailed survey reporting. In addition to reports by the
senior researchers, at least one M.A. thesis (Camilli, 1975) has already
emerged from the work. The project also provides a solid research basis
upon which subsequent contract work in the area can draw and to which it
can contribute. Notable in this respect are the survey and excavations

111

carried out by the University of Utah on the U-95 highway project across
the northern edge of Cedar Mesa (Dalley, 1973; Wilson, 1974). Also
relevant were reports of the Forest Service's Elk Ridge survey centered
just north of Cedar Mesa (DeBloois, 1975; Dykman, 1976; Louthan, 1977).

New information concerning the settlement distribution of the Mesa
Verde Anasazi emerged from the BLM survey of Fike and Lindsay (1976)
which covered portions of the Bluff Bench area along the San Juan Piver
as well as parts of White Mesa south of Blanding. This information was
supplemented by a smaller project on White Mesa directed by Thompson
(1977).

In the northern part of the project area, meanwhile, a limited Forest
Service sample of the cultural resources of the LaSal Mountains (Green,
1974) confirmed older information while Michael Berry (1975) of the State
Division of History added new sites to those already known in Arches
National Park. Finally, LaMar Lindsay, Assistant State Archeologist,
has recently completed an updated summary of what is known of the
antiquities of Grand County (1976), Utah which brings together important
information bearing on the boundary between the Anasazi to the south
and the Fremont peoples to the north.

The literature cited in this brief discussion of research relevant to
the present project represents only the core of a somewhat larger body of
material. It is sufficient, however, to produce an outline of what is known
of the prehistory of the region. The results of such a synthesis does much
to place the findings of this project in a larger and a more meaningful context.

The geographic area to be considered is actually an expansion of the
San Tuan Triangle concept. It is here seen as being formed by the courses of
the Colorado and the San Juan Rivers with an eastern boundary extending
along the Utah- Colorado line from the Colorado River in the north to the
San Juan in the south.

Beginning in the west, Fowler (1959) reported that workers in the
Glen Canyon main stem survey found both Kayenta and Mesa Verde sherds
on both the right and the left banks of the river but that Kayenta ceramics
were clearly dominant on both banks. He suggested that the dominating
Kayenta influence penetrated about 10 miles east of the left bank and that
it extended as far upstream at Hite. Subsequent excavation of selected sites
seems to have validated his view.

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Lipe (I960) noted that left bank excavations divided the occupation
into three periods. The first covered the time up to 1000 A. D. For
this period only the lower levels of two sites were identified as relevant.
For the Pueblo TI- III period between 1000 and 1200 he said that the area
was most commonly used for camp sites while dwellings were rather rare.
Finally, between 1200 and 1300 A. D. there were more dwellings and the
dwellings were larger and more variable in structural form. Lipe believed
the data indicated that there had been a Kayenta expansion upstream
between 1000 and 1200 followed by a partial Kayenta withdrawal after 1200.

Sharrock (1961) excavated sites in Lake Canyon during the I960
season. Here he found evidence in the ceramic mixture that Mesa Verde
and Kayenta peoples must have lived harmoniously in close proximity.
While there was some occupation in the early part of Pueblo II, settlement
was primarily late Pueblo II and Pueblo III. Sharrock believed that this
meant that the area was settled under the impetus of population pressure
from other areas. Since most Glen Canyon projects were dated by ceramic
cross -dating methods, Sharrock also cast doubts on some of his own dating
as well as that of others when he observed that he had found Pueblo II and
Pueblo III sherds in thorough mixture at one point while, in another instance,
he found Pueblo III sherds beneath Pueblo II sherds.

In reporting his 1961 excavations in Moqui Canyon, Sharrock (1963)
noted that Mesa Verde influence was stronger here than in other left bank
canyons. Even then, however, Kayenta influence remained dominant near
the mouth of the canyon. Basket Maker II was identified in one instance
but the balance of the occupation was confined to Pueblo II and to Pueblo III
although Sharrock thought there might have been a hiatus between the latter
two occupations. His continuing mistrust of the reliability of ceramic
cross -dating was manifest in his complaint that the ceramics included in a
single burial contained a 300 year gap between the terminal date for the
earliest type found in the collection and the beginning date for the manufacture
of the latest type identified in the same collection.

A year later Sharrock (1964) reported that there were no good dates for
the main stem of Glen Canyon earlier than 1000 A. D. and that most sites
fell into the period between 1200 and 1300 A. D. He was increasingly con-
vinced that, despite the presence of a few habitation sites, the main stem
functioned primarily as a transient route to areas well up the right bank
canyons where Kayenta people settled as far away from the Colorado Fiver
as the Coombs site at Boulder, Utah. A surprising observation resulted
from the excavation of two sites in the left bank Slickrock Canyon. Since the
canyon was only 2 1/2 miles long, Kayenta domination was expected but
excavation revealed both sites to be predominantly Mesa Verde.

113

Also in 1962, the University of Utah excavated four sites further
east in the area of Castle Wash and Steer Pasture (Sharrock, 1964).
Three of these sites proved to be late Pueblo II and Pueblo III while one
was basically Pueblo II. The Pueblo II site produced 98. 2% Kayenta
ceramics while the slightly later sites produced Kayenta and Mesa Verde
ceramics in about equal quantity. For Sharrock this argued an initial
Kayenta penetration up Castle Wash followed by the arrival of Mesa
Verdean peoples from the east who settled in the area without causing
a Kayenta withdrawal.

Two sites were also excavated on Cedar Mesa. One proved to be
Basket Maker III - Pueblo I while the other was Pueblo III. A Pueblo II
site was also tested and thus a lengthy occupation of Cedar Mesa seemed
to be established. The occupation here was basically a Mesa Verdean
one although there was some evidence of Kayenta influence.

Despite the fact that Schroeder (1965) excavated what he identified as
two Basket Maker III - Pueblo I storage sites along a new access road to
Natural Bridges National Monument, Dalley's work (1973) along Highway
U-95 seemed to indicate that Pueblo I was the most poorly represented
stage in the Cedar Mesa sequence. His excavations included work on two
Basket Maker III sites, a rather tenuous Pueblo I site and a number of
Pueblo II and Pueblo III sites.

As a result of the continuation of the U-95 project a year later, Wilson
found essentially the same situation that Dalley had encountered in that he
could fine no real evidence of Pueblo I although other periods seemed to be
fairly well represented. Wilson did amend Dalley, however, in that he
found fair amounts of Kayenta ceramics in Pueblo II and especially in
Pueblo III. The limited evidence of Pueblo I on Cedar Mesa and in surround-
ing areas thus remained enigmatic. Although Gunnerson (1962) reported
that he found an occupation extending from Late Pueblo I through Pueblo II
;in Hammond Canyon, that locale is somewhat further east and may be
indicative of different conditions. There is also the fact that the Pueblo I -
Pueblo II distinction is sometimes almost as difficult to make without
excavation as is the distinction between Pueblo II and Pueblo III.

Lipe and Matson (1974) also reported that, after two years of
systematic sampling on Cedar Mesa, they found Basket Maker II sites to
be abundant both on the mesa tops and in the canyons. While Basket
Maker III sites were noted on the mesa tops and a few occured in the
canyons, they proved rather rare in relation to sites of other periods
represented in the sample. Pueblo T and early Pueblo II were almost
entirely missing. In late Pueblo II and early Pueblo III there was a strong

114

occupation on the mesa top but very few sites were recorded in the
canyons. By mid Pueblo III, however, the canyons were heavily
occupied and then, by late Pueblo III, the region was abandoned.
While all of the sites were overwhelmingly in the Mesa Verde Anasazi
tradition, a significant Kayenta ceramic influence could be detected
in late Pueblo II. This receded during early Pueblo III (Camilli, 1975).

Rudy (1955) also failed to find Pueblo I in Beef Basin. One of his
excavated sites may be Basket Maker but most are clearly Pueblo II- III
as indicated by Bannister's (Sharrock, 1964) analysis of three dendro
samples. But if Rudy failed to find Pueblo I, Marwitt's (1967) air survey
of parts of the Manti LaSal National Forest did little more than establish
the existence of sites in quantity. Limited ground work did identify the
inhabitants of the survey area as Mesa Verde Anasazi mostly of Pueblo II
and Pueblo III times although one proved to be a Basket Maker III site.
Ironically, Marwit commented that, while Hunt had found no masonry
sites above 6000 feet in the LaSal Mountains, he had observed a good
number of masonry structures at elevations greater than 7000 feet in the
Elk Ridge area.

Marwitt had observed sites of particular significance but the fact that
his observations were made from the air meant that it would be almost a
decade before their importance would be revealed. Ultimately, however,
DeBloois, (1975) initiated a sampling survey in the Elk Ridge area. The
first year of the project recorded a total of 606 sites. Of this number,
16 were Basket Maker II, 72 were judged to be Basket Maker III, and 142
were assigned to Pueblo II while only 42 sites could be placed in Pueblo III.
The remaining 334 sites, a startling 55% of the total, were identified as
Pueblo I. A substantial part of the sites recorded were among the masonry
sites Marwitt noted as being above 7000 feet.

Despite the fact that these sites were found at very high elevations,
DeBloois was convinced that the structures indicated the presence of
horticultural populations. Dykman (1976), reporting on the 1972 phase
of this project which concentrated in the Chippean Ridge area, agreed
that the durable nature of the structures would seem to argue that Pueblo I
people had remained in the area all through the year. He wondered,
however, if these dwellings might, with equal logic, be seen as seasonal
facilities used repeatedly over a long period of time. He commented that
flint knapping resources had to be brought into the area, probably as
decorticated cores, and he noted that the points and the butchering tools
were indicative of the exploitation of animal resources. Ground tools
could argue the use of natural plant foods rather than cultigens.

115

Lipe and Matson (1974), Dalley (1973), and Wilson (1974) all noted
the virtual absence of a Pueblo I and early Pueblo II occupation on Cedar
Mesa. It remained for Louthan (1977) to argue specifically that the area
of the Elk "Ridge project accounted for the hiatus in the Anasazi occupation
of Cedar Mesa. Using the same 1972 survey data from the Chippean Ridge
area that Dykman had employed for his lithic study, Louthan' s site analysis
resulted in the presentation of a strong case for a permanent, year round
occupation of the sites.

Louthan reported a striking similarity in the findings of the 1971 and
the 1972 surveys. The 1972 project recorded 677 sites of which only two were
suggested as Basket Maker II while 32 were thought to be Basket Maker III.
Some 18 sites were categorized as Basket Maker Ill-Pueblo I while 90
sites represent Pueblo II and 96 sites fell into the Pueblo II- III range. Only
30 sites were ascribed to Pueblo III. For Pueblo I, however, a total of
232 sites, some 34% of the total, were identified.

Louthan rightly sees the size and the distribution of sites at Chippean
Ridge (and, by implication, in other parts of the project area) as indicative
of ecological adaptations which may have prompted some change in social
patterns rather than the reverse. Certainly this interpretation is supported
by the evidence of two lengthy droughts documented for the Ninth Century
A. D. Without going into detail, the preponderance of one and two room
structures would also support the idea of an adaptive strategy designed to
take advantage of higher levels of effective moisture in an area where
suitable farm land was most often found in small and scattered pockets.

In comparing the sites of the Bluff Bench/San Juan River area with
those on White Mesa, Fike and Lindsay (1976) found the heaviest concentration
of sites in the Bluff Bench area to be in the Archaic, Basket Maker II,
Basket Maker III, and in the Pueblo I periods. Pueblo II sites seemed to
be about equally distributed between Bluff Bench and White Mesa while they
reported a striking Pueblo III domination on White Mesa. The writers reasoned
that the San Juan River environment afforded the greatest variety of flora
for gathering peoples but that, with the increased role of horticulture, dry
farming would be more productive on White Mesa where greater rainfall
obtained. Tt should be noted, however, that if the Pueblo I sites found on
Bluff Bench do not represent a riverine adaptation, their presence there
would appear to contradict the explanation offered for the Basket Maker III -
Pueblo I shift from Cedar Mesa to the Elk Ridge project area.

Thompson (1977) subsequently examined the equivalent of two sections
of land on White Mesa just north of the Fike and Lindsay project area.
Basing his interpretation on Alan Spencer's ceramic analysis, Thompson
suggested that the White Mesa population attained peak density about mid-way

116

through Pueblo I and that this density persisted well into Pueblo II.
This model would seem to suggest that White Mesa played a role
somewhat analagous to that of the Elk Pidge area during the same period
of time.

At first it appeared that the small sites of Pueblo III affiliation
recorded in Thompson's sample indicated that the area did not experience
the Pueblo III nucleation characteristic of Mesa Verde areas further east.
This view was altered rather abruptly by the chance observation of a large
cliff pueblo just outside the project area. The cliff pueblo suggested that
the small size of the Pueblo III sites on White Mesa did not result from
a persistence of Pueblo II trends into Pueblo III but rather they were
evidence of Haury's (1956) "farm houses" which, though limited to one or
two rooms, are actually diagnostic of Pueblo III nucleation.

Brew (1946) rejoiced that his work on Alkali Ridge had resulted in
the excavation of an occupation sequence extending from Basket Maker III
through Pueblo III. While his pride is pardonable, the work of Brigham
Young University in Montezuma Canyon emphasizes the point that Brew's
mesa top sequence would not illuminate the adaptive strategies employed
in other parts of an area of great topographical and ecological diversity.

Noting that only two Basket Maker II sites had been identified in
Montezuma Canyon, Wikle (1976) divided the canyon into northern and
southern segments with the dividing line placed at the mouth of Deadman's
Canyon. He observed that the northern half was narrow and flanked by
high walls while the southern portion was broader and had much lower
walls. Wikle estimated that the southern half of the canyon probably had
twice the Basket Maker III population found in the north. During the
Pueblo I period he estimated that the population increased by 60% in the
south and by 100% in the north. This meant, of course, that the population
was still greater in the south. Although he made no further estimates for
the Pueblo II and III periods, the impression is that the populations were
nearly equal in size in the northern and southern parts.

The temporal depth of the Montezuma Canyon occupation is evidenced
by the lengthy ceramic sequence derived from survey collections and analyzed
by Forsythe (1972). Excavations reported by Patterson (1975) and by
Harmon (1977) cover Pueblo I occupations as well as some of the transition
to Pueblo II. Miller's (1976) excellent analysis of the Prudden Unit structural
form provides valuable insights. Noting the lack of evidence of habitation,
Miller's work is suggestive of socio-economic organization although he was
apparently unwilling to follow Plog (1974) to the point of postulating a redis-
tributive role for the kiva even though Plog is in his bibliography. Certainly
the absence of evidence of habitation functions in the Prudden Unit would at
least suggest a redistributive function for a group of surface rooms associated
with a kiva.

117

It is as yet not clear at just what point the high density of Formative
sites begins to diminish as one moves north. In the region east of Comb
Ridge the site density appears, in general at least, to remain high even
to the north of the latitude passing through Blanding. By the time the
Monticello lattitude is reached, however, Formative site density has
dropped sharply. West of the Abajo Mountains, meanwhile a substantial
density of Mesa Verde sites appears to push further north. When Pudy
spoke of the high density of Beef Basin sites as running around 3. 8 sites
per square mile, he significantly understated the site density now known
for that area. Hunt (1952) argued, of course, that a good site count
occurred in Horse Canyon. Pierson (1959) reported that a high density
of sites would be found in the Needles area.

Sharrock (1966) took a different view, however. Summarizing the
results of a survey in Canyonlands National Park, he declared that, of
the 23 9 sites known, the number of habitation sites was inordinately low
although storage sites were fairly numerous. He found that the main
occupation extended from 1075 A.D. to 1150 A. D. with some evidence of
continued occupation as late as 1250 A. D. He calculated that, if all the
dwellings in the Park were inhabited at the same time (rather unlikely) the
total prehistoric population within the park would amount to only 276
people- -a figure Sharrock felt certain was much too high.

During her survey of the LaSal Mountains, Alice Hunt (1953) identified
three distinct ecological zones within which, she argued, there was evidence
of five and possibly nine distinct occupations. She defined the zones as
including the canyon regions below an elevation of 6000 feet, the junipe r-
pinon area between 6000 and 8000 feet, and the mountain heights extending
above 8000 feet in an essentially alpine environment.

According to Hunt, the high mountain country produced 119 sites, all
of which were camp sites located on the forested edges of meadows and all
of which seemed to represent single family or small group seasonal hunting
and gathering. All but one of the 84 sites in the juniper-pinon zones proved
to be camp sites at which the cultural materials included some characteristic
of the higher camps and some which were found at canyon sites. In the
canyons, meanwhile, 151 sites were divided into three types. These were
(1) sites with masonry, petroglyphs, small projectile points and fairly
abundant pottery; (2) non- ceramic camp sites with artifacts similar to
those found in the mountain sites; and (3) camps with small quantities of
yellowish sherds, small points, and little or no architecture.

Using limited ceramic data, a few diagnostic artifacts and, more
particularly, the content of lithic assemblages, Hunt postulated her series
of occupations. The five most clearly discernible groups were said to

118

include a prece ramie lithic culture underlying ceramic sites, an extension
of Anasazi influence based on ceramics and masonry, a possible prehistoric
Hopi entrada indicated by what she believed to be Awatobi Yellow Ware, a
Fremont occupation suggested by architecture, rock art, and the same yellow
ware used to identify the Hopi, and an Historic Ute occupation. She further
saw two much earlier occupations suggested in the finds of Angostura or
Plainview points and in the discovery of Amargosa II points. She also
postulated influence from eastern puebloan peoples and from the high plains
as well.

Hunt's study is an exceptional attempt to extract maximum data from
limited and rather nebulous resources. To disagree with some of her con-
clusions is, in no sense, to discredit her work. However they may be
interpreted temporally or spatially, the patterns she identified have an
inherent and significant reality. More recent studies do suggest some
criticism. At this writing it would appear that Sharrock (1966) was right
when he rejected the reports of Rudy (1955), Pierson (1959) and Hunt (1952,
1953), that the Fremont peoples penetrated this general area. He agreed
that much of the rock art in the Canyonlands region appeared to have been
copied wholesale from the Fremont but, beyond this, he found Fremont
influence to be inconsequential. In a total collection of 1022 sherds from
the Canyonlands survey, Sharrock reported 4 Kayenta types and eight from
the Fremont. The balance of the collection was unquestionably of Mesa
Verde affiliation.

On the basis of a rather limited sample, Green (1974) confirmed
Hunt's (1953) assertion that no masonry sites were to be found in the LaSal
Mountains above 6000 feet, but he also pointed out that nothing was found
among the lithic scatters recorded that would indicate whether the sites
were of Mesa Verde or of Fremont origin. Berry (1975) encountered an
almost equal lack of diagnostic material in his brief survey of a part of
Arches National Park the following year. He commented on an almost
total absence of projectile points and he also complained that the 59 previously
recorded sites produced 54 sherds while the 30 sites added during his survey
produced only 7 sherds. Significantly, 38 of the sherds proved to be Pueblo
II Mesa Verde sherds while the remaining 23 were associated with Paiute-
Shoshone peoples.

In one of the most recent papers relevant to the project area, Lindsay
(1976) has summarized the archeology of Grand County. His studies con-
vinced him that areas of Mesa Verde and Fremont occupation are distinct
and separate and that reports of joint Mesa Verde-Fremont occupation are
in error. He sees the Fremont occupation dominating the northern part of
the county and extending no further south than a few miles below the base
of the Book Cliffs.

119

As for the Mesa Verde northward thrust, Lindsay noted the exception
of 7 apparent Mesa Verde sites in Arches National Park and argued that the
line of the Colorado and Dolores Rivers marked the northernmost point of
Mesa Verde penetration. He further discounted evidence of Pueblo III
activity and argued that the northern limits were reached in Pueblo II times
and that this penetration was not sustained in Pueblo III.

According to Lindsay, the area between the Fremont and Mesa Verde
Anasazi occupation zones should prove to be virtually devoid of sites.
The results of the sampling survey of the Dolores Planning Unit contribute
evidence which substantiates this view. In the seven quadrants allocated
to the unit, which is entirely north of the Dolores River, only eight sites
were recorded. All of these were modest lithic scatters totally devoid of
diagnostic materials.

Ray Matheny of Brigham Young University is reported to have
identified 51 lithic sites in a pre- chaining survey in the Dolores planning
unit. (Bruce Louthan, personal communication, 1977. ) Although the records
of this project have been Lost, there do not appear to have been any
significant quantity of diagnostic materials collected or observed. While
the information is thus somewhat imprecise, Matheny' s sites may correlate
with Toll's (1977) view that much of the lithic material he observed for some
distance up the Dolores River in Colorado may have originated in the general
area of the Dolores planning unit.

Toll also felt that he had evidence of a Fremont penetration along the
Dolores somewhat to the southeast of its point of entry into Utah. His
interpretation v/as based on rock art motiffs, some structure forms, and
locational patterning. Toll himself regarded this view as suggestive rather
than demonstrated. This paper must take the position that the present
state of knowledge supports Lindsay's view that the area lacks any evidence
of a sustained Fremont or Mesa Verde penetration north of the Dolores.

It should be noted that Toll (1977) recorded only 12 sites in the final
20 miles of the Dolores River which lies within the state of Utah. The
only diagnostic items recovered include the isolated find of the basal portion
of a point that might be regarded as Pueblo II and a single sherd with a
yellowish tinge which Toll terms Tusayan Gray.

In view of the comments of both Hunt and Toll concerning sherds with
some yellow coloration, it should be noted that an apparently similar tint
found in collections from Black Mesa in northeastern Arizona is regarded as
evidence the pottery was coal fired. (Robert Euler. Personal communication,
1974. ) This is not to suggest that similar sherds found in the general project

120

area come from Black Mesa. It does suggest, however, that coal occurs
in a number of spots within the general region and quantities need not be
of modern commercial value to have been significant to prehistoric potters.
This merely adds another factor which might account for sherds tinged
with yellow.

An examination of the site records accumulated during this project
suggests the further propriety of defining the areas of the Castle Valley
and the Indian Creek Planning units as only marginal Mesa Verde Anasazi.
The evidence of human activity north of the Monticello latitude and, in
particular, east of a line drawn from the Abajo Mountains to Moab, is
of an extremely limited nature and the sample holds little promise that
large bodies of diversified data will be obtained in the area.

Any discussion of the patterns that are evident should be prefaced,
however, by a definition of the terms that have been used in the project.
While these labels are in general use throughout much of the discipline,
they are frequently subjected to nuances that make them specific to a
particular problem or to the work of a specific individual.

The practice in this project has been to assign a functional term to
a site on the basis of the kind of surface evidence which suggests its major
role. This means, for example, that the term "chipping site," refers to
any lithic scatter or assemblage involving fragments of siliceous stone
modified by human agency. The site may or may not produce culturally
or temporally diagnostic materials made of flaked stone. The term simply
means that surface evidence indicates that the extraction of lithic resources
and/or manufacture of flaked stone implements was the only function of the
site. Chipping detritus can occur, and it usually does, at a habitation site.
Such a site is classified, however, on the basis of the visible evidence of
structures which suggest that habitation was functionally dominant over
knapping activity.

Similarly, a camp site obtains its functional label on the basis of the
fact that, while lithic detritus may be present, other evidence suggests that
the site's focal importance was its role as a transient residence. A site
has been called a "camp," when ash stains have been found in association
with lithic or with other cultural material and it appears to be a reasonable
assumption that the fire is not of natural origin. A "camp" designation is
also applied when, even without the evidence of fire, flakes are associated
with mano and metate fragments and /or with sherds. When any of these
attributes cluster in the absence of visible structural features, the site
is classed as a camp.

121

The assignment of functional labels to sites should not be taken to
mean that this paper agrees with the assumption, perhaps too frequently
made in some Southwestern work, that structures will invariably be manifest
on the surface. This project has simply accepted the need to assign a
provisional functional label to sites based on a common sense evaluation
of surface evidence. It is always recognized that excavation might well
alter the functional classification of a site.

Structural sites are identified as features made by man, either through
the architectural modification of a natural feature such as a rockshelter,
or a similarly immobile feature constructed entirely by human agency.
Nearly all structural sites are classed either as "habitation," or as "storage
sites. The few exceptions would involve instances of isolated wall frag-
ments where use could not be determined. Another case would involve the
recording of retaining walls such as may commonly be found in the building
of trincheria plots.

Size is an inexact but fairly useful index to the distinction between
habitation and storage elements in survey work. A great many structural
elements will clearly be too small to be dwellings while others are obviously
large enough to house a number of persons. Reason dictates that the latter
should provisionally be considered habitation units even though requisite
features may not be visible. There is, of course, a gray zone wherein the
distinction between a dwelling and a storage unit is difficult to make. Here
the workers have taken into account trends noted earlier in the project
and, where it has seemed wise, they have recorded their indecision.

The term "rock art," is self-explanatory. While this class of sites
may include photographs as well as the locally more common petroglyphs,
none of the former were recorded during this project. In some cases field
workers have sought to assign cultural-temporal designations to these
sites but in most instances they have thought it wise to forebear. Any
assignment of a cultural designation to rock art that has been made in this
report should be regarded as highly tentative.

The inclusion of a group of sites classed simply as "rockshelters, "
creates a situation in which a site may be listed more than once. The
rockshelter concept does not represent a true functional definition but
their inclusion is justified on the grounds that the use of shelters forms
an important attribute in any adaptive strategy. It does mean, however,
that a rockshelter may also be listed as a habitation, storage, or camp
site as well.

Similarly, the survey has also established a category of "ceramic",
sites. Once again this leads to a double recording of sites since ceramics
may, of course, be associated with camps, storage structures, or with

122

1 1

habitation sites. The ceramic group is important because it is a major
attribute diagnostic of the activity of Formative peoples and because so
much of the ceramic evidence is useful in both cultural and temporal
diagnostics.

The use of the well-known Pecos designations from Basket Maker II
through Pueblo III gives the usual false impression of cultural and temporal
certainty. At the same time, of course, the convenience that has kept
these terms in use is obvious here since a single term not only denotes
a cultural affiliation, it also suggests a temporal position within a very
few hundred years. Caution is needed in accepting the identification of
some sites as fitting within the Pecos framework. A number of sites
have been identified on the basis of one or two sherds found at the location
and, in two instances, a Pecos classification was assigned on the basis
of projectile points that appeared to be clearly within that cultural frame-
work.

Site records indicate that nine0 sites were placed in the Basket Maker
II category. Two of these were petroglyph sites assigned this position on
the basis of design style. Another might have been termed a camp site
because of ash discoloration in limited areas of soil, but two depressions
of a size that might indicate pit houses were also noted. These features
combined with the complete absence of ceramics suggested the classification.
The balance of the Basket Maker II sites were assigned for similar reasons
but only after some work in the laboratory. In each case the site had been
termed a camp on the basis of signs of ash and/or ground stone fragments.
The notes revealed, however, that these sites also produced evidence of
storage cists or slab-lined fire pits. Such features combined with the
absence of ceramics suggested again the propriety of listing them as
Basket Maker II sites.

The three sites assigned to Basket Maker III as well as those ascribed
to the Pueblo periods were all classified on the basis of ceramics although
as noted, in some cases the ceramic sample was excessively small. Ex-
ceptions have occurred in the case of two rockshelters lacking ceramics
but exhibiting coursed masonry. These have been designated simply as
"Pueblo" as has one site which produced only good quality plain ware sherds.

Some explanation of two terms must be made. The term "Archaic, "
is used but once while the second term, "Paiute," is employed twice. The
Late Archaic is general ly thought to have begun some 6500 years ago and to
have extended to perhaps as late as I A. D. or, in the Southwest, until the
advent of Basket Maker II. This adaptive strategy has been the subject of
much interest and discussion during the past two decades. The most readily
identifiable indicators of this pattern as it is known in the west were long

123

thought to be a series of projectile points known as Gypsum, Pinto, Elko,
Humbolt, and Bitter Root, to name but a few of the more prominent.

Research, reported within the last few years (Fowler, Madsen,
and Hattori, 1973), has produced evidence that must not be ignored.
Excavations in stratified rockshelters have shown that, while these and
other points did develop and were used during the Late Archaic, the use of
some forms persisted, either through imitation by later flint knappers or
through reused finds, well into the Formative period. In some cases, various
point forms have been found in late Pueblo II contexts. This means that
many of these points have lost their value as cultural and temporal indicators.
This is particularly true of surface finds but, even when these points are
recovered in stratified excavation, it is the strata that assigns the position
of the point rather than the point which indicates the cultural and temporal
position of the strata.

The present survey emphasizes this position. Of the six Elko points
recovered during this project, two were Elko eared, three were Elko
cornernotched and one was an Elko side-notched. Two of the Elko corner-
notched forms were recovered as random finds in the Castle Valley Planning
unit while an Elko eared point was a random find in the Beef Basin Planning
unit. Recovery under such circumstances might indicate the presence of
the Archaic peoples in the area, as would the Elko eared point found at a
flaking site in the northeastern part of the Indian Creek planning unit. As
for the remaining two specimens, an Elko corner-notched comes in a surface
collection from a Pueblo III site while the Elko side-notched point was found
at a site with Pueblo II— III ceramics. Both sites are in the Beef Basin
Planning unit.

All six of these points might be regarded as generalized evidence,
either direct or indirect, that the Late Archaic adaptive strategy extended
into the project area. Beyond, this, however, the points mean very little.
It is with this caution in mind that one site is tentatively considered "Archaic".
The site is a chipping station where a good specimen of the Elko eared form
was recovered. Even this point could have been dropped by later users of
the region. In the final analysis, local use by Archaic peoples is fully
demonstrated only by controlled excavation in stratified contexts.

The use of the word "Paiute" may reflect the orientation of previous
research experience, but other considerations also seem to justify its use.
Two Southern Paiute diagnostics occur in the form of an occasional ceramic
vessel and a small point known as the Desert Side-Notched form.

Thick-walled and generally conical in shape, the pots have been fired
in a poorly controlled atmosphere which gives them a color range from
brown through reddish to black. The temper is exceptionally coarse sand

124

in most cases although it is highly variable. The surface may display
various patterns of crescent-shaped incisions that probably represent
fingernail impressions.

The projectile points are well-made to the point of being delicate.
Triangulate in form, they are rarely more than two centimeters in length
and the width averages some 40% of the length. Small, deep side notches
are cut into the margins of each side about one third of the point's length
above the base. The base is concave and there is commonly a third notch
extending upward from the center of the basal concavity.

In the eastern Great Basin and in much of Utah, the manufacture of
the ceramic vessels and of this point form appears to have been restricted
to the Southern Paiute and to the Western Shoshone. The reference to the
Southern Paiute made in this paper should, however, be construed as in-
cluding the Southern Ute. This position follows Goss (1965) who argues
persuasively from glottochronology that the Southern Paiute and the Southern
Utah have spoken separate languages for no more than 300 years and the
time since their separation is probably even less than this. This should
mean, of course, that Southern Paiute and Southern Ute would be archeo-
logically indistinguishable until shortly before the beginning of the historic
period. Thus Paiute diagnostics would apply to the Southern Ute as well.
Two sites have been classed as Paiute. One in the Indian Creek planning
unit is assigned this affiliation on the basis of a projectile point while a site
in the Castle Valley unit is assigned the same affiliation on the basis of
ceramics.

The primary advantage of the stratified, random sampling approach
to an archeological survey is its ability to identify a multiplicity of environ-
mental variables associated with sites. When the sample is sufficiently
large, a pattern will usually emerge to show that various identifiable groups
of variables will usually be found associated with sites of different cultures,
different functions, and different temporal positions. While prior knowledge
of the archeology of an area is usually advantageous, it is not an unmixed
blessing. The stratified, random sampling approach not only provides the
most efficient means of gaining insight into areas that are archeologically
unknown, it is a valuable corrective to impressions gained through biased
or nonrandom surveys.

It was noted earlier that the sample units for this survey were deter-
mined by plotting five vegetative zones on the planning unit maps, g ridding
each of the zones into quarter section squares and then, with a computerized
table of random numbers, selecting quadrants for each zone. The number
of sample units for each ecozone was intended to represent 1% of the total
acreage estimated for that ecozone in the planning unit. The total number

125

of quadrants allocated to each planning unit was also to represent 1%
of the total acreage in the planning unit.

It should be noted that there has been some criticism (Jennings, 1974)
of survey methodologies that are stratified on the basis of modern ecozones.
Objections are based on the very appropriate observation that these zones
may n:t have been the same at various points in time in the prehistoric past.
Others have replied that, if prehistoric sites show distributional patterns
that correlate with contemporary ecozones, the correlation is culturally
significant even though its full meaning may remain undetermined in the
absence of excavation (Lipe and Thompson, 1976). There is the further fact
that, if excavation data reveals the prior existence of ecozones different
from those now present, an understanding of the changes that have taken
place through time will require a knowledge of contemporary plant dis-
tributions as well.

Immediately following Figs. 2a and 2b will be found a series of four
maps which plot the distribution of sites according to the functional categories
previously discussed. The maps are listed as Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6 with
one map covering each of the four planning units. Following these are three
maps, Figs. 7, 8, and 9, which plot the distribution of sites culturally and
temporally. Since there are no sites assigned cultural affiliation or temporal
position in the Dolores planning unit, no map is provided for that area.

While two sites have been labeled "Paiute, " and one is termed
S"Archaic," the cultural distribution otherwise relates entirely to the
Mesa Verde Anasazi which, within the project area, is well- represented
in Basket Maker II but which suffers a 66% reduction in the number of sites
■in Basket Maker III. Predictably, Pueblo I is absent. The 16 Pueblo II
sites are followed by 5 sites that represent a Pueblo II- III transition. Finally,
18 Pueblo III sites are also identified.

Following the functional classification of sites, the sites can be
assessed, although only roughly, in terms of the amount of time and energy
expended in activities suggested by the nature of the site. Thus the remains
of a habitation site are diagnostic of many more hours of human activity
■han is the lithic scatter lacking midden. The site with storage facilities
may be seen as representing a lower investment of time and energy than
|:he habitation site but more than that associated with the camp site. The
:amp site, of course, is indicative of greater and more varied activity
han the lithic scatter.

126

INDIAN
CREEK

CASTLE
VALLEY

DOLORES

BEEF
BASIN

TOTAL
PROJECT

Total Acres

5120

2240

1120

1600

10,080

% of Project Area

50.8%

22 . 2%

11.1%

15.9%

100%

Total Sites

121

28

8

61

218

% of Project Sites

55.5%

12.8%

3.7%

28.0%

100%

Juniper-Pinon Acres

2194

813

323

733

4063

% in Juniper-Pinon

42.0%

36 . 0%

28.0%

46.0%

40.3%

Total Sites in Juniper-Pinon

101

15

2

24

142

% of Total Sites

83.5%

53.6%

25.0%

39 . 3%

65.1%

Brushland Acres

1962

522

622

460

35?^

% in Brushland

38.0%

24 . 0%

56.0%

28.0%

35.7%

Total Sites in Brushland

20

13

6

37

76

% of Total Sites

16.5%

46.4%

75.0%

60.7%

34.9%

Wasteland Acres

964

905

175

407

2452

% in Wasteland

20.0%

40.0%

15.0%

26.0%

24.0%

Chipping Sites

103

21

8

18

150

% of Total Sites

85.1%

75.0%

100%

29.5%

68.8%

Chipping in Juniper-Pinon

89

14

2

7

112

Chipping in Brushland

14

7

6

11

38

J-P Chipping % of Total Sites

73.5%

50.0%

25.0%

11.47%

51.37%

Brush Chipping % of Total Sites

11.6%

25.0%

75.0%

18.03%

17.43%

J-P Chipping % of Chipping

86.4%

66.7%

25.0%

38.88%

74.66%

Brush Chipping % of Chipping

13.6%

33.3%

75.0%

61.12%

25.33%

Camp Sites

6

5

0

19

30

% of Total Sites

4.96%

17.8%

0

31.16%

13.76%

Camps in Juniper-Pinon

5

1

0

5

11

Camps in Brushland

1

4

0

14

19

J-P Camp % of Total Sites

4.13%

3.57%

0

8.2%

5 . 04%

Brush Camp % of Total Sites

0.93%

14.3%

0

22.95%

8.72%

J-P Camp % of Camp Sites

83.33%

20.0%

0

26.32%

36.66%

Brush Camp % of Camp Sites

16.66%

80 . 0%

0

73.68%

63.33%

Ceramic Sites

5

1

0

33

39

% of Total Sites

4.0%

3.57%

0

55.0%

17.88%

Ceramic Sites in Juniper-Pinon

4

0

0

13

17

Ceramic Sites in Brushland

1

1

0

20

22

J-P Ceramic Site % of Total Sites

3.3%

0

0

21.3%

7.8%

Brush Ceramic Site % of Total Sites

.82%

3.57%

0

32.8%

10.0%

J-P Ceramic Site % of Ceramic Sites

80.0%

0

0

39.4%

43.6%

Brush Ceramic Site % of Ceramic Sites

20.0%

100%

0

60.6%

56.4%

Habitation Sites

3

1

0

15

19

i of Total Sites

2.3%

3.57%

0

24.6%

8.7%

Habitation Sites in Juniper-Pinon

2

0

0

7

9

Habitation Sites in Brushland

1

1

0

8

10

J-P Habit. Site % of Total Sites

1.65%

0

0

11.47%

4.1%

Brush Habit. Site % of Total Sites

.82%

3.57%

0

13.11%

4.9%

J-P Habit Site % of Habit. Sites

66.7%

0

0

46.7%

47.36%

Brush Habit. Site % of Habit. Sites

33.3%

100%

0

53.3%

56.64%

Storage Sites

3

0

0

14

17

% of Total Sites

2 . 48%

0

0

22.95%

7.8%

Storage Sites in Juniper-Pinon

3

0

0

6

9

Storage Sites in Brushland

0

0

0

8

8

J-P Storage Site % of Total Sites

2.45%

0

0

9.83%

4.13%

Brush Storage Site % of Total Sites

0

0

0

13.12%

3.67%

J-P Storage Site % of Storage Sites

100%

0

0

42.86%

52.94%

Brush Storage Site % of Storage Sites

0

0

0

57.14%

47 . 06%

Fig. 2a. Distribution of Sites According to Function.

continued on next page

127

Rockshelter Sites

3

5

0

17

25

% of Total Sites

2.3%

17.85%

0

27.86%

11.46%

Rockshelters in Juniper-Pinon

3

0

0

7

10

Rockshelters in Brushland

0

5

0

10

15

J-P Shelter % of Total Sites

2.3%

0

0

11.47%

4 . 58%

Brush Shelter % of Total Sites

0

17.85%

0

16.4%

6.88%

J-P Shelter % of Shelters

100%

0

0

42.2%

40 . 0%

Brush Shelter % of Shelters

0

100%

0

58.8%

60.0%

Rock Art Sites

7

1

0

0

8

% of Total Sites

5.8%

3.57%

0

0

3.66%

Rock Art in Juniper-Pinon

5

0

0

0

5

Rock Art in Brushland

2

1

0

0

3

J-P Rock Art % of Total Sites

4.0%

0

0

0

2.3%

Brush Rock Art % of Total Sites

.82%

3.57%

0

0

1.37%

J-P Rock Art % of Rock Art

71.4%

0

0

0

62.5%

Brush Rock Art % of Rock Art

28.6%

100%

0

0

37 . 5%

Fig. 2a. Distribution of Sites According to Function

INDIAN
CREEK

CASTLE
VALLEY

BEEF
BASIN

TOTAL
PROJECT

Basket Maker II Sites

3

2

4

9

% of Total Sites

2.48%

7.14%

6 . 56%

4.13%

BM II Sites in J-P

2

0

2

4

BM II Sites in Brush

1

2

2

5

J-P BM II % of Total Sites

1.65%

0

3.28%

1.83%

Brush BM II % of Total Sites

.83%

7.14%

3.28%

2.29%

J-P BM II % of BM II

66.67%

0

50.0%

44.44%

Brush BM II % of BM II

33.33%

100%

50.0%

55.56%

Basket Maker III Sites

0

1

2

3

% of Total Sites

0

3.57%

3.28%

1 . 38%

BM III Sites in J-P

0

0

1

1

BM III Sites in Brush

0

1

1

2

J-P BM III % of Total Sites

0

0

1 . 64%

.46%

Brush BM III % of Total Sites

0

.83%

1 . 64%

.92%

J-P BM III % of BM III Sites

0

0

50.0%

33.33%

Brush BM III % of BM III Sites

0

100%

50.0%

66.67%

Pueblo II Sites

4

0

12

16

% of Total Sites

3.3%

0

19.67%

19.67%

Pueblo II Sites in J-P

4

0

2

6

Pueblo II Sites in Brush

0

0

10

10

J-P Pueblo II % of Total Sites

3.3%

0

3 . 28%

2.75%

Brush Pueblo II % of Total Sites

0

0

16.39%

4.59%

J-P Pueblo II % of Pueblo II

100%

0

16.67%

37 . 5%

Brush Pueblo II % of Pueblo II

0

0

83.33%

62.5%

Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 Sites

0

1

4

5

% of Total Sites

0

3.5%

6 . 56%

2.29%

Pueblo 1 1- 1 1 1 in J-P

0

1

1

2

Pueblo 1 1 — 1 1 1 in Brush

0

0

3

3

J-P Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 % of Total Sites

0

3 . 57%

1.64%

.92%

Brush Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 % of Total Sites

0

0

4.92%

1 . 38%

J-P Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 % of Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1

0

100%

25.0%

40.0%

Brush Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 % of Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1

0

0

75.0%

60 . 0%

Pueblo III Sites

1

0

17

18

% of Total Sites

.83%

0

27.87%

8.26%

Pueblo III Sites in J-P

1

0

6

7

Pueblo III Sites in Brush

0

0

11

11

J-P Pueblo III % of Total Sites

.83%

0

9.83%

3.2%

Brush Pueblo III % of Total Sites

0

0

18.03%

5.04%

J-P Pueblo III % of Pueblo III

100%

0

35.29%

38.89%

Brush Pueblo III % of Pueblo III

0

0

64.7%

64.7%

Anasazi Sites

10

4

39

53

% of Total Sites

8.26%

14.28%

63.93%

24.32%

Anasazi Sites in J-P

9

1

13

23

Anasazi Sites in Brush

1

3

26

30

J-P Anasazi '■> of Total Sites

7.44%

3.57%

21.31%

10.55%

Brush Anasazi % of Total Sites

.83%

10.71%

42.62%

13.76%

J-P Anasazi % of Anasazi

90.0%

25.0%

33.33%

43.4%

Brush Anasazi % of Anasazi

10.0%

75.0%

66.67%

56.6%

Fig. 2b. Distribution of sites according to cultural/temporal position.

128

NATIONAL

FOREST

SITE KEY

& CHIPPING
• HABITATION

» STORAGE
O CAMP

D CERAMIC

U ROCK SHELTER

■ ROCK ART

INDIAN CREEK PLANNING UNIT
SITE DISTRIBUTION BY FUNCTION
FIG. 3

129

J°<o,

V,

/

)

-'

r

■OAA
AAA

NATIONAL

SITE KEY

A CHIPPING

• HABITAION

i STORAGE

O CAMP

□ CERAK

3 ROCKSHELTER

ROCK ART

|0

CASTLE VALLEY PLANNING UNIT. SITE DISTRIBUTION BY FUNCTION

FIG. 4

130

SITE KEY

A CHIPPING

DOLORES PLANNING UNIT SITE DISTRIBUTION BY FUNCTION
FIG 5

131

132

H BASKET MAKER III
© PUEBLO 1 1
®PUEBLO II - II

INDIAN CREEK PLANNING UNIT
CULTURAL /TEMPORAL SITE DISTRIBUTION
FIG. 7

133

**a

MANTI - LA SAL

NATIONAL FOREST

SITE KEY

Qj BASKET MAKER 1 1

0 BASKET MAKER 1 1 1

© PUEBLO 11

VV PUEBLO 11 - 111

© PUEBLO 111

® PUEBLO

<& PAIUTE

CASTLE VALLEY PLANNING UNIT. CULTURAL/TEMPORAL SITE DISTRIBUTION

FIG. 8

134

X

x

<

<

w-

2

5

-

—

-

»-

t-

o

o

o

O

u

UJ

-i

_i

_J

_l

X

X

01

■

■

•

in

10

UJ

Id

w

w

<

«

3

3

3

3

■

a

a.

a.

ft.

a.

®

z
o

<

O

3
O

<

6

135

The argument may be advanced that the lithic scatter is indicative
of extended activity not manifest in the site itself. The hunting and
gathering suggested by the chipping sites are time-consuming activities.
While this is readily acknowledged, the same reasoning is applicable to
the other sites as well. Even though the sedentary pattern may have
rested more lightly upon the Anasazi than it has on many other peoples,
the Anasazi were still sedentary and the sedentary concept is one which
denotes a centering of life and its multifaceted activities, many of which
are not manifest in the cultural debris, around a more or less permanent
domicile.

The distribution of sites recorded during this survey conforms quite
closely to patterns suggested by the literature surveyed earlier in this
chapter. Asa broad and general trend, the evidence of the most intense
prehistoric activity is found in the Beef Basin planning unit. Although the
Beef Basin unit encompasses only 15. 9% of the project area, it produced
28% of the sites recorded. More significantly, 15 of the 19 habitation sites
were found here while 14 of 17 storage sites were also included in the unit
as were 19 of 30 camp sites. Finally, 39 of 52 sites, that is, 75% of all
sites identified as Anasazi were located in this tract.

Moving northeast into the Indian Creek planning unit, the evidence of
activity associated with habitation, storage, and camp sites diminishes
markedly. Although three small habitation sites occur near the center of the
unit, the eastern half of the area is clearly dominated by limited activity
chipping sites. The northwest quarter of the planning unit, meanwhile,
produces four of the six quadrants found to be totally lacking in sites. A
total of 86% of the sites in the unit are chipping sites. These sites also
represent 68% of all chipping sites recorded although the unit has only
50. 8% of the project area.

Still further north in the Castle Valley planning unit, sites of all
kinds continue to diminish sharply in number. With 22.2% of the project
area, Castle Valley produced 12. 8% of the sites. About 75% of these are
chipping sites while only five camp sites were identified along with a single
habitation site. Storage sites are entirely absent. The sites indicative
of more intense and more general activity are, with the exception of a
single camp site, found within three or four miles of the Colorado River.

Finally, in the Dolores planning unit in the extreme northeastern
part of the project area, eight lithic scatters lacking diagnostic material of
any kind represent the total cultural evidence for the entire unit. Five of
the sites were found within a single sample unit while another quad produced
two sites and a third produced but one. The remaining four quadrants yielded
no sites.

136

The pattern of site distribution with its marked thinning of the
evidence of human activity as one moves north and east from the Beef
Basin region clearly indicates that this is a zone marking one of the
boundaries of the San Juan Anasazi culture area as suggested by Lindsay
(1976). At the same time, however, more detailed considerations of site
distribution remain to be examined. Figs. 10 through 2 1 on the following
pages present tabulations of site locations according to topography and
vegetation. Each figure represents the data for sites of specific function
and for cultural/temporal position. Narrative summaries of this data are
given below.

Chipping Sites. Some 68% of all chipping sites recorded during the
project were found in the Indian Creek planning unit (Fig. 10). Of this number,
89 sites, or 86% of the unit total, are located in the juniper- pinon zone
while only 14 are in brushland. Favored locations within this framework
are benches or terraces, ridges, and generally sloping ground. While a few
are found on mesa tops and four occurred on talus slopes, none were located
near the edge of cliffs nor at the base of ledges.

In the Castle Valley planning unit, 14 chipping sites reveal a two-to-
one preference for juniper-pinon cover over brushlands, with ridges and
broad, level areas being favored in forested zones. Ledges seem to have
been avoided as were, in this case, talus slopes.

Six of eight chipping sites in the Dolores planning unit are in brushland
where terraces and mesa tops were preferred. The two sites in forested
areas and one in brushland are, however, located on old flood plains in
canyon bottoms.

Sixty-one percent of the Beef Basin chipping sites are found in brushland
with over 80% of these being located on terraces. Mesa tops were also used,
especially in juniper-pinon areas. Cliff edges, the base of ledges, and talus
slopes contain no sites and there are none in areas generally classed as sloping
or level.

Camp Sites. In the Beef Basin planning unit, 19 camp sites are listed
(Fig. 11). This number accounts for 63% of all camp sites found during the
project and they represent 31% of the Beef Basin inventory. Thirteen of the
19 Beef Basin camps are in brushland with terraces, level and broken sur-
faces along with broad slopes the preferred areas. Mesa tops, cliff edges,
the base of ledges, and talus slopes appear to have been avoided.

Five of the six camp sites found in the Indian Creek planning unit are
in juniper-pinon forests with sloping or level areas preferred. Conversely,
in the Castle Valley unit, four of the five camp sites occur in brushland. Here
level areas and the base of ledges were selected camp situations.

137

i — i

CD

i.

CD

■M
1/1
ft!

O

>

Ol

o

o

o

<4-
O)
Ol

CO

00
fO

CO

TOTAL

Q_
1

Z3
S-

1

=3

■s-
co

1

■"3

to

Z3
S-
CQ

o_

1
"-3

JZ

oo

=3
S-
CQ

1
■-3

JZ
ir>

3
S-
CQ

Bench/Terrace

23

1

2

2

2

9

27

12

Level

4

6

3

1

7

7

Broken

3

2

4

5

4

Ridge

22

2

6

1

2

30

3

Slope

21

3

1

22

3

Cliff Edge

1

1

Mesa Top

11

2

2

3

1

14

5

Canyon Bottom

1

1

2

1

1

3

3

Ledqe

Talus

4

4

TOTALS

89

14

14

7

2

6

7

11

12

38

Fig. 10. Chipping Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

—

■i—

1— •

CD
CD

c_>

CD

+->
00
fO

C_)

CD

fO

>

00

CD

S-

o
o

Q

14-
CD
CD

CO

00
ro

PR

TOTAL

Q_

1

•"3

00

i_

CO

1

•"3

00

=3
S-
CQ

1

oo

Zi

s-

CQ

1

•"3

sz

00

S-
CQ

Q_

•~3

00

13
J-

CQ

Bench/Terrace

1

2

4

3

4

Level

2

2

1

2

3

4

Broken

1

3

1

3

Ridge

1

1

Slope

2

1

1

4

__3,

5

Cliff Edge

Mesa Top

Canyon Bottom

1

1

Ledge

2

2

Talus

TOTALS

5

1

1

4

5

14

11

19

Fig. 11. Camp Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

138

ro
l — i

■V

cu

C_>

Castle
Valley.

CO

<D

o
o

O

4-
CU
CU

CQ

a

CO
CQ

TOTAL

1

00

Z3

CQ

1

•"3

.c:

CO
13
S-

CQ

Q_

CO

Z3
S-
CQ

Q-
*""3

CO

13
i-
CQ

Q_

1

■"3

-£Z
CO
13
S-

CQ

Bench/Terrace

1

1

2

2

2

Level

Broken

4

^H

Ridge

4

4

Slope

1

2

2

1

Cliff Edqe

1

1

Mesa Top

Canyon Bottom

1

1

Ledqe

-

1

1

Talus

1

1

TOTALS

2

1

1

7

8

9

10

Fig. 12. Habitation Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

T3
C
t — i

CD
Ol

Castle
Valley

CO
CU

o
o

Q

<V

CQ

CO

TOTAL

Q_
1

CO

=3
S-
CQ

Q_

1

■~3

CO
CQ

Q_
1

-JZ
CO

3

CQ

Q_
1

CO

&_

CQ

Q_
1

CO

=3
i_
CO

Bench/Terrace

2

2

Level

Broken

1

1

2

Ridge

1

1

jy

1

Slope

2

1

2

1

Cliff Edge

1

2

2

_3,

2

Mesa Top

1

1

Canyon Bottom

1

1

Ledge

1

1

Talus

TOTALS

3

6

8

9

8

Fig. 13. Storage Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

139

CU

i-

Castle
Valley

1/1
CU

S_

o
o

Q

4-
CU
CU

C

00
03
CQ

TOTAL

i

00

ZI
5-
CQ

1

■"3

00

Z3
S-
D3

Q_
1

""3

00

13
S-
CO

■"3

sz

00

s_

CO

1
■"3

.c:

00

Z3

i_

oq

Bench/Terrace

1

1

1

1

Level

Broken

1

LI

Ridge

Slope

Cliff Edge

2

2

Mesa Top

Canyon Bottom

Ledqe

2

1

2

1

Talus

TOTALS

4

3

1

4

4

Fig. 14. Rock Art Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

ft!

-a

c:

CU

c_>

CU

+->

00
fO

O

>1

CU
fD

>

00
CU

s_

O

o

o

4-

cu

CU
CQ

oo
PP

TOTAL

■"3

00

Z3
i.
CQ

Q-
■"3

.c:

CO

Z5
i.
CQ

Q_
1

""3

00

Z3
S-
CQ

Q_
1

■~3

JZ

LO

Z5
S_
CQ

Q_
1

■"3

00
Z3
i-

CQ

Bench/Terrace

1

_L

Level

Broken

2

2

Ridge

2

2

Slope

Cliff Edge

1

1

Mesa Top

1

1

Canyon Bottom

Ledge

2

2

Talus

TOTALS

2

1

2

2

2

4

5

Fig. 15. Basket Maker II Sites: Distribution
by Topography and Vegetation.

140

03
"O
1 — 1

cu

S-
CJ>

Castle

Valley

to
m

o

o
o

<+-
QJ

CQ

to
CO

TOTAL

Q_

1

"~3

sz

CO

s_

CQ

1

"~3

SZ

to

Z3
S-
CO

Q.

1

SZ

to

r3
i_

CQ

1

■"3

to

=3
S-
CQ

Q_
•"3

to

:3

S-
CQ

Bench/Terrace

1

1

Level

1

1

Broken

Ridge

Slope

1

1

Cliff Edge

Mesa Top

Canyon Bottom

Ledqe

Talus

TOTALS

1

1

1

1

2

Fig. 16. Basket Maker III Sites: Distribution
by Topography and Vegetation.

1

i — i

S-
C_>

Castle
Valley

to

CD

i-
o

o

Ol

9°

to
03

pp

TOTAL

1

-c:
to

13
i-
CQ

Q_

1

■"3

SZ
to

Z3
S-
CO

1
■"3

SZ

to

zz

S-
CQ

Q_

1

■~3

SZ

to

Z3
i-
CQ

Q_

SZ

to

Z3
CQ

Bench/Terrace

3

2

3

5

3

Level

1

1

Broken

2

2

Ridge

Slope

2

2

Cliff Edge

2

2

Mesa Top

Canyon Bottom

1

1

Ledge

Talus

TOTALS

4

2

10

6

10

Fog. 17. Pueblo II Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

141

03

CD
CU

S-

Castle
Valley

00
CU

i_
o

o

Q

CU
CU
CD

00

fa

CO

TOTAL

Q-
•~3

00

ZJ
i-

1

rT3

(/)

13

CO

1
r~3

00

Z3

co

Q.

■""3

00

S-
CQ

Q-

1

—>

OO

13
i-

Bench/Terrace

1

1

Level

Broken

1

_i

Ridge

z

2

Slope

Cliff Edge

Mesa Top

1

1

Canyon Bottom

Ledqe

Talus

TOTALS

1

1

3

2

3

Fig. 18. Pueblo 1 1 - 1 1 1 Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

fO

c:

CU

CU

s_

Castle
Valley

OO
CU

o
o

Q

cu

CU

00

TOTAL

i

■"3

00

CQ

1

^5

-£Z
00

13
en

r~3

SZ
00

S-
CQ

i

■"3

00

Z3
S-
CQ

Q_

1

■-3

-£Z
00
=3
S_

CQ

Bench/Terrace

5

5

Level

2

2

Broken

1

1

2

Ridge

Slope

3

2

3

2

Cliff Edge

2

1

2

1

Mesa Top

Canyon Bottom

Ledge

1

1

Talus

TOTALS

1

6

11

7

11

Fig. 19. Pueblo III Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

142

Indian

Creek

Castle
Valley

CO

CD

S-

o
o

O

Beef

Basin

TOTAL

1

CO

13

1

CO

Z5
S-

ca

1

■-3

CO

13
i-

1

T3

CO

13
S-

en

Q.
1

CO

13
s_

QQ

Bench/Terrace

5

3

9

8

9

Level

1

1

2

_JL

3

Broken

1

1

2

4

4

4

Ridge

2

2

2

2

Slope

4

4

4

4

Cliff Edge

1

2

3

_2

4

Mesa Top

1

1

1

1

Canyon Bottom

1

_J

Ledqe

2

1

3

Talus

TOTALS

9

1

1

3

13

26

23

30

Fig. 20. All Anasazi Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

c:

CD

cu

CD

-t->
CO

C_>

cu

>

CO

CD

S-
O

O

O

CD

CD
CO

CO
(13

TOTAL

Q_
1

CO

:3
s-

CO

1

CO
13
5-

CQ

1
•~3

CO

3
S-
CO

""3

CO

=3
S_
CO

1

^0

CO

S_
CO

Bench/Terrace

26

2

2

2

5

17

_33

21

Level

6

6

3

3

1

2

10

11

Broken

5

2!

4

7

14

7

Ridge

22

2

6

1

4

5

32

£

Slope

23

5

2

4

5

_29_

K

Cliff Edge

1

3

2

3

3

6,

Mesa Top

12

2

2

3

1

15

5

Canyon Bottom

2

1

2

1

3

4

5

Ledge

2

3

2

2

5

Talus

4

1

_4_

1

TOTALS

103

19

15

13

2

6

26

41

145

7<;

Fig. 21. All Sites: Distribution by
Topography and Vegetation.

143

Habitation Sites. Just under 79% of the 19 habitation sites identified
are located in the Beef Basin unit while 3 are found near the center of the
Indian Creek planning unit and one was found in the Castle Valley planning
unit (Fig. 12). Of the 15 Beef Basin sites, 8 are in brushlands where
ridges proved to be the preferred terrain but with habitation units also
found on terraces, cliff edges, and at the base of a ledge. Dwellings
in forested regions favored broken ground but they were also found on
broad slopes and one is situated on a terrace. Two of the Indian Creek
habitation sites are in forested areas. One of these is on a terrace and
the other is in a canyon bottom. The brushland habitation is on a broad
slope.

Storage Sites. Only 3 of 17 storage sites are found in the Indian
Creek unit (Fig. 13). All are in juniper- pinon regions with one on broken
ground, one on a cliff edge, and one on a mesa top. The remaining 14
storage sites occur in the Beef Basin planning unit where 8 are in brush-
covered areas. The preferred locations are terraces and cliff edges while
level and broken ground, mesa tops and talus slopes were avoided. The
storage structures in forested areas favored slopes and cliff edges with
terraces, level ground, mesa tops, canyon bottoms, ledges, and talus
slopes being avoided.

Rock Art Sites. A total of 7 of the 8 rock art sites found during the
survey are located in the Indian Creek unit where 4 are in forested zones
and 3 occur in brush- covered regions (Fig. 14). Two of the sites in the
forest are at the base of ledges while one is on a terrace and the other on
broken ground. One of the brushland sites is on a terrace and the other
two are at the edge of cliffs. A single petroglyph found in the Castle Valley
unit is at the base of a ledge in a brush-covered area.

Basket Maker II Sites. Three of the 9 Basket Maker II sites recorded
will be found in the Indian Creek unit (Fig. 15). Of the 2 situated in wooded
areas, one is on a terrace and the other occurs on a mesa top. The cliff
edge site is in a brush-covered zone. Both of the Basket Maker II sites
in the Castle Valley planning unit are at the base of a ledge in brushland
areas. Two Basket Maker II sites are on forested ridges in the Beef Basin
unit while, in the same area, two are also found in brush-covered broken
ground.

Basket Maker III Sites. Only 3 sites in this category are recorded
(Fig. 16). In the Castle Valley area, one was found on level brushland. The
remaining 2, found in the Beef Basin unit, include one situated on a forested
slope and one on a brush-covered terrace.

144

Pueblo II Sites. Just one quarter of the 16 Pueblo II sites identified
are in the forested areas of the Indian Creek planning unit where three are found
on terraces and one occurs in the bottom of a canyon (Fig. 17). The remain-
ing 12 Pueblo II sites are all located in the Beef Basin unit. Except for two
sites on forested terraces, all are in brush-covered areas. Three of the
brushland sites are on terraces but these sites also occur on level, broken,
and sloping ground as well as at the edge of cliffs.

Pueblo II-III Sites. A single site, representing the Pueblo II-III
transition, is found in forest-covered broken ground in the Castle Valley
planning unit (Fig. 18). This site is, perhaps, indicative of the latest
point in time during which the San Juan Anasazi pushed this far north
(See Lindsay, 1976). Four additional examples of these transitional sites
are in the Beef Basin planning unit where one is situated on a forested bench,
two are located on a brush-covered ridge, and one is on mesa top
brushland.

Pueblo HI Sites. Only one of the 18 Pueblo III sites is located outside
the Beef Basin planning unit (Fig. 19). This lone exception is in broken
terrain covered with juniper and pinon in the Indian Creek unit. Eleven of
the 17 Beef Basin Pueblo III sites are in the brush zone where the favored
ground is the terraced areas. Level and sloping surfaces also contain
brushland sites while one is at the edge of a cliff and another at the base of
a ledge. Sites in the juniper-pinon areas favor sloping ground while two are
located on a cliff edge and one is on broken ground.

All Anasazi Sites. A total of 53 sites produced diagnostic materials
that justified assigning them to an Anasazi cultural affiliation (Fig. 20).
Of this number, 39 are located in the Beef Basin planning unit, 10 occur
in the Indian Creek unit, and four are in the Castle Valley planning unit. The
Dolores planning unit must, thus far, be seen as outside the range of
Anasazi activity.

An interesting contrast in site locations is seen in a comparison of
the Indian Creek and the Beef Basin planning units. Of the 10 sites in the
Indian Creek area, 9 occur in forested areas with but one in brushland. In
Beef Basin, on the other hand, 26 out of 39 sites, or 66% of the total Anasazi
site count, are in brush-covered areas. The Castle Valley unit contains only
four Anasazi sites. Three of these are in brushlands. To the extent that a
trend can be seen, the Castle Valley sites appear to follow the Beef Basin
pattern.

Within this framework of vegetative distribution, the terraces areas
proved to be the most popular terrain followed by broken and by sloping
ground. Cliff edge locales were next in popularity followed by level areas

145

and ridge tops. Talus slopes were avoided entirely and only a single Anasazi
site occurred in a canyon bottom.

All Sites. A summary of all recorded sites in terms of their relations
to vegetation and topography is almost equivalent to a synthesis of data on
Anasazi and chipping site locations (Fig. 21). The totals show that 146 out
of 225 sites in all types (64%) are found in forested areas. This shift from
the Anasazi site preference for brushland areas reflects the greater site
total in the Indian Creek unit where 103 of 122 sites, or just over 80% of
all sites, most of them chipping sites, are in forested areas. A slight
tendency to favor juniper-pinon regions over those in brush is evident in
the Castle Valley unit while 6 of the 8 Dolores planning unit sites are in
brush-covered areas. In Beef Basin, however, the brushland preference
is maintained in the total site count as 41 out of 67 sites are found in this
zone.

Out of a total of 22 5 sites benches or terraced areas provide the setting
for 54 sites while ridge tops and sloping surfaces are the next most commonly
used areas (Fig. 21). Twenty-two of the sites are located on level surfaces
while nearly equal numbers of sites occur in broken terrain and on mesa tops.
Talus slopes are the least used areas while only a slightly larger number of
sites are found at the base of ledges, in canyon bottoms, and at the edge of
cliffs.

An attempt has also been made to assess the role of elevation as a
variable in site selection. For the most part the grouping of sites by 100
meter intervals of elevation has failed to produce any patterns in site
distribution. A single instance of apparent elevational influence has been
found, however, in the relation between chipping site area and altitude.
The results of this are graphed below (Fig. 22).

Column A stands for sites with an area in excess of 10, 000 square
meters. Column B records the elevations of sites ranging in size from
1, 000 to 9, 999 square meters. Elevations for sites of between 100 and
999 square meters are recorded in Column C and sites ranging from 10
to 99 square meters are posted in Column D. Finally, sites with an area
of 9 square meters or less are represented by their elevations in Column E.

146

Elev.

• A

D

2200
2150
2100
2050
2000
1950
1900
1850
1800
1750
1700
1650
1600
1550
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200

Figure 22.

There is nothing very striking about the results as a whole. The
largest sites, of which there are 19, show an elevational range of 780
meters. The 30 sites in the 1, 000 to 9, 999 square meter category vary
in elevation to the extent of 734 meters. The third group, which includes
54 sites between 100 and 999 square meters, ranges in elevation over
755 meters while 31 sites in the 10 to 99 square meter bracket have an
elevational range of 791 meters.

The pattern thus far suggests nothing more than the general elevational
range found within the project area. In the example of the 11 sites covering
less than 10 square meters, however, the elevational range is suddenly
restricted to 301 meters. This is less than half the range of chipping sites
in all other size categories. Even though persisting hunting and gathering
patterns repeated over a period of many years would account for the more
numerous large lithic scatters as compared with the more limited number
of very small sites which probably indicate one time use, there seems to
be no means of accounting for the restricted elevational distribution of the
smaller sites.

147

This chapter opened with a review of earlier work which shows that
the findings for certain areas suggest that the project area and the lands
adjacent to it would cover the northern edge of the area of Mesa Verdean
activity. It was argued that this region would blend, not into the Fremont
area, but into an area almost devoid of evidence sustained or permanent
prehistoric activity. The findings of this study are in accord with these
predictions. It remains necessary, however, to suggest some of the reasons
why the known sites are distributed in the patterns observed.

The assumption that Anasazi territorial expansion came largely as
the result of population pressure is based, at least implicitly, on the
belief that human beings are generally conservative in nature. This is
to say that, while abrupt cultural changes which cannot be explained in
terms of environmental imperatives do occur, most people remain sub-
stantially committed to perpetuating familiar life styles. Significant
changes in adaptive strategies, including territorial distribution, generally
occur only in response to changes in the material conditions of life.

On the basis of these assumptions, then, it may be argued that the
expansion of the Anasazi cultural pattern into this general area resulted
from one of two factors or from a possible combination of both of them.
The expansion of the culture may have been an in situ adoption of Anasazi
patterns by resident Archaic peoples who found that, within the framework
of their existing technology, the carrying capacity of their land was being
over-taxed. Thus a change to the Anasazi adaptive strategy with its in-
creased reliance upon cultigens must have promised a more productive
use of the environment.

It is also possible, of course, that the Anasazi penetration involved
an actual movement of people leaving other areas where the success of the
horticultural pattern was creating problems of overpopulation. Overpopula-
tion may have resulted either from an actual increase in the number of
people or it may have been the result of a declining productivity of some
lands already in use which resulted in a deterioration of the land /population
ratio. Whatever may have been the case, the expansion of the Mesa Verde
culture pattern into the general area is clearly established.

If the material conditions of life are presumed to have been the
motivating forces behind an expansion of the culture area, it should follow
that the limits of that expansion were similarly determined by the absence
of similar compulsions at a given point in time. The greatly diminished
incidence of sites in the northern portions of the area in question, even
though suitable site localities exist, argues a simple lack of need for more

148

territory. Certainly the region nearly devoid of sites militates against
an argument that the Mesa Verde northward thrust was blunted by the
Fremont occupation.

This interpretation is supported further by the fact that the latest
sites in the northernmost parts of the project area are no later than
the Pueblo II-III transition which took place around 1100 A. D. This seems
to argue that the northward Anasazi expansion ended because there was
no need for additional land. The end of territorial expansion was thus much
earlier than, and unrelated to, the conditions which prompted the general
contraction of Anasazi occupations some time after 1250 A. D.

As for the sites actually known from the work of this project, it would
appear that site distribution is related to the nature of available supplies of
culinary water. This relationship is one of areal proximity rather than one
of the immediate location of each habitation site near a water source.
Water for horticulture is not the issue in-as-much as various forms of
rainfall farming are possible throughout the project area.

The general drainage pattern of the San Juan Triangle, as defined
earlier, is to the south and also to the north and to the west. The project
sample included none of the south-flowing drainages and thus the focus
must be on the drainages to the north and to the west. The portions of
the project area which are dominated by chipping sites indicative of hunting
and gathering activities are substantially the areas drained by the upper
reaches of the major wash systems. The water accumulated in these upper
collecting systems would come from two sources. One would be the spring
runoff from melting snows. This would afford a more sustained, although
still seasonal, flow than the water available during the heavy showers
characteristic of the late summer months when heavy flows generally last
only for a few hours at a time. It is true, of course, that the warm season
rains would make some standing water available for short periods of time
during which the resource could be used.

The fact remains that, between the relatively brief periods of abundant
water, much of the region would remain too dry to support permanent habi-
tation and other sustained year round activity. Thus much of this area would
be used primarily for hunting and gathering and the exploitation of its re-
sources would be limited to the wet seasons of good water or to the amount
of water that could be carried into the area.

In this connection it should be noted that the failure of settlements or
other sites indicative of long-term activity to cluster along the perennial
flow of the Dolores River can be explained by two factors. First, of course,
is the possibility that population pressures from the Anasazi to the south or

149

from the Fremont to the north were insufficient to cause any group to
penetrate the region for periods of time sufficient to permit exploitation
of the river's potential on any sustained basis. There is the further fact
that Toll's (1977) report indicates that very little area suitable for seden-
tary life is to be found along the greater part of the river's course.

The greater density of Anasazi sites in the Beef Basin planning
unit appears to be the result of more reliable water resources than of
any other factor. Site sheet reports show that, in general, the sites in
this unit are located somewhat further from potential water sources than
were those in other areas. At the same time, however, the Beef Basin
unit is astride the middle and lower reaches of the drainages flowing to-
wards the Colorado River. Serviced by much larger collecting systems,
the canyons of this area might tend to contain live water for longer periods
of time. It appears likely, however, that the primary source of culinary
water in the Beef Basin area is the Cedar Mesa sandstone which floors
most of the unit. The value of the runoff from areas to the east is most
likely to be seen in the water fed into the aquifers that feed the springs in
the Beef Basin region. While the greater number of the springs in this
area tend to be in the deeper portions of the canyons, evidence noted in the
Grand Canyon (Euler, personal communication, 1974) and from the Chippean
Ridge area (Louthan, 1977) argues that prehistoric occupants of this region
were not intimidated by the need tomake steep canyon descents to secure
culinary water.

150

CHAPTER V. PROJECTIONS OF SITE DENSITIES AND CULTURAL
RESOURCE SENSITIVITY IN THE STUDY AREA.

The projection of archeological site densities on the basis of a
1% sample requires only that any figure derived from that sample be
multiplied by 100. On this basis, for example, the 121 sites recorded
in the Indian Creek planning unit can be used to project that an intensive
survey of the entire unit would produce a total of 12, 100 sites. Further,
since the sample included 10 sites of Anasazi affiliation, there is a good
level of probability that 1, 000 of the sites in the planning unit will produce
survey evidence diagnostic of an Anasazi cultural affiliation.

In order to establish more refined projections for site densities
in the three vegetation zones recorded during the survey, the acreage
estimates made by the field crews have been used rather than those given
in the BLM sample unit classifications because the former more accurately
reflect the distribution of forested and brushland cover in the quads. The
wasteland areas need not be taken into account since no sites were found in
lands falling within this classification.

A summary of the acreage encompassed by each zone is given for all
quadrants of each planning unit in Figs. 23, 24, 25, and 26. Site counts
are included for each ecozone within every sample unit and site totals for
each quad are also given. A minor error in acreage calculations is likely
as the result of errors made in the cadastral survey which resulted in the
delineation of a few sections with either more or less than 640 acres.

Using the ecozone acreages compiled for each planning unit and by
incorporating site counts by function and by cultural/temporal position
as given in Figs. 2a and 2b, it becomes possible to project the frequency
of sites in any area within the planning unit in terms of a ratio of ecozone
acreage to sites. Thus, for example, by dividing the 101 chipping sites
that have been recorded into the 2194 acres of juniper and pinon in the
Indian Creek planning unit sample, it can be argued that additional surveys
of Indian Creek juniper-pinon areas should find one chipping site for every
21 acres examined. This type of data is brought together in Fig. 27 where
similar projections are made for sites on the basis of their functions and
according to their cultural/temporal positions.

The bottom line of calculations in Fig. 2 7 represents the projected
frequency of all sites, irrespective of kind. In order to avoid counting
sites more than once, the site counts have been derived from Fig. 21
on page 143.

151

Juniper-Pinon

Brushland

Wasteland

TOTAL
SITES

Total
in

Total
in

Quad

%

Acres

%

Acres

%

Acres

J-P

Brush

11

65%

104

35%

56

30

40%

64

54%

86

6%

10

1

1

33

32%

51

68%

109

1

1

37

80%

128

20%

32

2

2

42

100%

160

43

82%

131

18%

29

5

5

53

60%

96

5%

8

35%

56

1

1

72

100%

160

5

5

88

90%

144

10%

16

11

11

120

75%

120

25%

40

14

14

128

100%

160

185

35%

56

60%

96

5%

8

5

2

3

208

10%

16

90%

144

216

58%

93

30%

48

12%

19

7

2

5

232

45%

72

15%

24

40%

64

1

1

241

70%

112

20%

32

10%

16

242

33%

53

30%

48

37%

59

303

93%

149

7%

11

307

7%

11

93%

149

1

1

314

2%

3

94%

150

4%

7

1

1

374

85%

136

3%

5

12%

19

1

1

399

50%

80

50%

80

6

6

426

80%

128

20%

32

9

2

7

580

100%

160

593

90%

144

10%

16

8

8

663

7%

13

60%

94

33%

53

4

4

692

100%

160

2

2

713

100%

160

10

10

752

10%

16

90%

144

1

1

772

100%

160

1

1

806

75%

120

25%

40

1

1

1001

75%

120

25%

40

14

13

1

TOTALS

42%

2194

38%

1962

20%

964

121

101

10

Fig. 23. Indian Creek Planning Unit. Ecozone and Site Distribution

152

Juniper-Pinon

Brushland

Wasteland

TOTAL
SITES

Total
in

Total
in

Quad

%

Acres

%

Acres

%

Acres

J-P

Brush

32

30%

48

70%

112

43

25%

40

40%

64

35%

56

5

5

47

6%

10

94%

150

115

30%

48

70%

112

4

4

142

33%

53

67%

107

3

3

153

80%

128

20%

32

5

5

209

92%

147

8%

13

269

25%

40

15%

24

60%

96

270

10%

16

35%

56

55%

88

652

30%

48

40%

64

30%

48

1

1

697

65%

104

30%

48

5%

8

1

1

748

78%

125

22%

35

5

4

1

753

75%

120

25%

40

3

3

786

73%

117

27%

43

1

1

TOTALSI 36%

813

24%

522

40%

897

28

15

13

Fig. 24. Castle Valley Planning Unit. Ecozone and Site Distribution

Juniper-Pinon

Brushland

Wasteland

TOTAL
Sites

Total
in

Total
in

Quad

%

Acres

%

Acres

%

Acres

J-P

Brush

3

100%

160

1

1 ,

5

2%

3

98%

157

12

24%

38

78%

122

105

85%

136

15%

24

163

100%

160

5

5

177

91%

146

9%

14

2

2

232

82%

131

18%

29

TOTALS 28%

323

56%

622

16%

175

8

2

6

Fig. 25. Dolores Planning Unit. Ecozone and Site Distribution

Juniper-Pinon

Brushland

Wasteland

TOTAL
SITES

Total
in

Total
in

Quad

%

Acres

%

Acres

%

Acres

J-P

Brush

16

6%

10

94%

150

2

2

32

10%

16

90%

144

22

2

20

59

30%

48

70%

112

1

1

93

42%

67

32%

51

25%

42

8

8

102

10%

16

35%

56

55%

88

9

9

110

72%

115

28%

45

3

3

249

98%

157

2%

3

365

80%

128

20%

32

5

5

446

60%

96

40%

64

4

4

492

50%

80

35%

56

15%

25

7

7

TOTALS 46%

733

28%

460

26%

407

61

24

37

Fig. 26. Beef Basin Planning Unit. Ecozone and Site Distribution

153

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154

The projection of site densities can be carried a bit further to
indicate that, on any tract of land where the ratio of the vegetation zones
is the same as that in the sample, one site of undetermined type can be
found in a given number of acres. Thus, for example, the 121 sites
reported as the total for the Indian Creek planning unit produces one site
for every 34 acres of land examined. This means that, in any future
survey where the ratio of juniper- pinon, brushland, and wasteland is
substantially the same as that in the sample, the discovery of a site for
each 34 acres of land would produce a density of 19 sites per square
mile.

Within this framework of a presumed equivalent ratio of the vegetation
zones, the Castle Valley rate of a site for every 48 acres leads to a cal-
culated planning unit density of 13 sites per square mile. In the Dolores
planning unit a rate of one site for every 188 acres prompts a prediction
of only 5 sites per square mile. In the Beef Basin portion of the project
area, the anticipated rate of a site for every 20 acres of land projects 32
sites per square mile.

While any site count constitutes base line data for estimates of the
cultural resource sensitivity of an area, site density alone is not a measure
of that sensitivity. The distinction is an important one which revolves
around the issues of "significance" and of "redundancy". The significance
of any site is, of course, determined by the nature of the information being
sought in a specific research objective. Thus, within the framework of one
research design, a site may produce little data and thus be regarded as
having minimal significance. In another situation, where research has a
different objective, the site may promise a substantial contribution and thus
be viewed as very significant.

It is clear that no "final" assessment of the significance of any site
can be made since developments within the archeological discipline have
changed and will continue to change at a rapid rate. It may thus happen that
a site lacking significance in terms of research capabilities at one point in
time may assume much greater importance with the development of some new
and unanticipated refinement in research techniques. The significance of any
site, then, is potentially greater in the future than it may appear to be at the
moment it is assessed. In spite of this, however, it is possible to predict
that certain kinds of sites promise to produce more information than others,
even in the future. This is to say that, for most purposes, the relative data
value of certain sites will remain greater than the value of others even with
striking new developments in research designs and methodologies.

155

A case in point is suggested by a hypothetical Mesa Verdean site
which sheltered three or four families for a period of perhaps 50 years.
Such a site would be more significant than a small lithic scatter, lacking
cultural or temporal diagnostics and representing a single point in time
when some unknown prehistoric transient paused to work a few pieces of
stone. There is no question but what some information can be obtained
from the lithic site and it is quite likely that the information derived will
be increased with future developments. At the same time, however, the
lithic scatter represents a limited activity representing only a small part
of the total behavior pattern of the person or persons who stopped there.
The Puebloan habitation site, on the other hand, offers the material
residue of a wide range of activities conducted by persons of known cultural
affiliation, representing a lengthy occupation that doubtless included
individuals of both sexes and of a wide range in ages. It should be clear,
then, that the habitation site is more significant in terms of the data that
it may yield and, future developments in the discipline notwithstanding, its
significance will remain greater than that of the lithic scatter.

It is also necessary to take into account the issue of "redundancy". The
significance of a site is is not altered by the frequency of the occurance of
sites of the same type. Tt is true, however, that in cases where sites of
a particular type are abundant, the loss of a small percentage of the total
within the type is of somewhat less cause for concern than would be the loss
of sites that are much fewer in number.

With the above considerations in mind, the archeological sensitivity
of any area can be calculated in terms of the potential loss of information
concerning prehistoric (and, in some cases, historic) behavior if the sites
are damaged or destroyed in the process of earth-disturbing activities or by
the proximity of activities which may introduce an increased number of
persons to an area. In somewhat subjective terms, areas can be classified
as having a high, medium, or low archeological sensitivity. This means
that, in the judgement of the analyist, areas of high archeological sensitivity
are ones in which cultural resources promise to yield substantial bodies of
information which will be lost as the result of certain kinds of activity. In
such instances the mitigating measures, either avoidance or excavation,
are urgently needed.

In areas designated as having medium archeological sensitivity, it is
felt that a significant loss will occur as the result of some kinds of activity
but the loss is not as great as in the case of the sites in regions of high
sensitivity. The reduced loss exists either because the sites promise less
information or because there are large numbers of limited activity sites
and the loss of a small percentage of these would not substantially reduce

156

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CANYON LANDS

NATIONAL

NATIONAL

SITE KEY

A CHIPPING

• HABITATION

* STORAGE
O CAMP

D CERAMIC

U ROCK SHELTER

■ ROCK ART

SENSITIVITY KEY

MEDIUM

W/.

FIG. 29 INDIAN CREEK: CULTURAL RESOURCE SENSITIVITY PROJECTION.

158

SENSITIVITY KEY

• HABITATION

3 STORAGE

□ CERAMIC

3 ROCKSHELTER

■ ROCK ART

MEDIUM

LOW

FIG. 30 CASTLE VALLEY: CULTURAL RESOURCE SENSITIVITY PROJECTION.

159

SENSITIVITY KEY

MEDIUM

LOW

SITE KEY

A CHIPPING
■ ROCK ART

Westwater

FIG. 31 DOLORES: CULTURAL RESOURCE SENSITIVITY PROJECTION.

160

the data base. This is not to say that these sites should not be protected
by avoidance or that they should not be studied for whatever information
they may yield when destruction cannot be avoided, but in the allocation
of limited time and funds, these sites would have a somewhat lower priority
where mitigating measures are required.

Areas of low cultural resource sensitivity are perhaps the most
difficult to characterize. For purposes of this paper it can be said that
low levels of sensitivity are suggested under conditions where site density
appears to be low and where the sites that do exist tend to be limited activity
sites which are all very similar. The sensitivity maps prepared for this
report include some areas for which data is actually lacking. Given the
nature of the sampling process, however, it seems preferable to omit a
category for "unknown" since, carried to its logical extreme, that category
would apply to everything except the actual sample quads. Obviously a
larger sample size would make it possible to draw maps suggesting differing
areas of archeological sensitivity in much greater detail. At the same time,
however, it is here suggested that the data collected to this point will support
the general outline of cultural resource sensitivity plotted in Figs. 28, 29, 30,
and 31.

The greater portion of the Beef Basin planning unit is thought to have a
high cultural resource sensitivity (Fig. 28). The evaluation is based upon
the sites recorded in the sample as well as those reported in the literature.
These sites are not only numerous, they reveal a high percentage of structural
and/or ceramic sites indicative of multiple activities. At the northeastern
end of the unit the sensitivity is believed to fall to the medium range. The
number of sites in this region appears to be less and the range of activities
manifest in the sites that do occur tends to be more restricted.

The area of medium archeological sensitivity extends from the eastern
edge of the Beef Basin unit into the Indian Creek planning unit in a rough
triangle which expands towards the northeast (Fig. 29). This zone of
medium sensitivity is dominated by a profusion of lithic sites. From the
perspective of this project, the southeastern portion of the unit is listed as
having a low level of sensitivity when, in fact, it remains substantially
unknown. A tract more legitimately labeled low sensitivity extends along
the western edge of the planning unit with a slight tendency to widen as it
extends to the north where it eventually encounters another area of medium
sensitivity in the extreme northwestern corner of the unit along the smaller
drainages flowing into the Colorado River.

In the Castle Valley planning unit (Fig. 30) an area of medium archeo-
logical sensitivity extends roughly along the east bank of the Colorado until
it merges with a similar area extending south along the lower reaches of the

161

Dolores River. At the southern end of the Castle Valley unit there is
also a zone of medium sensitivity which merges into the area of lithic
scatters in the Indian Creek unit. The balance of the Castle Valley area
is one of low sensitivity extending from the southwest towards the north-
east. This area is bounded on the east by the Manti-LaSal National Forest,
a region where it is believed that the cultural resource sensitivity probably
increases to medium levels.

In the southwestern portion of the Dolores planning unit (Fig 31) is
a tract of land bounded on the south by the Dolores River and on the west
by the Colorado River which is rated as having a medium sensitivity. The
balance of this unit is rated as having a low sensitivity. Reports of
additional sites, apparently non-diagnostic lithic scatters, known to have
been recorded in the unit might alter the assessment to some extent but
the reports are not available and there is thus no hard data upon which to
base a modification of present classifications.

162

CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSIONS

For archeologists who believe that there is much in the discipline
that properly lies within the realm of the humanities, the application of
quantitative methods must always remain suspect. This is doubtless a
healthy dissent which may serve to remind the quantifiers and the statisticians
that it is a "human" record that is being studied and not merely the patterns
and traces of numbers and symbols. The fact remains, of course, that
accumulation of data in significant amount provides the only adequate basis
from which many trends may be discerned. This has been evident even
within the confines of the present modest project.

The projected density of 32 sites per square mile in the Beef Basin
planning unit for areas with appropriate vegetation cover compares in
striking fashion with the site densities known for White Mesa and for Cedar
Mesa. Also comparable is the dominating evidence of the Mesa Verde
occupation of each of these areas. The virtual absence of Pueblo I in Beef
Basin aligns its patterns more with Cedar Mesa than it does with White
Mesa where one worker has argued (Thompson, 1977) for a strong Pueblo I
and early Pueblo II occupation.

As the perspective is shifted from Beef Basin to the Indian Creek
unit, the general site density and the evidence of Anasazi activity are
both markedly diminished. The projected site density of 19 per square mile
marks a sharp reduction in the evidence of human activity but, even more
striking is the fact that the number of Anasazi sites falls, in terms of
absolute numbers, to a point more than 75% below the count in Beef Basin.
This reduction in the Anasazi site count becomes even more remarkable
when it is viewed in terms of the number of sites per square mile. The
results project 21 Anasazi sites per square mile of forested and brush-
covered land in the Beef Basin planning unit but they point to only 1. 6
Anasazi sites on similar ground in the Tndian Creek unit. Even allowing
for the possibility that many of the Indian Creek lithic scatters are of
Anasazi origin, it is evident that the lands of the Indian Creek planning
unit played a less significant role in the Anasazi adaptive strategy than
did the lands in the Beef Basin region.

An apparent density of 13 sites of all kinds for each square mile in
the Castle Valley planning unit indicates a still further decline in the
evidence of prehistoric use. The Anasazi mark is found at only four sites
which tend to occur within a few miles of the Colorado River. Finally,
north of the Dolores River, evidence of the Anasazi presence is, thus far,

163

totally lacking. The data project only 5 lithic sites per square mile.
Thus, while there is evidence of limited prehistoric activity in the
Dolores unit, in terms of diagnostic material, it would appear that the
void between the Mesa Verde and Fremont peoples does exist.

There is, of course, much that remains to be done. A more com-
plete knowledge of the extent of the Mesa Verdean northward thrust and
the factors that blunted it should be gained by more intensive surveys in
the western parts of the Indian Creek and Castle Valley planning units.
Further light may also be shed on the northward thinning of Anasazi
activity by additional survey efforts south of the Monticello latitude.

Evidence of the Archaic occupation has proven tenuous in the extreme
while documentation of the Southern Paiute or Shoshonean presence is
little better. It is to be hoped that, by the time that a full ten percent
sample of the area has been completed, evidence of the Archaic and of the
Paiute will emerge to the degree that some understanding of their patterns
may be obtained. The findings of this survey suggest, however, that the
prospects for such data are not good. Some improvement in the results
may be obtained by examining with particular care those lithic sites yielding
tools and tool fragments in addition to the more common manufacturing
debitage. Such sites may produce evidence, thus far unrecognized, of
repeated use by non-Anasazi peoples.

Finally, more intensive survey work should be done along the Colorado
River in the lower reaches of the canyons of the Beef Basin unit and along
the western edges of the Castle Valley and Dolores planning units. Sharrock
(1966) has already presented evidence arguing that the northward thinning
of Anasazi sites is apparent within Canyonlands National Park while he
failed to find any indication that Fremont peoples crossed the river from the
north and the west. Lindsay's review of the archeology of Grand County
supports this view rather strongly. The lands administered by the Bureau
of Land Management which might produce further evidence on these issues,
were not well covered during the course of this sample and research in this
area should have a high priority.

In view of the fact that many additional contracts will be awarded as a
part of the sampling program, some procedural suggestions based on the
present experience would seem to be in order.

1. No contract solicitations should be made until the entire project
design has been completed and the sample units have been marked on maps.
Although they could be required to pay for them, offerors should have a set
of maps available in order to prepare realistic cost estimates. Every field
worker knows that grass or brush on terrain of low relief can be surveyed

164

at a cost much lower than that required to survey an equivalent area of
broken and forested land bisected by a deep and steep-walled canyon.
If, however, the grassland plot can be reached only by a 20 mile hike
from the nearest road while a highway runs through the canyon in the
second instance, cost estimates would be substantially altered in both
cases.

2. Stratification of the sample units should continue but explicit
recognition should be given to the fact that an on-the- ground examination
of a unit may show that more than one ecozone is represented although
the research design has characterized the unit as involving a single
vegetative assemblage. In this connection, it would prove advantageous
if each project were begun with a consulting session between members of
the archeological survey teams and range management personnel in the
district. The criteria by which tracts of land are classed as juniper- pinon,
brushland, or grassland are probably quite obvious to the professional
range specialist but they are not so clear to the nonspecialist. Range
management personnel could also provide invaluable guidance in the identifi-
cation of major groups of plant materials.

3. Surveys sampled at a 10% rate are more efficient than those sampled
at the 1% level. The concern felt here is not for any presumed increase in
the accuracy of the resulting projections, but is, rather for greater efficiency
in the survey process. If the higher rate of sampling is used in a smaller
area, the quadrants will be more numerous and, in general, closer together.
This means that knowledge of access routes to quadrants will more often
than not be applicable to more than one sample unit and thus much less time
would be spent in locating units and in moving from one tract to another.

4. The practice of soliciting offers for contracts which then require
time for the evaluation, the circulating of further questions, and then final
decision while requiring that the work be completed within the same fiscal
year results in an unrealistic reduction in the time available for the completion
of a project. Tf conditions were properly spelled out, it should be legally
permissible to solicit offers for a number of contracts prior to the start

of a fiscal year. Priority numbers could be assigned to each project, perhaps
on the basis of funds available for similar work in the previous year. De-
cisions could thus be made well in advance and the actual award of contracts
could be made within a few days after the allocation of funds for a fiscal
year have been made and the maximum lead time could thus be given the
offerors. In the event that projects had been negotiated for which funds
were not available, offerors could also be notified immediately after the
start of the fiscal year. While the contract archeologist might occasionally
find that he had devoted considerable time to preparing estimates for projects

165

that cancelled, this inconvenience would be outweighed by the opportunity
to plan work over a longer period of time. He would be able, as he is
not now able, to make adjustments in his work schedule for obtaining
staffing commitments and for meeting logistic demands.

166

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Berry, Michael S. An Archeological Survey of the Northeast Portion
1975 of Arches National Park. Antiquities Section Collected
Papers, Vol. 1, No. 3. Salt Lake City.

Breternitz , D. A., A. H. Rohn Jr., and E. A. Morris. Prehistoric Ceramics

1974 of the Mesa Verde Region. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic
Series , No. 5. Flagstaff.

Brew, John Otis. Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, Southeastern Utah. Papers
1946 of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology,
Harvard University, Vol. 21.

Camilli, Eileen. Prehistoric Settlement Pattern on Cedar Mesa, Southeastern

1975 Utah. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Northern Arizona University.
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Colton, Harold S. Pottery Types of the Southwest. Museum of Northern
1955 Arizona Ceramic Series, No. 3. Flagstaff.

Dalley, Gardiner F. (ed.) Highway U-95 Archeology: Comb Wash to
1973 Grand Flat. Special Report. Department of Anthropology,
University of Utah. Salt Lake City.

DeBloois, Evan E. The Elk Ridge Archeological Project: a Test of Random

1975 Sampling in Archeological Surveying. Archeological Report,
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Dykman, James L. High Altitude Anasazi Lithic Assemblages: 1972

1976 Elk Ridge Archaeological Project, Manti-LaSal National
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Classification and Cultural Inference. Unpublished MA.
Thesis, Brigham Young University. Provo.

Fike , Richard E. and LaMar W. Lindsay. Archeological Survey of the
1976 Bluff Bench/San Juan River and White Mesa Areas, San Juan

County, Utah 1973-1974. Antiquities Section Selected Papers,
Vol. 3, No. 9. Salt Lake City.

Forsythe, Donald W. A Preliminary Classification of Anasazi Ceramics
1972 from Montezuma Canyon, San Juan County, Southeastern

Utah. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Brigham Young University.
Provo.

167

Fowler, Don D. Glen Canyon Main Stem Survey. In_: Don D. Fowler,

1959a et_.al_. The Glen Canyon Archeological Survey . University

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1959b The Glen Canyon Archeological Survey. University of Utah

Anthropological Papers, No. 39, Part III. Salt Lake City.

Fowler, Don D. , David B. Madsen, and Eugene M. Hattori. Prehistory of
1973 Southeastern Nevada. Desert Research Institute Publications

in the Social Sciences, No. 6. Reno.

Goss, James A. Ute Linguistics and Anasazi Abandonment of the Four

1965 Corners Area . In_: Douglas Osborne, et_.al_. Contributions

of the Wetherill Mesa Project. American Antiquity, Vol. 31,
No. 2, Pt. 2, Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology,
No. 19. Salt Lake City.

Green, Dee F. Lithic Sites of the LaSal Mountains, Southeastern Utah.
1974 Archeological Report, No. 3. U.S. Forest Service , Inter-

mountain Region. Ogden.

Gunnerson, James H. Archeological Survey in the Hammond Canyon Area,
1962 Southeastern Utah. Miscellaneous Collected Papers, No. 2.

University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 60. Salt Lake City,

Hall, Edward T. Archeological Survey of the Walhalla Glades. Museum of
1942 Northern Arizona , Bulletin 20. Flagstaff.

Harmon, Craig B. Cave Canyon Village (42Sa2096): Excavations in the
1977 Early Pueblo Components, Montezuma Canyon, San Juan

County, Southeastern Utah. Unpublished M. A. Thesis,
Brigham Young University. Provo.

Haury, Emil W. Speculations on Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the

1956 Southwest. In_: Gordon R. Willey (ed.) . Prehistoric Settle-

ment Patterns in the New World. Viking Fund Publications
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Hunt, Alice P. Recommendations for Additional Work in the Indian Creek

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1953 Archeological Survey of the LaSal Mountain Area, Utah.
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168

Hunt, Alice P. and Bates Wilson. Archeological Sites in the Horse Canyon

1952 Area, San Juan County, Utah. File Report. University of Utah.

Jennings, Jesse D. Prehistory of North America. New York.
1974

Lindsay, LaMar W. Grand County: An Archeological Summary. Antiquities
1976 Section, Division of State History. Salt Lake City.

Lipe, William D. , et_.al_. 1959 Excavations, Glen Canyon Area. University
1960 of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 49. Salt Lake City.

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Flagstaff.

Lipe, William D. and Richard A. Thompson. Some Considerations for

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Louthan, Bruce D. Anasazi Occupation Near Chippean Ridge: Site Types,

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Marwitt, John P. Preliminary Survey of the Manti-LaSal National Forest.

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Patterson, Gregory R. A Preliminary Study of an Anasazi Settlement (42Sa971)

1975 Prior to A.D. 900 in Montezuma Canyon, San Juan County,
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Pierson, Lloyd M. Archaeological Resources of the Needles Area. Jn_:
1959 Field Investigation Report: Proposed Needles National

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169

Plog, Fred T. The Study of Prehistoric Change. Academic Press, New York.
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Prudden, T. Mitchell. A Further Study of Prehistoric Small House Ruins

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170

U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Moab District Utah. Castle Valley

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1972 Castle Valley Planning Unit Resource Analysis. Ms. on
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B. L. M. office, Moab.

1976 Indian Creek Planning Unit Resource Analysis. Ms. on
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1977 Cultural Resource Sample Design. Ms. on file at B. L. M.
office, Moab.

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1959 Glen Canyon A rcheological Survey. University of Utah

Anthropological Papers, No. 3 9, Part II. Salt Lake City.

Wikle, Les. Lithic Artifacts of Montezuma Canyon; an Inventory and a

1976 Cultural Application. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Brigham

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1974 Flat. Special Report. Department of Anthropology, University
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171

Appendix A

Tabulated Site Data

172

Site Number

SA5925SA5926ISA592 75A5928SA5929 3A5930 5A5931

5A59323A59333A5934

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

216

216

216

216

216

216

216

185

185

185

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

Undisturbed

Good

X

X

X

X

X

X

Fair

X

X

X

X

Poor

Destroyed

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

Basis

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

Habitation

X

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

Level

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

Cave

Slope

X

X

X

X

X

X

Ridge

X

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1780

1780

1767

1792

1792

1792

1767

1829

1780

1792

Direct, of Slope

280°

270°

80o

270°

10°

220°

75°

185°

17°

Degree of Slope

11°

1-12°

4U

l-10u

5°

level

3°

4°

8U

2^

Distance to water

0.75

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.7

1.0

0.7

3.0

0.1

0.7

Direction to water

NE

NE

E

E

E

W

NW

NW

S

E

CnJI

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

1 x

X

1 *

X

X

X

X

X

173

Site Number

SA5935

3A5936

|SA5937

SA5938

SA5939

SA5940

3A594L

5A5942

3A5943

3A5944.

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

185

185

37

37

772

232

399

399

399

399

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

X

X

X

Good

X

X

X

X

X

Fair

X

Poor

Destroyed

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

X

Age. Estim.

P-II

Puebl<

)

Basis

sherd

style

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

X

Storage

Rockshelter

X

Rock Art

X

X

X

X

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

X

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

Level

X

X

X

X

X

Broken

X

X

X

Canyon Bottom

X

Bench/Terrace

X

Cave

Slope

X

Ridge

X

X

X

Ledge

X

X

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

X

Talus

X

X

X

Elevation

1792

1768

178

1792

1731

1865

1829

1828

1828

1828

Direct, of Slope

40°

105c

40c

105c

105c

275c

270c

260c

260°

Degree of Slope

1°

4C

flat

2C

3C

3-5°

8G

3-5c

10c

3-5°

Distance to water

3.0

0.5

1.0

0.7

0.8

2.5

0.1

2.0

0.2

0-2

Direction to water

E

SE

N

N

W

SW

W

W

W

W

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

zl

X

Aeolian

X

X

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

174

Site Number

SA5945SA5946SA5947SA59485A5949 3A5950 3A5951

3A5952

3A5952

3A5954.

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

399

399

374

53

314

593

593

593

593

593

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

_ j . .

Undisturbed

X

X

Good

Fair

X

X

X

X

Poor

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

X

X

Age. Estim.

Puebl(

) P-III

Basis

rock

sherd

Chipping

wall

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

X

Habitation

Storage

X

X

Rockshelter

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

Level

X

X

X

Broken

X

X

X

X

X

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

Cave

Slope

X

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

X

X

X

X

X

Cliff edge

X

Overhang

X

X

Talus

Elevation

1877

1871

1780

1926

1463

1929

1929

1920

1914

1914

Direct, of Slope

310°

340

270°

180°

300u

310u

125u

155c

155u

Degree of Slope

2°

6°

2°

7°

level

2°

2-4°

30

2C

lu

Distance to water

1.0

1.0

0.8

2.0

0.4

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

Direction to water

w

W

W

E

W

SW

SW

SW

SW

Soil

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

Aeolian

X

X

X

X

X

None (rock)

X

X

Residual

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

\

175

Site Number

SA5955SA5956SA5957SA5958SA5959 3A596C

15A5961
IC

5A59623A596:

3A5964

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

593

593

593

806

806

806

806

806

806

806

Nat'l. Res- Recomm.

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

X

X

X

X

Poor

X

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

P-II

Basis

sherd

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

X

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

X

X

X

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

X

X

Elevation

1914

1890

1926

1884

1875

1865

1835

1847

1853

1859

Direct, of Slope

290°

330°

90°

340°

90°

180°

5°

45°

10°

270°

Degree of Slope

1°

1°

l6

4°

0-2°

3°

0-7°

4°

0-4°

4-8u

Distance to water

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.6

2.5

2.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

2.0

Direction to water

SW

SW

SW

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Cm'1

Colluvial

X

X

Alluvial

X

X

Aeolian

X

X

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

Junipcr/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

176

Site Number

.£Ai9_6JSAiM6SA5967 3A59683A596S

5A59ZC

I5A5971

iA5JiZ2 3A5273

3A5974.

Planning Unit

IC

TC

TC

TC

TC

IC

IC

TC

TC

TC

Quad Number

806

806

806

806

806

806

806

713

713

713

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

X

X

Poor

X

X

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

Basis

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

X

X

X

Canyon Bottom

X

Bench/Terrace

X

X

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1966

1926

1908

1969

1859

1914

1950

2002

1975

1962

Direct, of Slope

180°

45°

180°

70U

135°

15°

335°

195°

200°

Degree of Slope

3-8°

2°

6°

8-15u

4U

3°

0-7°

5°

level

6U

Distance to water

2.0

3.0

3.0

2.6

2.4

2.4

2.6

0.9

0.8

0.4

Direction to water

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

SW

SW

SW

Qni 1 - - —

Colluvial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Alluvial

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

177

Site Number

SA5975

SA597dSA5977

^ASq78SASq79:5A59803A59815A5982 3A5983 3A598A.

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

713

713

713

713

713

713

713

663

663

663

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

X

X

Poor

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

X

Construct ion

X

Salvage Recomm.

■

X

Age. Estim.

P-II

BM-II

Bas is

sherd

feats .

rh ioD inE

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

X

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

-

Subsurface Rooms

X

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

X

X

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench /Terr ace

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Cave

V 1

Slope

X

Ridge

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

OvprhanE

Talus

X

Elevation

1975

1970

1901

1902

1889

1889

1874

1878

1902

1890

Direct, of Slope

170°

195°

250°

235°

220°

220°

HZ

10m

185°

225u

215u

270

Degree of Slope

2°

1°

2°

3°

o-:°

T7"

0-6°

2-6u

3°

Distance to water

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.3

0.1

75m

0.5

0.6

0.6

Direction to water

S

S

S

S

E

N

NE

W

NW

W

Colluvial

X

— — —

-

Alluvial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

•7

Aeolian

X

X

None (rock)

Residual

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

,

178

Site Number

SA598

SSA5986SA5987SA5988SA598'

>SA599(
IC

1SA59913A5992SA5993SA5994.

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

663

692

692

88

88

88

88

88

88

88

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

n J ^ «- •

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

Poor

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

Basis

X

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

Cave

Slope

X

X

X

Ridge

X

X

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

X

X

X

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1927

2176

2164

2133

2121

2130

2127

2103

2133

2127

Direct, of Slope

200u

90u

220u

180-5

300°

195°

345°

170°

2 you

l/bL

Degree of Slope

6°

lu

4°

3u

2U

2u

5U

3U

3u

5°

Distance to water

0.3

1.6

1.2

Direction to water

SW

SE

SE

Sni 1

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

179

Site Number

SA599

!SA599(SA599

/SA599JSA599SSA6OOCSA60O1SA60O2SA6OO:

3SA6004.

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

88

88

88

88

120

120

120

120

120

120

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

Poor

X

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

Construction

X

X

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

Basis

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

Cave

Slope

X

X

X

X

Ridge

X

X

X

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

2121

2118

2109

2078

2000

2000

2009

2006

2000

2006

Direct, of Slope

65°

270°

200°

340°

275°

210°

240°

all

285°

Degree of Slope

5°

2-4°

5°

4°

5°

5°

1-7°

5°

Distance to water

10.0

10.0

0.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.7

1.0

Direction to water

S

S

N

N

N

N

N

N

9ni 1

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

Aeolian

X

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

X

_JL

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

180

Site Number

SA600

I SA600* SA6007 SA600? SA6009 SA601C SA6011 SA6012 SA6013 SA6014

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

120

1001

1001

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

_ , . .

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

Poor

X

X

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

... , , , T

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

Construction

X

X

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

Archaic

Basis

point

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

X

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

X

X

X

X

X

X

Ridge

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

2006

2001

2015

2018

2018

2014

2000

1996

1926

1923

Direct, of Slope

all

205°

260°

220°

260°

340°

350°

15°

180°

190c

Degree of Slope

0-6°

4°

4°

4°

2°

4°

4°

5°

2-7°

3C

Distance to water

1.2

1.4

1.4

1.2

0.9

0.5

0.3

0.3

1.7

1.6

Direction to water

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

S

S

Cnil

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

181

Site Number

■SA601NSA601

(1SA6OI

] SA6JUJSA601

SA602f SA6071SA60?

SA60?

SA6024

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

TC

TC

TC

ir.

Tr.

Quad Number

1001

1001

1001

1001

1001

1001

1001

1001

X

X

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

Poor

X

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

X

X

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

Basis

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

X

X

X

Cave

Slope

X

X

X

X

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

X

Elevation

1920

1950

1938

1926

1926

1926

2048

1926

1999

2001

Direct, of Slope

220°

270°

240°

220°

2 50°

120°

40°

240°

150(

350c

Degree of Slope

1-4°

2°

2°

6°

30

2°

2°

2°

0-6°

5C

Distance to water

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.5

1.2

0.3

0.1

Direction to water

S

SW

SW

SW

S

S

S

S

E

E

Cni 1

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

11

X

182

Site Number

SA602

= SA602CSA6027SA602ESA6029SA6(nnSAfifm ^AfSOl^AfSOT^AfSOId

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

X

X

72

72

72

72

72

426

426

426

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

Poor

X

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

Grazing

X

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

P-II

Basis

point

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

Level

X

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

X

X

X

X

Ridge

X

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

2008

1987

2005

1993

2002

2004

2023

1746

1748

1728

Direct, of Slope

105°

20°

95°

310°

90°

70°

10°

340°

220°

180°

Degree of Slope

1°

3°

2°

4°

0-6°

3-7°

5°

2°

2°

0-10°

Distance to water

0.4

0.4

1.0

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

0.2

0.7

20m

Direction to water

E

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NW

NW

S

qm'i _

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

1

X

183

Site Number

SA603:SA603(:SA603

; SA603

ESA603

;SA604(
IC

:sa604:

ISA604

SA604

'SA6044

Planning Unit

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

IC

Quad Number

426

426

426

426

426

426

X

30

752

X

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

X

X

X

X

Fair

Poor

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

X

X

X

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

BM-II

BM-II

Basis

style

feats,

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

Habitation

Storage

X

Rockshelter

Rock Art

X

X

X

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

X

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

Level

X

X

X

X

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

X

Cliff edge

X

X

X

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1816

1743

1749

1759

1749

1749

1609

1609

1609

1957

Direct, of Slope

30°

130°

270°

320°

270°

240°

270°

90°

180°

90°

Degree of Slope

3°

0-4°

4°

1°

4°

3°

vert .

vert

vert

2°

Distance to water

100m

100m

100m

0.2

0.4

0.8

2.0

2.0

1.0

1.0

Direction to water

W

S

N

E

NE-SW

S

N

N

E

NE

Cn-j 1 _ _ _

Colluvial

X

Alluvial

X

X

X

X

X

Aeolian

X

X

None (rock)

Residual

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

X

X j X

X X

X

X

184

Site Number

SA604!SA604(SA604

;SA604£SA604

;SA605(

:sa605:

ISA605:
CV

:SA605.

;SA6054

Planning Unit

CV

CV

CV

CV

CV

CV

CV

CV

BB

Quad Number

748

748

748

748

748

753

753

753

652

365

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

Poor

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

Construction

X

X

X

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

P-II

Basis

sherd

;

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

Level

X

X

Broken

X

X

X

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

X

X

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1731

1780

1780

1804

1853

1622

1585

1573

1487

1987

Direct, of Slope

270°

330°

80°

50°

130°

130°

110°

120°

340°

50c

Degree of Slope

2-15°

4°

3°

2°

2°

7°

5°

4°

4°

4C

Distance to water

0.2

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.5

0.8

1.8

250m

1.2

Direction to water

NW

N

NE

NE

E

S

S__

E

E

qn1'i

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

X

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

X

X

X

X

X

185

Site Number

SA605

cSA605<:SA6057SA60,SFSAfinsqSAfinfinSA6n61 SAfinfi^Afinfi^AfinAA.

Planning Unit

BB

BB

BB

BB

IC

IC

cv

cv

CV

CV

Quad Number

365

365

365

365

307

33

143

143

143

143

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

X

Good

X

X

X

X

Fair

X

i uor

X

X

X

Destroyed

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

X

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

PII-II]

P-HI

Paiute

Basis

sherd

sherd

sherd

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

Habitation

Storage

X

Rockshelter

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

X

X

X

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

Level

X

X

X

X

X

Broken

X

Canyon Bottom

X

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

X

X

X

v

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

X

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1996

1999

1950

1950

1407

1243

178Q_

1780

1877

1902

Direct, of Slope

100°

20°

100°

220°

270°

35°;

00-21f

0 270c

270°

Degree of Slope

10°

vert.

1°

4°

1°

2°

1-2°

1-2°

3°

8°

Distance to water

0.8

2.0

1.0

50m

10m

0.6

1.0

Direction to water

N

W

N

W

E

W

W

Colluvial

X

Alluvial

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

x

186

Site Number

SA606

'SA606

dSA606

/SA606<

3SA6O69SA6O70 5A6O715A6O72SA6O7:
BB BB BB BB BB

JSA6074

Planning Unit

CV

CV

BB

BB

BB

Quad Number

143

697

16

16

59

492

492

492

492

492

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

X

X

Good

X

X

X

X

X

Fair

X

Poor

X

X

Destroyed

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

Grazing

X

Construction

X

Salvage Recomm.

X

Age. Estim.

P-III

P-II

P-II

Puebl

) P-II
sherd

Basis

sherd

she re

sherd

sherd

Chipping

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

Habitation

X

x

X

X

Storage

X

X

Rockshelter

X

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

X

Granaries

Ceramics

X

X

X

X

X

Diag. Lithics

X

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Level

X

X

X

X

Broken

X

X

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

X

X

Ridge

X

Ledge

X

X

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

X

Overhang

X

X

Talus

Elevation

1829

1902

2C48'

2040

1901

2170

2145

2121

2133

2133

Direct, of Slope

190°

290°

245°

245°

all

0°

15°

210°

260°

270°

Degree of Slope

2o

15+°

2°

level

flat

flat

3°

3-5°

3°

Distance to water

0.2

1.2

8.0+

8.0+

0.2

1.7

1.7

1.0

0.8

0.7

Direction to water

W

E

SW

SW

E

SW

SW

s

s

SW

Sn-r 1 -

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

X

X

X

X

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

187

Site Number

5A60753A6076kA6077

>A607£

3A6079

>A6080 5A6081:5A6082

;A6083 5A6084

Planning Unit

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

Quad Number

492

492

X

110

110

110

446

446

446

446

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

X

X

X

Good

X

X

X

X

X

Fair

X

X

Poor

Destroyed

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

X

Age. Estim.

P-III

P-III

3M-II

BM-II

P-III

Basis

sherc

sherd

feats .

feats

sherd

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

Habitation

X

X

X

Storage

X

Rockshelter

X

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

X

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

X

X

Granaries

Ceramics

X

X

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

Level

X

X

X

X

X

Broken

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

Cave

X

Slope

Ridge

X

X

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

X

X

X

Cliff edge

Overhang

X

Talus

Elevation

2133

2121

2109

2073

2100

2073

2194

2145

2145

2145

Direct, of Slope

145°

145°

185°

185°

155u

270U

100°

120u

Degree of Slope

4°

level

level

lu

1°

level

15°

Distance to water

0.8

0.8

0.5

1.2

1.2

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

Direction to water

SW

SW

S

NW

NW

S

E

E

E

E

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

188

Site Number

SA6085SA6086SA6087SA60883A6089 5A609C

5A6091

5A6092

5A6093

5A6094

Planning Unit

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

Quad Number

X

, 32

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

X

X

X

X

Poor

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

X

Age. Estim.

P-.II

P-III

P-III

PII-II]

PIII

P-III

P-II

PII-II]

P-II

Basis

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherc

sherd

Chipping

X

X

Camp

X

X

X

X

Habitation

X

X

X

X

Storage

X

Rockshelter

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

X

X

X

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

X

Granaries

Ceramics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Level

X

X

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

Cave

X

X

Slope

X

x

Ridge

X

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

X

Talus

Elevation

2025

1865

1853

1829

1865

1853

1878

1867

1868

1865

Direct, of Slope

all

level

level

15°

120°

10°

120°

90°

30°

Degree of Slope

4°

4°

6°

3°

Distance to water

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

Direction to water

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

9 m" 1

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

189

Site Number

SA6095

SA6096

SA6097

5A6098

3A6099

5A61QQ
BB

5A6101

5A6102

5A6103 5A6104.

Planning Unit

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

Quad Number

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

32

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

X

X

X

X

Poor

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

X

Age. Estim.

P-II

P-III

P-III

P-III

P-III

P-II

P-II

p-in

P-III

P-III

Basis

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

sherd

Chipping

X

X

Camp

X

X

X

X

Habitation

X

X

Storage

X

X

X

X

Rockshelter

X

X

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

X

X

X

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

X

X

Ceramics

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

X

X

X

X

Cave

S lope

X

Ridge

Ledge

X

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

X

X

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1878

1871

1875

1871

1871

1879

1877

1920

1914

1917

Direct, of Slope

160°

90°

90°

6°

130°

0°

90°

5°

80u

93u

__ — -. — _

Degree of Slope

1-4°

0-3°

4°

0-3°

1-6°

1-3°

F-

1-4U

1-3°

Distance to water

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

Direction to water

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

SW Desert Shrub

-

190

pite Number

SA6105SA6106SA6107SA6108SA610SSA611CSA6111SA611:

SA611-

SA6114

Planning Unit

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

Quad Number

32

32

32

102

102

102

102

102

102

102

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

X

Fair

X

Poor

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

PII-II

P-III

PI-II

P-II

Basis

sherc

sherd

sherd

sherd

Chipping

X

X

assoc

, X

Camp

X

X

X

X

Habitation

X

X

Storage

X

Rockshelter

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

X

X

X

Subsurface Rooms

X

Cists

X

Granaries

X

Ceramics

X

X

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

X

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

X

Cliff edge

X

Overhang

X

Talus

Elevation

1923

1923

1911

1/43

1744

I773~

1743

1749

1737

Direct, of Slope

230°

180°

180°

350°

250°

240°

180°

240°

160°

240°

Degree of Slope

3°

2-3°

2-3°

5°

5°

5°

f

6°

7°

Distance to water

3.0

3.0

3.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

Direction to water

NE

NE

NE

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

X

X

X

None (rock)

X

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

SW Desert Shrub

X X

x

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

191

Site Number

3A6115 3A6116 3A6117 3A611£

5A611S

>3A6120SA6121SA6122SA612 3SA6124

Planning Unit

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

BB

Quad Number

102

102

93

93

93

93

93

93

93

93

Nat'l. Reg- Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

X

X

X

X

X

Poor

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

BMII

BMII

Basis

feats

feats

.

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

X

X

Habitation

Storage

X

Rockshelter

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

X

X

X

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

X

X

Canyon Bottom

X

X

X

Bench/Terrace

X

X

X

X

X

Cave

Slope

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

Talus

Elevation

1694

L694

L706

1698

L698

1731

1719

1719

1728

1731

Direct, of Slope

0°

2°

200°

160°

190u

120°

140°

120"

190o

140°

Degree of Slope

3°

4U

2u

2°

4U

4°

5U

5°

5°

4°

Distance to water

0.2

0.2

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.6

3.6

3.8

Direction to water

N

N

SW

W

W

W

W

W

W

W

9 m' 1

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

Aeolian

X

X

X

X

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

SW Desert Shrub

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

192

pite Number

GR702

GR703

GR704

GR705 GR706

GR707

GR708

GR709

GR710

GR711

Planning Unit

CV

CV

CV

DO

DO

DO

DO

CV

CV

CV

Quad Number

142

142

142

163

177

477

3

153

153

153

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

X

X

X

X

Undisturbed

X

X

Good

X

X

Fair

X

X

Poor

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

X

X

Grazing

X

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

X

Age. Estim.

P-III,

pii-pi:

Basis

BMIII

sherd

Chipping

sherc

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

X

X

Habitation

X

Storage

Rockshelter

X

X

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

X

Diag. Lithics

X

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

Level

X

X

X

X

Broken

X

X

X

Canyon Bottom

X

X

X

Bench/Terrace

X

Cave

Slope '

X

X

Ridge

X

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

X

X

X

Talus

X

*

Elevation

1438

1414

1414

1478

1463

1450

1403

1706

1706

1703

Direct, of Slope

120°

20u

245°

210c

15°

240u

200°

90°

200°

Degree of Slope

4U

2-3°

1°

5°

5L

5*

3o

4°

5°

7°

Distance to water

0.7

0.7

0.5

4.8

0.5

0-5

1.5

1.2

Direction to water

SW

SW

S

S

NE

N

W

E

^nl 1 -

Colluvial

Alluvial

X

X

X

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

X

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

X

*

X

X

193

Site Number

GR712

GR713

GR714

GR715

GR716

GR717

GR718

GR719

GR720

GR721

Planning Unit

CV

CV

DO

DO

DO

DO

CV

CV

CV

CV

Quad Number

153

153

163

163

163

163

115

115

115

115

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

X

X

Undisturbed

Good

X

Fair

X

Poor

X

X

Destroyed

X

X

X

X

X

X

Erosion

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vandalism

Grazing

Construction

X

Salvage Recomm.

X

X

Age. Estim.

Paiute

BMII

BMII

Basis

point

feats.

style

Chipping

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Camp

X

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

X

Rock Art

X

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

X

Detritus

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Collection Made

X

X

X

X

X

Level

Broken

X

X

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

X

X

Cave

Slope

X

Ridge

Ledge

X

Mesa Top

X

X

X

X

Cliff edge

Overhang

X

Talus

Elevation

1703

1706

1463

1500

1530

1499

1317

1341

1341

1390

Direct, of Slope

200°

140°

230°

all

240°

230°

240°

180°

180°

240u

Degree of Slope

1°

2°

6U

1-1 5C

4U

2u

2°

vert.

5U

Distance to water

1.4

1.5

4.5

1.8

4.3

4.4

0.25

0.25

0.3

Direction to water

E

E

S

W

S

S

SW

SW

W

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

None (rock)

X

.

Residual

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Juniper/Pinon

X

X

SW Desert Shrub

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

194

Site Number

GR722

Planning Unit

CV

Quad Number

786

Nat'l. Reg. Recomm.

Undisturbed

Good

Fair

Poor

X

Destroyed

Erosion

X

Vandalism

Grazing

Construction

Salvage Recomm.

Age. Estim.

,

Basis

Chipping

Camp

X

Habitation

Storage

Rockshelter

X

Rock Art

Surface Rooms

Subsurface Rooms

Cists

Granaries

Ceramics

Diag. Lithics

Detritus

X

Collection Made

Level

Broken

Canyon Bottom

Bench/Terrace

Cave

X

Slope

Ridge

Ledge

Mesa Top

Cliff edge

Overhang

X

Talus

Elevation

1460

Direct, of Slope

270°

Degree of Slope

2o

Distance to water

Direction to water

Sni 1

Colluvial

Alluvial

Aeolian

None (rock)

Residual

X

Juniper/Pinon

SW Desert Shrub

X

195

Appendix B
Cultural Resource Evaluations

196

i. n.-.to

2. Rater

3. Statr-

4. District

5. Plnn IMU

UNITED STATICS
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORESHHET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLASS

BANC

\

8. KEY FACTORS

9. RATING AKSA-

10. POINT MAXr.JUM

NO.
00

NAME
(b)

/4 /4/ 4/ 4/4/4/4/4/4/

/

/ 13. REMARKS

1

42-SA-5925

1

0

~o~

1

r

2

1

T"
1
1

2

~2

2

2

2

2~

1

1
0
1

1

_3_

0

3
2~

_1_

1_

1

1

2
_3

2

1

T

_0
_0_

0_
0

_0
_2

2

13
11

J
7

_8
7
_8

I7_

15
11

S3

Small camp site.

2

42-SA-5926

1

S3
S4

s_l

S_4

S4_

S4

S3

S3

Lithic scatter

3

42-SA-5927

2

0
0

2
1

0
0

Lithic scatter

4

42-SA-5928

1

Lithic scatter

5

42-SA-5929

2

0

1
1

1

0

1

1

2
2
2
2
2

Lithic scatter

6

42-SA-5930

1

0

Lithic scatter

7

42-SA-5931

1

0

1

0

1

2
2

Lithic scatter

8

42-SA-5932

2

0

_3_
1

0
2

Quarry site

9

42-SA-5933

2

0

Small camp site

10

42-SA-5934

2

0

2

0

1

2

0

2

2

S3
S4

Lithic scatter

11

42-SA-5935

1

0

1

0

1

2

1

1

0

7

Lithic scatter

12

42-SA-5936

3

1

2

0

2

0

2

1

JL

0

13

7

S3.

S4

Rock shelter (potted)

13

42-SA-5937

1

0

1

0

1

0

2

1

Lithic scatter

14

42-SA-5938

1
1

0
0

1_
1

0

1

_0_
0

r

1

0

6
7

S4

r

S4

Small lithic scatter

15

42-SA-5939

0

1

1

1

1

Core prep, area

16

42-SA-5940

2

0

3

0

2

2

2

2

2

15

S3

Large manufacturing area

17

42-SA-5941

0
0

0

_o_
0

2
2

2
2

J_
3

2
2

2

3

_3_
3

2
2

14

17
11

8

SJ

S3
S3

S4

Petroglyphs

18

42-SA-5942

Large petroglyphs

19

42-SA-5943

0

1

2

1

2
1

2
1

2
1

1
1

Petroglyphs

20

42-SA-5944

0

0

1
1

2

1

Petroglyph panel

21

42-SA-5945

1

0
2
2

0

1
0
2
2

3
2
1
1

1
2

3

2

4
2
1
1

2

j_
1
1

17
10
13

»

S3

S3

S3
S3

Roasting pit

22

42-SA-5946

0
1
2

1

1
1

Fire pit

23
~24

42-SA-5947
42-SA~5948

2 ;

kill

Granary
Granary

197

I. Date

2. Rater

3. S;ntr>

4. District

5. Plan Uait

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORESH2ET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLASS

SCORE
RANGE

9. RATING A XL-: A

NO.

NAME
(b)

fa 1 4/ V 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/Vl/ 4

/

/

I 13. REMARKS

25

42-SA-5949

1

0
0

2

1

2

1

0.

0

q_

0
0
0

1
1

1
1
1
1

J_
1

1
1

1

0

2
2

2
2
2
2

1

1

J

1

0
0
0

0

0

1

10
_8_

9

7

5
6
6

5

4

7

S3

Hunting site

26

42-SA-5950

1

S4
S4
S4

Chipping site
Chipping

27

42-SA-5951

1

0

_0_
0

0

0

2
2

28

42-SA-5952

0

0

Chipping

"29

42-SA-5953

0
0
0

0
0
0

1

2

2
2

1
1
1

1
1

2
Y

2

S4

Chipping

30

42-SA-5954
42-SA-5955

•34
S4
S4
S4

Chipping

31

2

1

1

0

0
0

0

0_
0

0
0

2

2
1

2

Y

Chipping'

32

42--SA-5956

0

)

0

0

Chi pping
Chipping

33

42-SA-5957

34

42-SA-5958

0

0

2

S4

Chipping

35

42-SA-5959

0

0

1

0

1
1

7
8

S4

S4

Chippi ng

36

42-SA-5960

0

0

2

0

1

0

2

Chipping

37

42-SA-5961

)

0

2

0

1

0

2

1

1

7

S4

Chi pping- ceramic

38

42-SA-5962

0

0

3_
3

2
3

2

2

3
T

1
2

1

0

1

q_

0

0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

2
2

2
2

2

2
1

2
~1

2

1
1

2

T
1
1
1

T

l

9
9

9

~ 8

8
8
9

S4

Chipping

39

42-SA-5963

0
0

0

0
0

0
0
0

o-

0

0
0

0

0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

1

1
1

1

J_
1
1

1

1
1

S4

S4
S4

S4
S4
S4

Chipping

40

42-SA-5964

Chipping

41

42-SA-5965

0
0
0_

0

6 "

0
0
0

Chippi ng
Chipping

42

42-SA-5966
42-SA-5967
42-SA-5963
42-SA-5969

__43_

44

2
2

Y

2
2
2

2
2

1

Chipping
Chipping

45

6

6
7
4

S4

S4

S4

S4

Chipping

Chipping
Chipping
Chipping

46

42-SA-5970
42-SA-5971
42-SA-5972

47
48

1

0

i

0

198

1. Ilfite

2. Rater

3. Stats

4. District

5. Plan U;iit

UNITED STATICS
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORSSHHET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLA33

SCORE
RANGE

9. RATING AH ISA-

/ 1 ^ 10. POINT MAXTV.UM

7

/

NO.
(a)

NAME

(to

U f 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/ 4/4/ 4

/ / / 13. REMARKS

49

42-SA-5973

0

0

2

0

1

0

2

1

1

L.

6

5_
6
6
7

13
11
4
4

S4
S4~

S4

S4
S4

S4

Chipping

50

42-SA-5974

0

0

1

0

1

1
1

0
0

1

2

1
1
1

1
1

1

0

1

1
1

2

2
2
2
0

1

1
1
1
_1_

2
1

1

Chipping

51

42-SA-5975

0

0

1

1

0
0

Badly eroded - small

52

42-SA-5976

0

0

Badley sheet eroded

"53

42-SA-5977

0

0

1
1

3

1
1

0

0
0
2
0

1

0

Some erosion

54

42-SA-5978

0

0

2
3
1

1

_0_
1

2
1

Compact, huge flakes

55

42-SA-5979

1

0

S3
S3
S4
S4

Good lithic site

56

42-SA-5980

1

0

Good site on seep -
points/sherds .

57

42-SA-5981

0

0

Badly eroded.

58

42-SA-5982

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

Badly collected, eroded

59

42-SA-5983

2

1

3

2

1

1

1

0

2
1

1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

14
5

S3

S4

Badly destroyed , very la

60

42-SA-5984

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

Badly eroded, small

61

42-SA-5985

0

0

1

0

2

0

0

0

0

0_

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1
1
1

1
1

0

1
1
1

1
1

0

1
1
1
1
1

0

1

0
0
0
0

4

S4

Badly eroded

62

42-SA-5986

0
0

0
0

2
2
2

1

1

1
6

6

5

5

_

3

5
3
4
4
4

Si

34

S4

S4
S4

S4
34
S4
S4
S4
S4

Eroded, road impact

63

42-SA-5987

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

•0

0

1

1

1
1

1

1
0
1
1
1

Eroded

64

42-SA-5988

0

0

Chained and eroded

65

66

42-SA-5989
42-SA-5990

0
0
0

0
0

0

Chained and eroded
Chained and eroded

67

42-SA-5991

Chained and eroded

68
69

42-SA-5992
42-SA-5993

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

Eroded, sparse material
Chained, eroded

70

42-SA-5994

Eroded, cattle trampled

71
72

42-SA-5995
42-SA-5996

Eroded, chained
Eroded, chained

199

l. n.-.to

2. Rater

3. S;att*

4. District

5. Plnn U.ut

UNITED STATICS
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORESHEET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLASS

SCORE
RANGE

13. REMARKS

Chipping detritus only

Chipping detritus only
Under transmission line
In wash area-scattered

Washed from higher ground

3r6keTTgIas s i "founcTr
_ iairl y_ level _

Associated with 51-B

Eroded away-drainage area

Small scatter on knoll

Close to flats in wash area

Badly eroded

At side oi possible"

drill pad

Road cuts through

Near fence line in wash area
Slope washing

Near existing reservoir

STicfTrock on cTifT~ecIge~
o ve rl poking major was h_

Just down from 7 3-B

Disturbed by cateTpITCar
erosion

Badly eroded - washing

"S n i a 1 Fsca t fer "flaTaTea
in_sage_

On eage'oFmaTOr w"a~s~h"

on slick rock

Chained area
Chained area

200

I. Date

2. Hater

3. Stntr

4. District

5. Plan U.iit

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCOR2SHHET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLASS

SCORE
RANGE

97

42-SA-6021

98

42-SA-6022

99
100

42-SA-6023

42-SA-6024

101

42-SA-6025

102
103

104

42-SA-6026

_42 -SA-6027
42-SA-6028

105

42-SA-6029

106

42-SA-6030

107 42-SA-6031

108 _ 42-SA-6032
42-SA-6033

109
110

42-SA-6034

111

42-SA-6035

112

113

J14_

U5

116

Ji7_

J. 18

119

120

42-SA-6036

42-SA-6037
42-SA-6038

42-SA-
42-SA-

6039
6040

42-SA-6041

42-SA-6042
42-SA-6043
42-SA-6044

1
_1
l_
1
1
1

1_
7_
4
5_

4
A
4
4

10
9_

_6_

7

5 S4

S4

S4

S4

|S4_

S4

S4

S4

S4

S3

S4_

S4

S4

2

13

S3

1

5

S4

1

5

S4

1

5

S4

1

5

S4

1

5

S4

1

5

S4

1

10

S3

1

8

S4

1

8

S4

2

14

S3

Top of ledge, undisturbed
Top of ledge , down trom

81 -B

Wash area around

slick rock

General "slope in slick"'
roc k - washing

Fairly level t jedg_e _of wa s h

Base of small knoll

Limited use

Bottom edge of slick rock

Top of juniper covered knoll

Covers graduates lope ~
extending from trees

Portions of slope - washing

"Core material found in
wash area

Washing-used to graze cattle
"ItfaTsTveTTuaTry" on ledge

above cliff
"Small tlake concentration on

ledge above quarry _

Used to graze cattle
~Sah dy area arou hd sli clc
rock - grazing

Heavily grazed
At mouth of canyon-grazed
Washing - grazing
Petroglyphs on large boulder

Petrbglyphs - snake
design on boulder

Petroglyphs - antfiro"'"

. morpn j^n_boulder

Slab-lined cist on mesa top .

201

i. n.-.ti

2. Rater

3. Statn

4. District

5. Plan Unit

UNITED STATF.S
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCOR2SHHET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLA3f5

SCORE
RANGE

Slick rock wash area

Extensive washing - erosion

Washing - sand dunes
and slick rock

Large chipping area
Medium ch lppThg.and

One meter lithic scatter

Three meter lithic scatter

Hunting camp

Large manufacturing area

Rock shelter

Rock shelter

Rock shelter

Vandalized, in wash area

STnairirtTiic" 'scatter"
traces of ash

Small lithic scatter-washing
Small lithic scatter-washing

202

1. »s.te

2. Rater

3. S:.itr>

4. District

S. Plan Uait

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORcSHSET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CLA33

SCORE
RANGE

13. REMARKS

Small lithic scatter-washii*

xtensive erosiorTon
_top of m esa

Badly potted

Pt troglypFTs - the" smallest
is in co m pie te _

Top of mesa by cliffs

Cave with HIT gone~i

one ma no/ma tate

SlnallTithTc ancTcerarfuc
scatter - washinc

Large amounts or ceramics ,
few lithics , possible bldq .<qL

Small granary

Small chipping site

Small burned area

Granaries, structures

Structure, burn area

Large lithic scatter
Medium lithic scatter

Fire pits

Overhang-rock shelter
Dwellings , granaries
Room block, destroyed
Dwelling area - rooms
Small overhang
Lithic scatter

Small lithic scatter
12 S2 Fire pits

20:

i. n.-.tc

2. Kater

3. Stat-

4. District

5. Plan U:\tt

UNITF.D STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORHSHHET

c. Cultural Resource Activity

CLASS

rcork

MANGE

Small lithic, ceramic scatte
Small ceramic siteTn

open sage i

Lithic ana ceramic at

ba se of hill slope

SmalLpossibie granary at

base of hill

Small rock shelter, lith i c s

and few sherds _

Small circular structure,

Large multi-room structure

Rock outline nexftb ma te r ia '
rock outcrop

Large lithic scatter

Large lithic scatter-washing

numerous granaries~alohg
cliff

Beneath granaries-washing

Rb c k ~6u t fine- of" sTru c fure

_§ nd granar y

Incomplete granary, portion
PJjy^iA. _S t a nd i ng ;_ _corn_c° b

Rectangular structure as

Lyon Cavg

Ceramic" a ndlilhfc scatter
on bench
I room strucTuxe.wifrr' "
ceramics and Tithics

I. n.-.te

2. Rater

3. s:<it~

4. Di-itrict

9. Plnn Untt

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORH3HHET

6. Cultural Resource Activity

CL.A"3

SCORE
RANGE

Small lithic scatter with
sjierd_s_^wa__shing

Small lithic scatter

Small lithic scatter-washing

On TlatTocPToiTfcrpp

directly below cliff
Badly erode'd washing'"
3 monos found

Small granary ^slick rock

Small ceramic scatter-washin

'Medium circularlsTFucTure
with numerous sher_ds_fpund
T possible structures with
possible g ranary

Small lithic scatter with
tools - wash in ~

Slab-lined fire pit

Small lithic scatter

" Small :"tTfhic "aTrd"~c"eTamlc
scatter - eroded

Small lithic scatter in
wash area

Rock shelter with "RTgTT con -

:entration of lithics '

Small lithic scatter-wash are.

Litfil c~scatter wiTFTsnTall

cist ,

Lithic scatter with" small
cist - below 153-B

Small fire pit
Small cist

8 34

lo| S3;

Small lithic scatter
Chipping area
Chipping area
Large Chipping area

2Cb

i. n.-.tc

2. Kitcr

3. S;ntr>

4. District

5. PIn:> U:\lt

UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

QUALITY EVALUATION SCORESHSET

c. Cultural ncsourcc Activity

CLA33

KCOKK
RANOIi

Small chipping area

Numerous small tools found

Targe quarry ot chert ~

in saddle

Small lithic scatter on 'mesa

top_- washing

'"SmaTITTthTc sca'fter on "top
of mesa .

<> U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1979 - 678-989/374 Reg. 8

20b

Bureau of
DSC-Li

D