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AN K Uy regs iy Sh ba TEN OU

C} 3 M8) / ed

THE sind

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE,

RUGISTER

RURAL AND DOMESTIC IMPROVEMENT ;

COMPRISING

TREATISES ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING, ARBORICULTURE, FLORICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, AGRICULTURE, RURAL ARCHITECTURE, GARDEN STRUCTURES,

PLANS OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY RESIDENCES, SUBURBAN VILLAS, &c.

ALSO

LISTS OF NEW AND RARE PLANTS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.

CONDUCTED BY

Jae LOUD ONE AES able Sauce:

AUTHOR OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIAS OF GARDENING, OF AGRICULTURE, &c.

VOL. VII.

NEW SERIES.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE CONDUCTOR ;

AND SOLD BY LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER ROW ;

AND A. AND C. BLACK, EDINBURGH.

1s4l.

Se CAS He 2

Tue various matters treated of in the Gardener’s Magazine for 1841, will be found enumerated and classed in the following

, PREFACE.

XN

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Page GENERAL SUBJECT.

Mistorical, Statistical, and Critical.

‘ Summary View of the Progress of Gar- jJening, and of Rural Improvement gene- tally, in Britain, during the Year 1841 ; with some Notices relative to the State of ooth in Foreign Countries. By the Con- ductor - - - - - . Gardening Visit to Paris, from June 28. to

August 16. 1840: —

Paris ; Spirit of the People; Education of the People; Expression of Opinion; Asphalte Pavements; Butchers’ Shops; Streets; Street Houses; Public Buildings ; Public Gardens; Villas; Horticulture; Floriculture; Arboriculture 5 -

London to Brighton ; Dieppe ; Dieppe to Rouen; Rouen the Botanic Garden, the Cemetery, the principal Improvements ; Rouen to Paris; Paris, Gardens of the Palais Royal, of the Tuileries, and at Mon- ceaux; Villa of Baron Rothschild ; Bel-

. Ievue, near Sevres ; Belleville, at Meudon ; the Chateau de Meudon - = -

Versailles ; Neuilly ;. St.Cloud ; Sceaux ; Verriéres ; Belleville; Elysée Bourbon, and Hotel of the English Ambassador; Nur- series and Florists’ Gardens; Jardin des Plantes ; Fontainebleau ; |Thomery; Pa- lace of Fontainebleau ; Villa of Madame de Pompadour ; Havre - - - 383

Notice of a Visit to Hampton Court, in Here- fordshire - - - - 415

Notice of a Visit to Whitfield =

Notice of Bohemia Park, Sussex -

Additional Notes on the Progress of Garden- ing in the United States - - - 146

575

191

287

Scientific.

The Principles of Gardening physiologically considered ; —

I. On the Propagation of Plants. A. Pro- pagation by seed, accompanied by the Phenomena of Germination - o

I. On the Propagation of Plants— con-

- tinued. B. Propagation by Buds. 1. Buds and their Metamorphoses - - 527. 595 An Experiment on Growing Plants in Earths without Organic Matter - - = 602 On the Philosopy of Manures - - 335 Fuxther Observations on the Philosophy of Manures - - - 2 - Observations ,-> Liebig’s “ Organic Che- mistry” : —-s5.1milation of Carbon ; On the Origin of Humus; On the Assimilation of Hydrogen; Origin and Assimilation of Ni- trogen; Art of Culture; Interchanging o Crops and Manure - - - - 97 Importance of Geology, as a Study for Gar- deners - ne - - - 433 Importance of Natural History as a study for Gardeners - - - - - Importance to Gardeners of a Knowledge of the Method of analysing Soils = - — ~ 489 Burning of Soils as a Means of improving them - - - - : =

479

4,9.7G&

i Page Experimental.

Remarks on the Application of Charcoal to the Growth of Plants - - - Theory of M. Edward Lucas’s Experiments on the Effect of Charcoal on Vegetation : — Absorption of Light, and Generation of Heat; Absorption of Atmospheric Air ; Decomposition of Charcoal, and Formation of a nourishing Substance for Plants ; Com- parative Chemical Examination of Charcoal Dust; Antiseptic Power of Chareoal ; Li- terature - - - - - Continuation of the Experiments of the Ef- fects of Charcoal on Vegetation, made in the Royai Botanic Garden of Munich - 304 Further Results of the Experiments on the Application of Charcoal, as a Mixture with Earth, for the Cultivation of Plants in Pots 219 On increasing Plants by Cuttings, &c., by the Use of Charcoal - - - - 152 On sowing Seeds in Snow = - - 302 On preserving Plants through the Winter, by Means of the Temperature of Spring Water 1

The Weather.

On the comparative Temperature of different Years, and its Influence on Vegetation - 147

Effects of the Winter, from December 1840 to March 1841, on perennial Plants in the open ANE - - - - - 486

Modes of Heating Plant Structures.

On the Application of White’s Patent Stove to the Heating of Pits and other Plant Structures - - - - oS Dr. Arnott’s Stoves applied to the Heating of Plant-houses - - = - - 4 On Mr. Corbett’s Mode of Heating by the Cir- culation of Hot Water in open Gutters = 151 Mr. Glendinning’s Opinion of Mr. Corbett’s Mode of Heating by Hot Water - - 57 A new System of Heating Plant Structures - 494 On Mr. Penn’s Mode of Warming and Ventil- ating © - - - - 208

Destruction of Insects.

On the Utility of washing Garden Walls to destroy Insects - = - - 535 On the Destruction of the Red Spider in Plant Structures - - - = - On destroying the White and Brown Scale by the Application of Hot Water - - 255 Snails and Slugs considered with reference to Horticulture - = - - - 346 On the Protection of Flowers in the Open Ground, &c. from Snails and Slugs - 293 The Earth- Worm, considered with reference to Horticulture - - - - 212 On the Hornet - - - - - 217

Garden Architecture.

Dimensions and Details for erecting various Kinds of Plant Structures to be heated by Hot Water or Smoke Flues, or by both Modes combined ; Cherry-house; Peach. house; Vinery; Propagating-pit for Tan- ner’s Bark and a Flue; Propagating-pit,

A 2

1V

without Tan, to be heated by a Smoke Flue and Hot Water; Pit for fruiting Pine-ap- ples ; Succession -pit for EEG Winter Cucumber- -pit - - 308 Some Remarks on the Economising of Sur- faces under Glass ; the Introduction of ar- tificial Heat to Fruit Borders; and the Attainment of Bottom as well as Surface Heat from the same Heating Apparatus: — The Chinese, or Dwarf, Plantain; Gra- nadilla ; Chinese Guava ; Pine-apple ; Cu- cumber or Melon; Vine; Forcing Straw- berries; Forcing Shrubs. Illustrated by Plans and Sections - - 49 A Substitute for Hand-glasses, and ; a more economical Mode of using Glass in ORE houses suggested - - 204 On different Modes of Glazing Plant Struc. tures - - 606 Further Information respecting the flued Walls at Erskine House - - - 256 Some Account of a Pit for preserving Ice, in Use at Erskine House, Renfrewshire - 434 Description of a Mode of arranging Hempen Lines for supporting Scarlet Runners, Con-

volvuluses, or other twining Plants - 211 Implements. Notice of a ERT hoe in Use in Leicester- shire - - - 311 Notice of Three new Garden Tools - 257 Notice of a Ladder HOR thinning Grapes in Hothouses’ - + - - 210

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.

On Gardening as an Art of Design and Taste 157 The Landscape-Gardening of F.. von Sckell of Munich : —

I. General Observations on the Modern Natural Style of Gardening, with some Remarks on the Ancient Symmetrical Style 353

II. Selection of Natural Scenes suitable.for the Adaptation of the Landscape-Gardener 411

III. On the Architectural Edifices which are suitable for a Garden. IV. The Situation Temples in Pleasure-Grounds. V. On the different Kinds of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers, which were particularly dedicated to the different Gods and Goddesses, and which should surround their respective Temples, as Part of their Attributes - 407

V. On the different Kinds of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers, which were particu- larly dedicated to the different Gods and

! Goddesses, and which should surround their respective Temples, as part of their Attri- butes. — conténued. VI. Architectural De- corations. VII. Bridges in Gardens. VIII. The first Proceedings on the Spot which is to form the Natural Garden. IX. On Stak. ing out and Tracing on the Ground the Forms and Outlines of the Natural Garden, with reference to CENEAO, Effect, and Beauty - 536. 603

Design for laying out a , Suburban Residence 350

A new Method of forming Living Arbours 312

ARBORICULTURE.

Report on the New Trees and Shrubs raised in the Horticultural sere75 Garden in the Year 1841 - - = 608 On the Culture of Timber Trees - - 508 On Mr. Gavin Cree’s System of Pruning Forest Trees, containing an ‘Outline of his Method - - - - 435 On Pruning Forest Trees - - - 440 On Pruning Forest Trees - - - 444 On Pruning Trees in General, - 555 Copy of a Letter addressed to Sir ‘Charles Gordon, Secretary to the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, on Prun- ing Trees - - = 458 On the Thinning of Forest Trees - - 550 Remarks on several Species of Confferz:, with Reference to the Climate of North Britain 164 On Leycestéréa formosa, as an Undergrowth

CONTENTS.

for the Shelter and Food of CEI and asa

Sea-Breeze Plant = - 9 Arboricultural Notices = 855 Measurement, Age, &c,, of Trees at Blair

Dr ummond, Scotland - - 505 On the Incombustibility of the. Larch - 226

On the C¥tisus Adam¢, or Purple Laburnum 58

On the Propagation of the Rhododéndron = ~ dauricum, and other Species of the same natural Family, by Cuttings

Notice of a simple sites of ae the Height of Trees - -

FLORICULTURE.

Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices of the Kinds of Plants newly intro- duced into British Gardens and Plantations, or which have been originated in them 10.61.

167. 258. 324. 356. 556

The Flower Garden at Esholt Hall; its De- sign, Culture, and Management = - - 610

List of Plants adapted for a Conservatory Wall, with Remarks on some of the Species 239

Observations and Reflections on the Cnul- cultivation of the Cacti - - - 510

On the Management of Cacti - - - 169 On bringing the Cacti raised from Seed quicker into Flower - - 357

Catalogue of the Cacti in the Collection of the Rev. Theodore Williams, at Hendon Vica- rage, Middlesex = - 313

On the Culture of the splendid Lake Rose,

Neltimbium specidsum Willd. - - 513 On the Culture of Ixias and other Jridez in

the Island of Jersey - - 15 On the Culture of the Gladiolus cardinalis - 461 On the Propagation of Dahlias - - 416

Observations of the Propagation of the Dablia 516 Notice of a Petunia of extraordinary Dimen- sions - - - = = C0) HORTICULTURE.

Report on the New Fruits and Culinary Ve- getables raised inthe Horticultural Society’s

Garden since the last Report in 1837 - 614 A Systematic Plan for a Gardener to “‘ serve

the Kitchen” = - On Root-Pruning of Fruit Trees - - 615

On the Use of inclined Walls for EROS finer Sorts of Fruits -

On the Cultivation of the Pinewapples as prac tised in the Kitchen-garden of the Palace of Versailles in the Year 1840 - 17

On the Use of the Species of Pisang (Misa paradisiaca) and the Banana (Musa sapién-

- 369

tum) - - 490 On the Effects Of Water on the Growth and Ripening of Melons - - 465 On the Culture of the Cucumber in Pits heated by Hot Water = = 262 On the Destruction of Mice in Cucumber Frames - - 26 On the Cultivation of the Grape Vine - Qi On growing Three CxoDs of erePes in One House = ae aris On the Shriveling of Grapes - - - 170 On the Shriveling of Grapes - - 171 On the Shanking and Shriveling of Grapes 173 On the Shanking of Grapes. - - 262 On the Cultivation of the Fone in Pots, in Pine-houses - - 321

On the Culture of the Peach in the open Air 63 Mode of CETEOSN the Green Fly on Peach Trees - An Account off some yemarkabl.) old Pear Trees at Dunimarle, Culross, Perthshire - 464 On growing Strawberries for Forcing = 464 Description of a Mode in which Mushrooms may be OT under the Paths of a Hot- house - 207 Observations on the Gulture “of the Goose- berry and Raspberry 2 = = 465 On the Hautbois Strawberry - - 266 On the Culture of the Conical-. fruited Scarlet : Alpine Strawberry e 266 A Method of sowing Peas and Beans in Boxes for Transplanting - 74 On the Culture and Forcing of Rhubarb - 174

CONTENTS. Vv

On Forcing Sea-kale - - - - 269 An accidental Discovery of an improved Mode of Blanching Sea-kale and Rhubarb

with Peat Soil 75 Comparative Results from cultivating Nine Sorts of Celery - 76

On the Culture Of the Early Horn Carrot = 27

BEE CULTURE,

Remarks on placing the Entrance to Bee- hives - = - = = ao We

DOMESTIC ECONOMY. On the Manufacture of Rose-water and Attar, or Otto, of Roses, at Ghazeepore ~- 359

AGRICULTURE.

Notice on Festzca ovina L., Festuca rubra L., and Brdmus praténsis” L., as Pasture and Lawn Plants’ - - - - 467

REVIEWS.

GENERAL SUBJECT.

The Field, the Garden, and the Woodland. Bya Lady = - - 326

Prait’s Flowers and their ‘Associations = 228

Transactions of the Pennsylvania Horticul- tural Society - - - 176

Scientific.

A Selection from the Physiological and Hor- ticultural Papers published in the Tyansac- tions of the’ Royal and Horticultural Societies by the late Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. 327

Vegetable Physiology 327. 616

Rhind’s History of the Vegetable Kingdom,

228. 624

The Phytologist, a Botanical Journal - 624

Catalogues, &c.

Loudon’s First Additional Supplement to the Encyclopedia of Plants - 369

Link, Klotzsch, and Otto’s Icones Plantarum Rariorum - - 84. 369

Fowld’s, Young’s, “and Gregory’s NEEESIY Catalogues’ - 33

Lucombe, Pince, and Co. *s Sale Catalogue of Plants SLOT HE tothe Natural Oey Co- niferz - 86

Carter’s Catalogue of Seeds for 1841 - 17%

Graham’s Catalogue of the Plants BAOTTINS in Bombay and its Vicinity - So:

Riley’s Catalogue of Ferns” -

A Catalogue of Plants collected in the Neigh- bourhood of Banbury. By CLOIEE CUNO, E.R.S.,

A ‘Manual of the British Alge ; containing Generic and Specific Descriptions of all the known British Species of Sea-weeds, and of Conferve, both Marine and Freshwater. By the Honourable William Henry Harvey - 625

- 625

Botanical Notices.

DeCandolle’s isso NOE d’une Nouvelle Es- péce de Figuier - 85 DeCandolle’s Huitiéme Notice: sur les Plantes Rares cultivées dans le Jardin de Généve - 85 Germain’s Observations sur quelques Plantes Critiques des Environs de Paris - - 177 Webb’s Notice sur le Pauléwnza = - 177 A Series of TES ue Labels for the Herba- rium - - - = 229

LANDSCAPE-GARDENING.

A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape-Gardening, adapted to North America; with a View to the Improve- ment of Country Residences. With Re- marks on Rural Architecture. By A. J. Downing - - - - 421. 472

ARBORICULTURE.

Die Coniferen nach Lambert, Loudon, und anderin. Frey bearbeitet von Franz An- toine. The Coniferz after Lambert, Lou- don, and, others. Newly composed by F. Antoine = - - - = 28. 624

- 176

| Model Mapping,

A History of British Forest Trees. By Pri- deaux John Selby, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &c. - 624 The Eastern Arboretum, or Rural Register of all the remarkable Trees, Seats, Gardens, &c., in the County oS Norrell. By James Grigor - - 29. 270. 624

FLORICULTURE.

A Descriptive Catalogue of Bases. ay H. Lane and Son - - 624

HORTICULTURE.

The Kitchen-Garden; extracted by permis- sion from the British Almanack of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know- ledge for the Year 1837 - - - 625

Manning’s Book of Fruits or =

Catalogue Raisonné des Arbres Fruitiers, &e,

Rivers’s Hints on Root-Pruning, &c.'= -s-'= 625

Mills’s ‘Treatise on an improved Mode of cul- tivating the Cucumber and Melon = 229

Ayres’s Treatise on the Cultivation of the

Cucumber in Pots, &c. - 327 Cucumber Culture. By John Duncan - 274 AGRICULTURE.

The Journal of the Royal Agricultural So- ciety of England - 79. 625

The British Farmer’s Magazine for 1841 - 626

Three Lectures on Agriculture. By Dr. Daubeny, F.R.S., M.R.S.A., &c. - - 270

The Farmer’s Encyclopedia, and Dictionary of Rural Affairs. Illustrated by Wood En- gravings of the best and most improved Agricultural Implements, &c. Forming one ofthe Series of Encyclopedias and Dictiona- ries now in course of Publication. By Cuthbert W. Johnson, Esq. - - 625

RURAL ARCHITECTURE.

Graphic Illustrations, with Historical and Descriptive Accounts, of ‘Toddington, Glou- cestershire, the Seat of Lord Sudely. By John Britton, F.S.A. - - - 362. 418

Ricauti’s Rustic Architecture Bea

Illustrations and Descriptions of Kilpeck Church, Herefordshire; with an Essay on Eccelsiastical Designs. By G. R. Lewis - 627

Austin and Seeley’s Specimen Book of their Artificial Stone MEATS New Road London - - 370

as suggestive of a “general and Economic System of Drainage and ir- rigation, &c. By J. Bailey Denton - 626

Description and Use of an improved Level- ling Stave. By T. Sopwith, F.G.S. - 627

Report of the Select Committee appointed to inquire into the present State of the “ Na- tional Monuments and Works of Art, &c.”? 627

THE WEATHER.

Leigh’s Hints for an Sey on nc Oleey and Ombrology 87

White’s Theories of the Weather Prophets, and the comparative emcees of their Pre- dictions - cS - - 370

a3

Vil CONTENTS.

The British Almanack, and the Companion to the Almanack for 1841 = - - 384 The Farmer’s Almanacks and Calendar for a

MISCELLANEOUS.

The Seventh Annual Report of the Royal

The Entomologist. Conducted by Edward Newman, F.L.S., Z.S., &c. - - - 626 The Journey-Book of England - - 628 A Developement of the Principles and Plan -on which to establish Self-supporting Home Colonies ; as a most secure and profitable Investment for Capital, and an effectual Means permanently to remove the Causes of Ignorance, Poverty, and Crime; and

Cornwall. Polytechnic Society : - 177 most materially to benefit all Classes of So- The Eighth Annual Report of the Royal ciety, by giving a right Application to the

Cornwall Polytechnic Society - - 626 now greatly misdirected Powers of the Hu- Brande’s Dictionary of Science, Literature, man Faculties and of Physical and Moral

and Art - - - - 177. 626 Science. By Robert Owen . - 628 Transactions of the Society for the Encou-

ragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com- LITERARY NOTICES

merce - - - - - 275 ‘ Lectures on Chemistry, including its Appli- The Guide tothe Conservatory. By Richard

cationin the Arts. By Henry M. Noad - 6263} Bainbridge - - c i 4

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

GENERAL NOTICES.

Historical and Statistical. — The Gardeners’ Book Society of Croydon, 35; What censtitutes.a Gar- dener, 629; Order Book, 629. -

Scientific. — The Theory of Excretions of Plants, 629; Effect of coloured Light, 629; Char- coal Dust, 630; Sawdust mixed with Stable Ma- nure, 630; Pounded Brickbats, 630; The Guernsey Weeding Prong, 630; Germination of Seeds, 519; Average Temperature at which Seeds will germinate,.375; Respiration of Plants; 181 ; Sending Home Seeds from warm Climates, 562; Sending Home Seeds from foreign Coun- tries, 630; The Oxygenation of Water, 631; Suspended Vegetation, 631; Raising Plants from Seed, 632; Root-pruning, 632; Acclimatising Plants, 632; Neatness often the Cause of im- poverishing the Soil, 632 ; The Scion will affect the Quality, although not the Organization of the Stock, 632; Propagation by Leaves, 633; Budding, 633; Sending Cuttings by Letter, 83]; Objections to turning in Snow when digging or ploughing, 377; Garden Culture of Exotics, 87 ; Sawdust as Manure, 376; Striking from Leaves, 376; Root-Grafting, 377; Roadmaking, 282 ; Paving Roads with India-rubber, 638.; Expe- riments for the Destruction of Moss on Gravel Walks, 281; Growth of Fig Branches without Roots, 375.

Insects. — Insects on Plants, 427 ; To destroy Ca-

terpillars, 475 ; The Gooseberry Caterpillar, 521;

Caterpillars on Vines, 328; The Maggot in

Onions, 88 ; American Blight, 229 ; Recipes for

destroying Ants, 280; Wire- Worms, 475; Trap

for Woodlice, 281; Woodlice among Orchi- dacez, 378; Earthworms, 329 ; Tobacco Paper,

634; Tobacco Water, 634; Spirit of Tar, 634;

Sulphurated Hydrogen Gas, 634; Stifling In-

sects, 634; Deterring Insects by Mud, 634.

Diseases. — Canker in Fruit Trees, 377.

Landscape-Gardening. — To destroy, Moss in Lawns, 634.

Garden Structures, Implements, &c. — Heat -con- sidered relatively to Plant Structures, 634; Boiler Furnaces, 635; The Construction of Pipes for circulating hot Water, 634; Laying Hot- water Pipesin Troughs of Water, 635; Glazing

{ Hot-houses, 635; Old Putty softened, 635; A Pit for wintering Plants, 635 ; Fruit-Room, 635 ; Construction of a Fruit-Room, 636; Ventilation of Plant Structures, 637; Tanner’s Bark Walks, 637; A Forcing-House which may be applied to various Purposes, 563; Green’s Cucumber Pit, 981; Smoke Flues, closed Hot-water Pipes, and

, Water in open Gutters, as Modes of Heating, 377; An Ice-house under Rockwork, 563; Tarred Canvass for Coverings, 280; Oil-Paper Frames, 562; Pocock’s Asphalte Roofing, 280 ; Receipts for preparing artificial Asphalte, 564 ; Indian-Rubber Pavement, 87; Pince and Co’s permanent Botanical and Horticultural Tally, 230; Garden Syringes, 35; The Wickerwork

1

Dahlia Protector, 377; The Potting-bench In- strument, 563; New Besom for Garden Pur- poses, 230 ; A Camera Lucida, well adapted for Gardeners, 278 ; Ropes from metallic Wire, 87.

Arboriculture. — Botanic Garden Reports of new Trees and Shrubs, 35; Economical Planting, 564; Vitality of the Genera Pyrus and Cra- tz‘gus, 278; Propagating Coniferous Plants by Cuttings, 638 ; Styinted Ash Trees, 638 ; Rabbits and Gamekeepers,639 ; Autumn Planting, 639 ; Certain Species of ‘European Pines, 639; Shrub- beries, 641; Pruning and Lopping, 641 ;~ Cedrus Deodara, 641; Araucaria imbricata, 641; Quér- cus fastigiata and Q. Alba, 641; The Terms red and white Oak, 641; The sweet Bay, 641; The Savine, 641; Hh&s Cotinus, 641; Birches and other Coppices, 641; Tree Guards, 641; Au- tumnal Colouring of Quércus: and Rhus, 36; American Oaks, 36; Preservation and Staining of Wood, 178; Kyanised Timber, 279; Prepa- ration of Timber, 374; Boucherie’s Mode of preserving Timber ; 642; Boucherie’s Mode of increasing the Elasticity of Wood, 643; Bur- nett’s Mode of Preserving Timber, 643.

Floriculture.—Fastening down Plants, 643 ; Grow- ing Annuals in Pots, 643; Budding Roses, 643; Pruning Roses, 644 ; Propagation of Pinks, 644 ; Culture of the Amaryllis, 644 ; Crinum capénse, 645; Roscdea purpurea, 645 ; The Marchioness of Exeter’s Camellia, 645; Salvia patens, 645; Abiutilon striatum, 645; Abutilon vitifolium, 645; Fuchséa discolor, 645; Physianthus albicans, 645; O’xalis Acetosélla, 645.

Horticulture. — Canker in Fruit Trees, 645; Vines, 645; Preservation of Grapes, 646; Mr. Hayward’s ‘Manure for Grapes, 646; Keeping Fruit, 6463; Raspberries, 646; Thinning Pears, 646; The Scale on Peach Trees, 646; Pre.

_ serving {Pears on the Trees, 646; Wild Crab,

. 646; Pears, 646; Keeping Apples and Pears 647; Package of Fruit, 647; Roots of Fruit Trees, 647; The Spanish Filbert, 647; Goose- berries, 647 ;§,Gooseberry Cuttings, 647; The Club in the Cabbage Tribe, 647; Asparagus, 648; O’xalis Déppez, 648 ; Comfrey, 648; Vic- toria Khubarb, 648; Myatt’s Pine Strawberry, 648; Fiuchsza falgens, 648; Cucumberand Melon Culture, 35; Steaming Mushroom-houses, 328; Covering Strawberry-beds with Netting, 229 ;

~ Preserving Currants on the Bushes till Christ- amas, 564; Artificial Maturation of Figs, 37; The Quince, 564.

Pommesie Heonorny: mer boiling Potatoes, 329;

urdling of Milk, 521; Aspergillus glaticus Cheese Mould, 329. z re Sines Wa

Agriculture. — Trifolium incarnatum, 648 ; Agri- culture, 281; Lime in Agriculture, 476; Ra- vages of Worms at the Roots of Corn, 522; brdmus praténsis and Festica U‘riz, 564.

The Weather. — On a Method of prognosticating the probable Mean Temperature of the several Winter Months from that of corresponding

CONTENTS.

Months in the preceding Summer, 180; Hoar- frost, 374.

Education. — Amount of Instruction worthy of the Title of Education, 88 ; Music, as a Branch of Popular Education, 88; Necessity of Amuse- ment, 89.

Miscellaneous. —The Use of Sulphate of Lime, 521; Disinfecting Night-Soil and Stable-Dung, 374; Nets dyed Blue, 378; ‘The Landscape- Painter, 373; The Solar Ray, 562; Derange- ment of the Spinal Column, 330.

FOREIGN NOTICES.

FRANCE. New Herbaceous Peonies, 378.

GERMANY.

Culture of Hepatica triloba, 522; Notes of a Bo- tanical Tour, Edward Otto, 379; Extracts from the Epistolary Correspondence of Edward Otto, during his Voyage to Cuba, and his Abode there, 523, 549; Storm at Louisaine, near Des- sau, 648.

ITALY. ;

Gardening in Lombardy, Roses, Method of mul- tiplying Camellias, Giuseppe Manetti, 565 ; Sa- lisburéa adiantifdlia, and other Matters, G. Manetti, 182.

Russia.

Climate and Culture of Cucumbers in Courland,. 90; Winter of 1840-41, 525.

Asta Minor. Chips of Firewood for giving Light, 378. AFRICA. on ane Malaria of the Western Coast of Africa, : InpIA.

Education in Travatcore, 379; The Roses of Ghazeepore, 379.

NortH AMERICA.

Philadelphia Improvemetts, 428; American ex- ploring Squadron, £569; Jussieta grandiflora, 91; Sweet and Sour Apple, 476; Maple Sugar, 379 ; New Cherry Tree from the far West, 330; To secure good Fruit, 476; Mammoth Cabbage, 330; Supposed new Cherty, 569; Sourmilier Potato, 331; Live Oak, 476; Addntus glandu- ldsa, 569; Maclura aurattiaca, 569; New Edition of Michaux’s Sylva, John Torrey, 569.

SourH AMERICA. Rio Janeiro, Dr. I.. F. Lippold, 27,

DOMESTIC NOTICES. ENGLAND.

Public Park in the East of London, 331; Ken- sington Gardens, 331; Parks and Pleasure- Grounds, 282; Presentation, by the Bath Royal Horticulturaland Botanical Society, of a Cup to Mr. Baxter, 283; New or rare Plants lately raised in the Botanic Garden, Liverpool, Henry Shepherd. 38 ; The Exhibition at the Horticul- tural Society’s Gardens, 331; Churchyards at Lancaster, D. Saul, 230; Margins of the great Lines of Railway, 332; The Bokhara Clover, R. Forest, 231; The Effect of Under-draining, 477, Pinus Lambertéa@na, 429; The Green- houses in the Wakefield Nursery, 570; The Great American Aloe, 525; Brugmansza bicolor, W. H. B., 477; Céreus Northumberlandza and Cypérus longus, A. B. Lambert, 91; Cnicus tuberdsus, 92; Bad Effect of growing Peaches and Grapes in the same House, J. Nash, 571; Weight of Queen Pines cut at Presswold in 1840, W. Brown, 231; Immense Mushroom, 526; The Gigantic Flax, 184; Cotton Plant, 88; Jelly from the Berries of /ibes. san- guineum, 231; Geese destroyed by eating Monk’s-hood, 651; Instinct of Pigeons, 652; Habit of the Virginian Nightingale, 652; Effects of the Winter of 1837-8, W. Godsall, 571. .

ScoTLAND.

Glasgow Botanic Garden, 231 ; General Cemetery near Edinburgh, 332; The “ King’s Knote”’ at Stirling, 652; The Douglas Monument, 477; Sir John Robison’s Plant Case, 353; White’s Patent Heating Apparatus, 332 ; Improvements in Cottage Buildings and Cottage Gardens, 572; Timber Bridges, 38; Names of African Plants, 231; Rhododéndron anthopdgon, 652; Agricultural Museum at Glasgow, 652.

IRELAND.

Bequest of Books to the Botanic Garden, Glas- nevin, 284; Pinus pumilio, 184.

RETROSPECTIVE CRITICISM.

The Derby Arboretum, 381; Chatsworth, Alton Towers, and Trentham, 40; The Conservative Wall at Chatsworth, 45; The Glazing of the Chatsworth Conservatory, 45 ; Chatsworth Con- servatory, 92; The Pleasure Grounds at Theo- balds, 92; The Monument to the Memory of Mr. Douglas, 184; Burning of Soils, as a Means of Improving them,’478 ; Transmission of Cut- tings by Post, 237; Rooting Cuttings in Charcoal, and rooting Seeds in Snow, 653 ; Semicylindrical Draining-Tiles, 44; Architectural Objects in Gardens, 235; Mr. Niven’s Stove for various Purposes, 234. 334. 429. 478; Mr. Forsyth’s Plant Structures, 285; Mr. Penn’s Mode of heating Hothouses, 42; Mr. Penn’s Mode of Heating, as contrasted with other Modes, 43; Mr. Penn’s Practice in Heating, &c., 231; Mr. Penn’s Mode of heating and ventilating Hot- houses, 232; Mr. Penn’s Mode of Heating and Ventilating, 285 ; Mr. Penn’s Mode of Heating, 185; Mr. Penn’s Mode of Heating at Chats- worth, 234. 333; Mr. Rogers’s Conical Boiler, 43; On the Natural Succession of Forest Trees in the United States, ,93; American Button Wood, or Plane Tree, 93; Quércus virens, Phéllos, and pubéscens, and U’Imus effisa, 93 ; Calling of the Queen Bee, 94; Plants adapted for a Conservative Wall, 334. 382; Propagation of the Dahlia, 573; Daphne Cnedrum, and D. Dauphiné, 654; The Orange Groves of East Florida, 93; Rust on Vines, 46; Shriveling and Shrinking of Grapes, 45; Shriveling of Grapes, 235. 334; Mr. Mackenzie’s Mode of cultivating the Gooseberry and Currant, 573; Recent Urine of Sheep, 572; Comparative Temperature of different Years, 235. 284.

QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Mr. Parkyns, the Author of ‘‘ Monastic Re- mains, &c., 654; To protect Forest Trees from the Ravages of Hares and Rabbits, 96; Pre- venting Hares and Rabbits from injuring the Bark of Trees, 237. 286; To prevent the Ra- vages of Hares and Rabbits on Forest Trees, 237; Propagating the Mistletoe, 47 ; White Scale, Brown Scale, Woodlice, Singing-Birds, 185; The small Stag-Beetle, 186; The Onion Maggot, 185; Preventive against the Depreda- dations of Snails on Wall-Fruit, 574; Felling Resinous Trees, 237; The best Plan for manag- ing an old Orchard, 574; Musa Cavendishz?, 334; Musa Cavendishzz as a substitute for Pines, 430; Painting Vines with Clay, 237 ; The Curl in the Leaves of Vines, 96; Curling of Vine Leaves, 48; The Curl in Vine Leaves, 48; Shanking of Grapes, 47; Shanking and premature Shriveling of Grapes, 47; Oak Span- gles, 186.

The. West London Gardeners’ Association for

—,

mutual . Instruction: — Forcing and general Cultivation of the Strawberry - - 39 BIOGRAPHY.

Mr. William Beattie, F.H.S., 237; Daniel Ellis, Ksq., F.R.S.E., &c., 188.; Francis Bauer, Esq., 186; John Cowham Parker, Esq., W.S., 190.

OBITUARY,

M. Augustus Pyramus DeCandolle, 654 ; Prince Butera, 654; Lord Monson, 593,

A 4

Vill LIST OF ENGRAVINGS,

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.

No. DIAGRAMS. Page 20, 21. Illustrative of a Method of training

the Peach Tree 2 - 68, 69 93. Section of a Projecting Kerb Stone - 195 24. Elevation of the Obelisk of Luxor - 198

31, 32. View and Section illustrative of a Method of supporting Climbing Plants 211

37. Wlustrative of a Method of making a Gal- vanic Plant Protector - e - 296 51. Part of a Disbarked Lime Tree = - 401

GARDEN STRUCTURES.

1—3. Plan, Section, and Isometrical View of a Frame for BSS TIE Plants through the Winter 2,

4—12. Plans, Sections, and Elevations of

Houses and Pits, showing White’s

Mode of Heating them - 3-7 138—17. Plan, Sections, and Elevation of a

Forcing-House - 50—54 18, 19. Plan and Section of a Pit to be heated

by Corbett’s System - - 57, 58

25—27. Perspective View, Plan, and Eleva- tion of a Hand-Box, as a substitute for Hand-Glasses-

45,46. Chairs adapted for Public Gardens

288. 298

52. Section of a Hotbed on Forsyth’s System 494

INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, UTEN-

SILS, AND MACHINES. No.

thinning Grapes in Hothouses -

34, Cap for covering the Holes in the Bottoms

P. 28-30. Views and Section of a Ladder for

of Pots - - 2 = 217

se A Galvanic Plant Protector 2 - 224 . Galvanic Protector for Fruit ae on

Walls 5 - 224 38, 39. Tallies for Trees and Shrubs c, = 230 40. A Drill Rake - = - - 257 41. A Drill Hoe - - - - 258 42. A Sickle Hoe ee = L - 258 43. Double Dutch Hoe - - 258 58. The Guernsey Weeding Prong - - 630 44. Camera lucida for Gardeners - - 279

47, 48. Section and Views Ort a New Draw

oe - . - 311

49. Measuring Staff ~ - - - 350

PLANS OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY | RESIDENCES.

50. Design for a Suburban Residence - 051 53—57. Esholt Hall - - - 612, 613 INSECTS.

22. Dércus parallelipipedus /- - - 186 33. Eggs of the Earth Worm - - - 215

{

LIST OF NEW AND RARE PLANTS FIGURED In tHE BOTANICAL PERIODICALS roa THE YEAR 1841.

Ranunculacee. ANEMONE montana ¥ Switzerland - - 557 DELPHI’ NIUM decdrum Y New California - - il Berberidez. Bérberis Coriaria 32 Nepal < = - 557 Papaveracea. PApAVER commutatum © _ Siberia - - 167 Capparidacee. Iso’MERIS arborea S¢ _J} California - = b U Violaridcee. SCHWEIGGE RIA paucifldra [7] Brazil - - 557 Pittosporacee. MariA’NTHUS

certleo-punctatus _@ _J S. River - 557

Malvacee. HiBi’scus Telfairce w \_) Mauritius - ~ 259 Wraye %\_| SwanRiver - - il Ma’1iva lateritia 2 A Buenos Ayres - 61 SUDA (ABUYTILON) Bedfordiana ¢ A Brazil - - 558 Geranidacea. GERANIUM rubifolium yg A Himalayas - 1 Tropeéolicee. TROP. OLUM

Moritzéanwm _A| Cumana 2 « 61

Bdsaminee. IMPA‘TIENS candida (QJ) Aimalayas 5 rdsea ©] Himalayas - - Oxalidee. O’XALIS

lasiandra yo A Mexico -

Rutacee.

Boro‘nra triphylla »# __|] New Holland

Celastrinee. EL#0DE’NDRON capénse § __] Cape of Good Hope

Leguminose. Bossim\A

tenuicatilis <x ~_J Van Diemen’s L.

disticha . ~._} Swan River - CALLI/STACHYS

linearis .% |_] Swan River 5

longifolia 3 __] Swan River - CHORO’/ZEMA

spectabile $ _] Swan River - CLiA/NTHUS

carneus $ ,_| Philip’s Island - DAUBENTO NIA . Tripetéana 8 \_]| Buenos Ayres INDIGO’ FERA

stipularis © |_| South Africa Da’THYRUS

tomentdsus A Buaenos Ayres MirBE‘LTA

floribinda w% |_] Swan River - Zi'CHYA

pannodsa $ __] Swan River -

" . 558

- il

LIST OF NEW AND RARE PLANTS FIGURED IN 1840.

Rosaceae. POTENTI’LLA insignis y A Nepal - - SPIRE‘A kamtchatica var. himalénsis yY A Japeees Onagracee. Fu/cusia_ - corymbifidra 32 __| Peru - A Melastomacee. Marce ‘tra ge decussata « (-) Brazil - Crassulacea. ECHEVE RIA lurida Aj Mexico - - Stylidee. STYLI/DIUM ciliatum y LA) Swan River - Drummondz ¥ _A| Swan River Rubiicee. POSOQUE\RIA versicolor s*[_] Cuba - = Composite. Brachy’/coMe

Zberidifdlia © Swan River - CALE/NDULA

Astérias © North of Europe - HELICHRYSUM

niveum y A SwanRiver -

spectabile © | Swan River Monoo‘Pia

major © California - = _ Popo’Lepis

aristata © | Swan River - STEVIA

trachelidides ye Mexico = TitHO’NIA

ovata © Mexico - -

Goodenovie.

EU THALES

macrophylla Yy Aj Port Augusta LECHENAU/LTIA biloba “ ~_] New Holland ~-

Gesneriacee. GLoxI/NIA i 4 rubra ¢ I Rio Janeiro 5

Ericdcea. PERNE/TTYA angustifolia 3% Valdivia =

Apocynec.

TABERNEMONTA NA dichétoma ¢ ({) Ceylon -

Asclepiadacez. Puysia/NTHUS auricomus $ [-] Brazil - STEPHANO‘TIS

floribinda _— [{) Madagascar -

Bignoniacez.

BIGNO‘NIA speciosa $ CL] - = a CoO‘LEA floribinda % (2) Madagascar Cobaeacee. Cosa:a stipularis § _Al - s Pedalinee. Marty’/NIA frdgrans |] Mexico - - Convoluulacee. Tpom@‘a

batatoides + [-) Mexico - ficifolia % A) Buenos Ayres °- tyrianthina % ._}] California -

- 325

560

62

560 260

- 325

Boraginee. ANCHU’SA petiolata _A] Nepal - = CYNOGLO’ssUM glochidiatum ©) India -

Solandcee. GRABOW’SKIA duplicata _¢(2) Peru - - SOLA‘NUM jasminoides § \_| South America macranthérum — ._]| Mexico vestitum 3 (-) Mexico =

Scrophularinea.

ANGELO\NIA

cornigera [©] Brazil - - PaULow’Nr4a

imperialis 4 Japan - -

Labiite. GARDOQUI‘4

betonicdides YY A Mexico - ORTHOSI‘PHON

incirvus [QQ] Silhet . - SA’LVIA

hians 3% A Cashmere -

régla % _ | Mexico .- -

tubifera # ,_) Mexico - ScUTELLA‘RIA

japonica Yy Japan - -

Verbenacee.

sé ,_] C.G, H. -

CHAsco‘NUM cuneifolium

Acanthicee. STROBILA’ NTHES scabra 32 (_) India - - sessilis ye ZA) India - -

Plumbaginacee. ARME‘RIA fasciculata ye A South of Europe

Thymele’e. DX PHNE japonica w __]|. Japan = - PIMELE‘A nana wt_f Swan River - spectabilis 3 __] Swan River

Orchidaceae. ANGRA\CUM

bilobum € Cape Coast -

glabrifolium ¢ Isle of Bourbon Bra/ssza

Lawrencéina € Z) Brazil - BuRLINGTO'NIA

rigida € A) - 2 5 CaTasE’TUM

tralla € A) South America - Cuy'‘sis

bractéscens € (A) Mexico - C@L0/GYNE

Cumingz € I = = CymsBy DIUM

pubéscens ¢ [A] Sincapore ~- DENDROBIUM

discolor €& (A) Java - 5

macrophyllum ¢€ [A] Manilla EPIDE/ NDRUM

Grahami £€ [Z\)_ Mexico =

calocheilum € [A] Guatemala EIA :

armeniaca € [A] Philippine Isles GALEA’NDRA

Devoniana € (ZX South America

GonGo‘RA

bufonia vy A) Brazil - = LE‘L1A

acuminata € ZX) Mexico = ODONTOGLO/sSUM

grande € (A) Guatemala = pulchéllum € (AQ) Guatemala

1 ion lor) =

1 a) & XQ

1 ry >

1 [Sa] Dp _

x LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED

OncYDIUM : Herma/nTHus macranthérum ¥ [A] Mexico - 63 tenuifldrus var.mozambicus ¥ [ZA] M. 326 monéceras & (Z)_ Rio Janeiro - 562 | IsmMe‘NzE Wraye ¥ [A] Mexico - - 168 viréscens % _] Cusco - - - 168 Sopra ‘tra SPREKE ‘LIA séssilis ¢ (J Peru - - - 261 cybister ¥ [A] Bolivia - - - 326 glaica % _AJ Mexico - - - 261 Amaryllidacee. Cyrtandracee. Boma‘rEA AESCHYNA’NTHUS ; ue simplex _ A Cusco - z - 261 maculatus € (_] India - - 325 CALLITHAU/MA ae viridiflorum % J Peru yoo ihe can Lilidcee. | tifolium Peru - - 261 10) A Canasta ee i laxiflbra y 1A) Swan River - - 168 coccinea % ~-_| Cordillera = - 261 3c trichroma % L_] Andes - - 261 Bromeliacee. ELISE NA PUYA i : longipétala ¥ ) Lima 5 = 326 heterophylla y [ZX] Mexico - <a

LIST OF PLANTS

MENTIONED OR TREATED OF IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.

The word “‘ cut.” occurring after any species or variety indicates that there is an article on its

culture. A List of Ixias and other Jridex cultivated Catalogue of the C4cti in the Collection of by Bernard Saunders, Nurseryman, Jersey 16 the Rev. Theodore Williams - A List of Plants struck from Cuttings in A List of Plants in the Jardin des Plantes at Charcoal - - - 155. 305 Paris A List of Plants adapted for a pone atc A List of the Plants introduced into ‘Lom- Wall - - - - - 239 bardy in 1840 - - - - - 565 Abies balsamea - - -"182 | Anemdne eink = - 167 ) Boronia Zedifdlia - - - 558 communis - - 385. 507 Hepatica = - - 522 triphylla - - - 558 mucronita - - 386 montana - - - 557 | Bossiz*a cinérea - - 558 Douglasz? - - - 166 Pulsatilla - - - 557 disticha - - - 558 excélsa = = - - 29 | Angelonia cornigera - - 62 tenuicatlis - - - 558 gigantéa - - - 182 ciliata - - - - 62} BrachY¥come dberidifolia - 167 monocatilon - = - - 182 | Angre*cum bilobum °- - 561 | Brassia Lawrencidna - = 261 Picea - - - - 507 glabrifodlium - - - 14) Bromus praténsis 199. 297. 299. Abiitilon pictum - - - 558 | Anthoxanthum odoratum - 231 467. 564 striatum c - - 11} Anthyllis Vulneraria - - 469 | Brugmansza bicolor - - 477 vitifolium = - - - 645 | Antirrhmum majus - -401 | Binium flexudsum= - - 26 Acacia Cunningham - - 302 | A’porum sinuatum - - 63] Burlingtonéa rigida = - 562 platyptera = 3 - 62} Aquilégia glandulosa var. Baxus sempervirens - - 536 subcertlea « - - 302 discolor - - - - 324 | Cactus alata - - - 358 Acanthus mollis - - - 537 | Araucaria excélsa - - 3 flagellifé6rmis - - 359 Acer coriaceum - - - 386 imbricata - = - 385 grandifldra - = - 359 créticum - - 386. 391 | d’rbutus Andrachne - - 352 Optntia - - - 122 Jobatum - - - 386 | Arctostaphylos nitida - - 609 speciosa - - - 358 monspessulanum = - 389 | Aréca montana - = ob truncata c - - 359 latifolium - - 386 | Ariocarpus retisus - - 510 | Caladium bicolor - - 220 obtusatum - - - 389 | Arméria fasciculata - - 260 discolor - - - 220 O’palus = - = - 386 | A‘rum maculatum = - - 490 hematostigmum - - 220 platanoides - = - 389 | Arundina bambusefolia - 63 pictum - - - - 220 Psetdo-Platanus = - 506 | Araindo Phragmites - - 516 pee’cile - - - - 220 rotundifolium - - 386 | Asclépias carndsa - = 223 spléndens - - - 220 tritidum - - - 586 | Aspergillus glaicus - - 329 vers{color - - - 220) Achilléa Millefolium - - 469 | Babiana plicata - - - 488 | Calectasia cyanea - - 10 Aconitum japonicum - - 259 | Bejaria glaGca - = - 380 | Caléndula Astérias - 10.13 variegatum - - - 401 Zedifolia = - - 380 | Callistachys linearis - - 558 Acrétriche depréssa_- 85 | Begonza Drégz « - = 325 longifolia = - - - 259 Adiantum: Capillus Véneris 538 | Bérberzs aristata - - - 557 | CallistOma sinénse-— - - 401 féschynauthus maculatus - 325 asiatica - = = - 557 | Callithatima angustifolium 261 Agave americana - - 526 Coriaria- - = - 557 viridiflorum - = ~ 261 Atlantus glandulosa - - 569 dulcis - - - - 352 | Caméllia japénica’ var. Al- Allium Pérrum - - - 538 empetrifolia - = - 384 | _bért - - 259 A’lnus cordata_- - - 385 floribinda - - - 557 | Campanula Médium - - 401 communis - - - 385 | Béssera élegans - - - 38 | Campylanthéra élegans - 557 glutindsa - - - 503 | Betula Alba - - - 504. 507 | Canna indica = - - 86 subcordata = - - 385 pendula - - 504 | Carex Mairiz - - - 177 Alsine sagittdlis - - 480 | Bigndnia capreolata - 334, 382 | Carpinus viminea - - 608 Alstroeméréa acutifdlia var. radicans - - - 380 | Carthamus tinctodrius - - 537 punctata - - - ~~ 396 speciosa - - 560 | Cassia marilandica - — - 488 Alyssum saxAatile - - 401 | Bolboph#llum fAavidum - 14} Castanea vésca_ - - 505. 507 Amygdalus comminis - - 505 sordidum - - 14) Catasttum barbatum var. incdna = - 352. 386 | Bomarea acutifolia - 326 proboscideuin = - - 63 Anchusa petiolata. - - 260 simplex- -- = = 261 calldsum = = = 63

-OR TREATED OF IN THE PRESENT VOLUME. ~ XL

Ca.cornitum = : 63- lanciferum - - 63 laminatum var. ebur-

neum = - - 63 trilla - - - = 357

Ceanothus aztreus) - - 352 velutinus - - - 609

Cédrus Deodara - - 165. 273 Libani - - - 504

Cérasus Mahdleb - - = 402. 569 Padus - - c - 402 vulgaris 2 - - 505

Ceratophyllum demérsum = 515

Céreus Ackermannz - = 512 articulatus - - - 512 chilénsis 5 - - 512 cinerascens - - - 512 coccineus - - - 512 flagriférmis - - 512 hexagonus - = - 169 Mallisonz - oS - 512 Martidnus - - - 512 Northumberlandza - 91 ovatus - 5 - = 512 pentalophus - - - 512 Schranki - S - 51z Smithzz : - - 512 specios{ssimus - - 512

Chasconum cuneifolium - 14

Chelone barbata - - 260

Chimenanthus fragrans - 352

Chor6ozema spectabile - 558

Chysis bractéscens - = 261

Cfstus ladaniferus = - 572

Clarkéa pulchélla - = 288

Clématis grata - = - 86

Clianthus carneus - 62. 559

Cnicus tuberdsus - - 92

Coboe‘a scandens - - 10 stipularis - - - 325

Cobturgia coccinea - - 261 trichroma - - - 261

Coelégyne cristata - - 562 Cumingze - - - 325 trinérvis - 5 - 325

Cdlea floribtiinda - - 260

Comocladia dlicifolia - - 380

ConyOlvulus fiéridus - = 18} pentanthus _- - - 13 scoparius = - - 560

Cornus capitata - - - 572 mascula - - - 505

Coron{lla varia - - - 469

Cotoneaster bacillaris - 608 microphylla - - 334, 382 rotundifolia - - 334. 382

Crate‘gus apiifolia - ~- 391 cordata - = - 391 mexicana - - 33. 352

Crate*va Roxbirgiz - - 86

Crinum capénse - = 645

Crocus annulatus Adamicus 325 minimus var. - - 325 lagenzflorus var. lacteus

lutéscens - - = 325

Crotalaria purpurea - - 303

Cunninghamra lanceolata - 184.

i 386 Cupréssus dfsticha - - 380 glaica - - - 86 sempervirens - - 503 Cuscuta epilinum = - 84 Cydonia vulgaris = - 505 sinénsis - - 352 Cycndches Loddigésié var. leucochilus” - - - 261 Cymbidium pubéscens - 561

Cynogléssum glochidiatum - 260

Cyperus fiscus - - - 480) léngus - - - - 91 Cyrtochilum maculatum var. ecornutum _- - 14 Cytisus Adamz - - 59 Alschingerz - - 183 Labirnum - - 09. 183 purpureus = - - 59 Weldenz * > 331

Daphne Dauphinzg - - 572 japénica - - 560 Dammara australis "- - 182 Datura alba - - - 86 férox - - 86 Daubentodnia Tripetiana - 259 Delphinium decdrum - ll Dendrobium aciculare - 14 calcaratum - - - 14 discolor = - - 562 geméllum - - - 14 macrophyllum - - 562 moschatum - - - 14 Deittzia staminea - 38 Dianthus barbatus - - 401 Dodartéa orientalis - - 632 Doryanthes excélsa - = 221 Draba pre‘cox = - - 481 Echevéria lurida - - 62 Echinocactus turbiniférmis 510

Eliséna longipétala - -

Elzodeéndron capénse - il £/phedra monostachya - 385 Epidéndrum altissimum - 561 calocheilum - - - 5601 Candéllez - - - 85 ciliare - - - - 14 Grahamz ~ - - 561 viscidum - - 14 Epimédium macrénthum - 488 Masschidnum - - 488 violaceum - - 488 Epiphyllum truncatum var. violaceum - - - 325 E‘ria armeniaca - - - 561 clavicatlis - - - 15 nutans - a é a te velutina - - - 15 Erica australis - - 334. 382 Irbyana - = - 560 Jackson - - - 560 mediterranea - - 572 retéorta - . ~ - 560

Tétralix var. Mackaidna 260

Euénymus crenatus - - 608 Euphorbia fastudsa_ - - 221

falgens - - = 221

helioscopia - - - 469 Eutérpe montana - ~ 357 kuthales macrophylla - 62 Fagus sylvatica - 502. 506

atro-rubens

Férula communis 537 tingitana- 485 Festica ovina 401. 467 rubra - 467 tenuifdlia 469

‘at -

Ficus Carica 505 coriacea 85 elastica 168

Fragaria elatior 229 moschata - 229

Fr&xinus excélsior Fucus natans - Fuchsia discolor - filgens - Galeandra Devoniana Gardoquia betonicoides Hookéri# == = Gaultherza odorata - Gerdnium rubifolium Gésnera atrosanguinea bulbdsa = =

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S

n

Gladiolus cardinalis - 461 Glossarrhen pauciflérus 557 Gloxinza rubra - - 62 Gnaphalium Stoe‘chas 537

Gonatanthus sarmentdsus - 369

Gongora bufodnia = - 63

tilva var. vitellina - 63 Grabow’skza duplicata - 138 Grobya galeata - - 5

Gymnogramma macrophylla 221

Hemanthustenuiflorus var. mozambicus - - - 326 Héchtza stenopétala - ~- 221

Hédera Hélix - . - 536 Hed¥sarum alpinum - - 259

sibiricum - - 259 Heléniuwm Douglassiz - 10. 13 Helichrysum niveum = 259

spectabile - - - 560 Hepatica triloba- - ~- 522 Hésperis matronalis - - 401 Hemerocallis flava - - 401

Herbértia puleeea var,

cerilea - : - 261 Hibiscus Rosa sinénsis - 86 syriacus = ° - 401 Telfairie - - - 259 Wraye = - 10.11 Hoteia japénica - - - 488 Huntléya violacea - - 168 Hyacinthus orientalis - 537 Hyoscyamus niger - - 538 Hydrangea horténsis - 222 Ibéris umbellata alba - 401 violacea - - 401 Mex Aquifdlium - 507 specidsa - - - 331 Ilicium floridanum ~- 334. 382 Impatiens candida - 10, 11. 259 rosea - - 61. 324 Indig6fera stipularis - 10, 11 Ipomee‘a batatoides = - 62. 560 ficifolia - - «13.260 tyrianthina - - 325 Tsatis tinctoria - - = 469 Isméne viréscens - - 168 Isémeris arborea - - il JaquemoOntia pentantha - 13 Jasminum revolutum - - 572 Jatropha Manihot - = 491 Juglans nigra - - - 385 régia ss - - 271. 385. 505 Juniperus communis - 538 Sabina = - - 536 Jussieta grandiflora - - 91 Justicia Adhatoda - - 269 Kérvia japénica - - oot: 382 Larix communis - 506 péndula Godsallz - 182 europe a - - 164.§503 Lelia acuminata - - 325 Lasiopétalum /edifolium - 558 Lathyrus tomentdsus - - 167 Larus nobilis - 352. 503 Lechenatltéa biloba - - 560 formdsa - - 400. 560 Leycestérza formdsa - - 9 Tigistrum vestitum - - 609 Lilium candidum - - 536

speciosum var. 4lbum - 562

Limdnia Lauredla - - 608 Linum altissimum = - - 184

usitatissimum - - 537 Liparis spathulata - - 14 Lobélia discolor - - 84 Lolium praténse - - 470 Lonicera flexudsa - - 572 Lopéziéa miniata - - 38

Lophospérmum erubéscens

yar. spectabile - - 325 Lychnis talgens - - 298 Lycium obovatum = - - 38

Lycopodium denticulatum - 393

Macleaya cordata = - 488 Maclura aurantiaca - « 569 Magnodlza acuminata - - 352 auriculata - - = 352 conspicua- - = 352 grandiflora -~ - 352. 416 macrophylla - - 352 purpurea - - - 352 Soulangeana - - 352 tripétala - - 352. 572 Mahonia Aquifolium - - 334 Malva fragrans - - - 32h lateritia - ce - 61 odorata - 324 Mammillaria Humbélatii ~ 510 Parkinsoniz - - 510 prolifera ~<- - - 511

Xi

M. Schlechtend4lz - = 510 sfmplex ~| = = Ol uncindta - - - 302

Marcétia decussata - - 357

Marianthus cartleo-punc-

tatus - - = 99 Martynia fragrans - 10. 13. 62 Matricaria Maudéana - 298 Maxillaria Déppec - - 85

macrophylla - - 14 Medicago falcata - 469 Melocactus communis - 512

Menzits%a empetrifolia = 13 Mespilus germanica_ - - 356 Michatxia campannloides - 488

leevigata - - 488 Micréstylis histionantha - 84 Mirbéléa floribunda - - 559

specidsa ~ ao 6 ae) Monachanthus discolor var. Bushnanz - - - Monoldpia major - 10.13 Morus alba - = - - 505 Musa Cavendishiz 50. 201.334. 430 paradisiaca - = - 490 sapiéntum = - S ~ 490 supérba - ° - - 168 Muscari comdsum - - 469 Myosotis paltistris - - 537 Myrtus communis - - 503 Narcissus poéticus - - 537 Nelimbium specidsum 513. 537 Nigélla arvénsis - - - 534 damascéna_ - - - 534 hispanica “ 3S - 534 sativa - c - 534 Notylea sagitffera - - 369 Nuttalléa digitata - - 488 malvefolia - ° - 488 Nymphe‘a alba - - - 514 lutea - = - 514 Obeliscaria Drumméndé - 168 Odontogloéssum bictonénse- 14 Ehrenbérgii - - - 369 grande . co - = 261 pulchéllum - - - 561 @nuothéra fruticosa var. {n- dica - - - ° - 167 O‘lea europe‘a - - - 505 Olinza capensis - - 84 Oncidium carthaginénse - 84 macranthérum = - - 63 macrochilum - - 14 monoceras - - - 562 pelicdnum - 5 - 14 reflexum - 2 - 14 Wentworthianwmn - 14 Wraye - - 168 Ononordern Acanthium - 469 Optntia cylindracea - - 513 decfpiens - - - 513 excuviata - - - 513 hoérrida - - - 380 imbricata -<- - - 513 Stapélia - - - 513 tinica - - - 513 vulgaris - - - 359 Origanum Majorana - - 536 Orthosiphon incirvus - 63 O’xalis Acetosélla - - 645 decaphylla_ - - - 558 truticdsa 2 - - 558 Hernandész - - 558 lasiandra - - - 558 Ottonis - - - 84 Pxodnia Mottan - - 488. 572 officinalis = - 401. 534 speciosa striata - 378 anemoneflora stri- ata - - - 378 élegans - - - 378 litea variegata - 378 pulchérrima - - 378 Victorie Modeste - 378 Pancratium ringens - - 396 Papaver commutatum a AKsy/

P.somniferum - Parolinia ornata Passiflora coerulea racemosa - quadrangularis Paulow’nia imperialis Pentstémon barbatus -

Peristylus Goodyerdzdes

Pernéttya angustifolia phillyreifolia -

Pérsica vulgaris cuit.

Petunia nyctagenifiora phoenicea -

Philippodéndron régium

Phee‘nix dactylifera - Pholiddta conchoidea imbricata - - Ph7lica ericoides - Physianthus auricomus albens - - - albicans Picea excélsa pectinata Pimeléa nana spectabilis - Pinus alopecuréidea - apulcensis~ - - austriaca - australis - Banksid@na - brittia - s calabrica - carpatica = Cémbra Devonidna excélsa halepénsis Hartweg7z jnops japénica Lambertzana Laricio - _ = leiophylla_- - macrophjlla=- maritima ~ Montezume _mitis - nigréscens oocarpa = oocarpoides Pallasiana paltistris excélsa Pindster Pinea’ - pityusa - ponderdsa- Pseudo- SEO pumilio - pungens pyrenaica resinosa romana = Russeléana serétina sinénsis - Strdbus - sylvestris - 2

oC 7 G0 9 oe aan

Ow

co

36.

uncinata - variabilis - Webbiana - Pisdnia Olferstina Piatanus orientalis occidentalis 5 Pleurothallis lutéola recirva - Plumbago capénsis - Podélepis aristata > Pol¥gonum volcanicum Polystachya cérea - Populus alba - = fastigiata - -

rer oer f a 6

heterophylla - monilifera *‘- trémula - Portulaca oleracea

cyl UO 00

rs

rary i=) (e) Mr rsp ete Cn pry Orgs

460. 402. 5

LIST OF PLANTS MENTIONED OR TREATED OF.

Posoquéria versicolor = - 325 Potentilla insignis - - 559 réptans - - - - 538 Primula pre/nitens - - 222 Pronaya élegans - - - il Prinus lusitanica - - 507 rotundifolia - - - 330 Psidium Cattleydnum - 51 Ptéris serrulata - - ~ 221 Punica Granatum - - 505 Piya Altensteiniz - - 84 heterophylla - - 15 Pyrus aucuparia - - - 503 communis - - - 504 salicifolia - - 278

Malus = c - - 504 Sérbus - - - - 332 Quércus Alba - 36. 203. 391. 641 apennina - - - 391 australis - - - 386 Banistert = - - 37 coccinea - - = 203 E’sculus S - - 391 falcata < = - = of fastigiata - - - 641 heterophylla - - 36. 380 Ilex - - 271. 274. 386 lyratagi= tie TO macrocarpa - - - 36 nigra - - - - 36 obtusiloba = - - 37 palustris - - 37.203 pedunculata 31. 291. 301 Phéllos - = - 36. 93 Prinus discolor = - 36 monticola o - 36 Psetido-Siber - - 385 pubéscens = - 93.386 rubra - = - 9386. 203 Robur - - - - 502 sessiliflora - 31.203. 301. 400.

403

incana - - 386 pubéscens - - 386

Skinnerz - - - 609 Tatixin - - - 391 tinctoria - - 37. 204 virens - - 93. 476 Rafflésia Arnoldi - - 187 Raphanus caudatus - - 86 Rhamnus catharticus - 538 #héeum palmatum = - - 488 Rhéxia decussata = - 357 FHhodedéndron BUDO UE - 184 datricum - - 462 atrovirens - - 462 ferrugineum - - 462 hirstitum = = - 462 Rhodorhiza scoparia - - 560 Rhus Cotinus = o - 572 Ribes sanguineum = - - 231 specidsum = - - 572 Robinéa glutindsa - - 391 Psetid-Acicia - - 391 viscdsa - - - 572 Roderiguéz7a maculata - 15 Rosa devoniénsis - - 559 indica - - - - 86 Junonia - - - 536 Roscdea purpurea - - 645 Rubus trilobus - - - 669 Rudbéckia Drumméndz ~- 168 Rimex maritimus - - 480 Salisburza adiantifolia - 182. 352 Salix alba - = - - 507 babylonica - 503 Salsdla Kalz - = 115 Salvia amee‘na - - - 561 confertiflora - - - 561 hians - - = 561 famiifolia = = - - 561 patens - - - - 301 prunelloides = - 10. 14 régla - - - 13. 260 tubifera - - - 561

Sar gdssum vulgare - ~ 524 bacciferum - = - 524

LISTS OF FRUITS AND CULINARY VEGETABLES. Xl

Scabidsa arvénsis - - 469 Statice pectinata - - 14] Tripiélion spindsum - - 259 Schizanthus Evansé@nus - 561 | Stephandtis floribtinda - 168 | Triticum répens - - 504 pinnatus - - 561 | Stévza trachelidides - - 259 | Trope‘olum Moritzidnum- 61. Schweiggéria paucifldra - 557 | Streblorhiza specidsa - 62, 559 369 Scélymus hispanicus - - 391 | Streptocarpus Réxa@ - - 223 | Tulipa patens - - - 562 Scutellaria japénica - - 260 | Strobilanthes scabra - - 357 tricolor - - 562 spléndens - - - 369 séssilis - - - 561 | Tussilago odorata - - 1 Sida Bedfordzana - - 558) Stylidium Drummondz - 260| U’lmuscampéstris - 356. 506 picta - - - - 11 ciliatum - - - 559 latifolia - - 391 Sobralza séssilis - - - 261 | Symphoria glomerata - 230 efftsa - - - 93. 389 Solanum carolinianum - 632 | Syringa Emodi - o - 608 montana ‘. - 391. 506 dulcamardides - - 168 | Taberne montana dichétoma glabra « - 32 Jjasminoides - - 168 560 | Vacefnium Myrtillus - - 183 macranthérum - - 168 | Tagefes erécta - - 537 | Valertina rubra - - 401 vestitum - - 13) Tamarix ericdides - - 86] Verbéna;Melindris - - 14 Sophora japonica péndula - 389 gallica - - - 536 | Verénica hederefolia - - 480 Sowerbe* alaxiflora - - 168 | Taxus baccata - - - 504 virginiana - - - 401 jancea - 168 | Thomasza canéscens - - 11) Vicia Faba - - - 537 Bpaceitinn multifidrum | - 572 | Thodja articulata - - 297 | Vinca minor - - ~ 536 Spire’a bélla - - 488 occidentalis - 3 - 507 | Viola odorata - - - 536 Filipéndula rdbra_ - 298 | Thymus Serpyllum_ - - 469 tricolor - - - 537 kamtchatica - - 62] Tilia europe‘a ~- 271. 274, 504| Vitex A’gnus cdstus - - 536 vacciniifolia - - 488 rubra - - - - 506 | Vitis vinifera ° - - 505 Sprekélza cinnabarina - 326 | Tillandsia usmeoides - - 477 | Zichya pannosa - - - 559 cybister - - - 326| Tithdnia ovata - - - 559 tricolor = = - 559 formosissima - 326 | Trachélium cerileum - 223| Zygopétalum africanum - 14

glatca - - - ~ 961. 326

LIST OF FRUITS.

Apples : — Grapes continued Pines, - cult. 17. 51.'201. 234. 387 Sweet and Sour - - 476 Frankenthal - so § Black Jamaica - 53 Bananas - “ - 492 Grizzly Frontignan - 48 Enville - - 3 al. 387

Bérberis dulcis = = - 586 Madeleine - S - 404 Providence - - Q1

Cherries : Muscat = - 402 Queen - . 231 Nap oleon - - 391 of Alexandria - Ae 24.| Plantain - 50. 201. 334, 387 43} New one described - 330. 569 48. 387 | Plums : —

Currants - - 564. cult. 573 Royal Muscadine - 5. 26 Green Gage - - 416

Figs = - 37. cult. 375 Sweetwater - - 23, 24 Ickworth Impératrice 614

Fichsia falgens - - - 648 Syrian - - - - 26 Old Impératrice - - 614

Guava - - - - 51. 234 Tripoli - - 26] Quince S - - - 564

Gooseberries - 391. 465. 521. West’s St. Peter’s - 26| Raspberry - - = - 465

cult. 213 White Frontignan - 5|Strawberries, - cult. 39. 56. 229

Granadilla - - White Muscadine - 48 Alpine’ = 39. cult. 266. 387

Grapes - 45. 47, 48. 73: 96 962. Wilmot’s New Hamburg 614 Bishopwick = - - 614

571 | Melons - - 53. cult. 465 Carolina Pine - - 40

cult. 21. 53. 170, 171. 1. 235. | Nectarines : — Downton - - 40 Black Clutesr - mp) Select List of - 66. cult. 361. Hautbois, - cult. 266 Black Hamburg - 5. 26. 48. 574 Keen’s Seedling - 39. 402. 614] Orange - - - 93. 400. 427 cult. 264

Black July - - - 404 | Peaches - - cult. 63. 321. 571 Myatt’s British Queen - 614 Black Muscat - = Select List of - = iG Eliza - = - 614 Chassselas - - 387. 402 Late Admirable - - 614 Pine - - - 648 Musque - - 26 Walburton Admirable- 614 Newsam’s Princess Royal614 Corinth - - - 404| Pears - - - - - 464 Roseberry - - 39 Damascus - - 24. 26 Dunmore - - - 614 Swanston Seedling - 614 Dutch Black Hamburg - 26 Flemish - < - 615 Wellington - - 39 Dutch Sweetwater - 26 Groom’s Princess Royal 614 Wilmot’s Superb - 40 26 Marie Louise ~ ~ 614 Wilmot’s Victoria - 614

Esperione - - -

LIST OF CULINARY VEGETABLES.

Asparagus - - - 648 Celery :— Onion - - - - 88. 185 Marshall’s dwarf Pro- Bailey’s Gigantic - 76 | O’xalis Déppez - - 2 ks 648 lific *- - = - 614 Kentucky - - - 76 | Parsnep - - - 79 Beans - - - - - 74 Law’s Giant = - 76| Peas - - 74. 375 Mazagan - ss - 614 Manchester Giant - 76 Milford Marrow - - 614 Cabbage : — Perkins’s Large - - 76] Potatoes - S a - 329 Mammoth - - - 330 Russian Pink - =- 76 Sourmillier - = - 331 Carrot : — Seymour’s Red Solid - 76 | Radish: — Altringham - - - 80 Superb White - 76 Java - = 86 Altringham long Orange 28 Siberian - S - 76} Rhubarb = = 75. cull. 174 Early Horn cult. 27.80 | Comfrey - - - - 648 Victoria - - - 648 . New White Altringham 28 } Cucumber - 35. 53. 90. culé, | Scarlet Runners - - - 211 Surrey long - = - 28 262, 563 | Sea-kale = - 75. cult, 269 White or Belgian - 80] Mushrooms - 227. cult, 328. 526

XIV LIST OF GARDENS AND COUNTRY SEATS.

LIST OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS.

OF HORTICULTURAL, BOTANICAL, AND FLORICULTURAL

> SOCIETIES. Agricultural and Horticul- Highland and Agricultural Prussian Horticultural So-

tural Society of India - 593 Society of Scotland - - 458 ciety Bath Royal Horticultural London Horticultural So- Swansea and Neath Horti-

and Botanical Society - 283 ciety and Gardens - - 331 cultural Society = Doberan Agricultural and North Bristol Gardener’s Yorkshire Horticultural and

Silvicultural Society - 592 Society - - - - 21 Floral Society . - - 577

Annatt Cottage - - - 477 Claremont - = - 239.250 | Gunton Park - 2 - 31 Arboretum : — Clifton Park - - - 356 | Haile’s Abbey ~ = - 419

Derby - - - - 381 | Colney House - - - 237 | Hampton Court - - - 415

Flitwick = - - - 36 | Corsham House - - - 366 | Ham Green - S ~ 525 Arlington Court = - 571 | Cossey Hall 26.79. 96. 218. 467 | Haverland Park . - - 32 Ashridge - - 27. 76. 356. 365 | Cromer Hall = 2 - 31 | Hendon Vicarage - = 313 Barningham Park - - 30] Dalkeith Gardens - - 280 |Henham - - - - 355 Baring Park - e - 238 | Dalvey - - - 166 | Heydon Park - - - 33 Bayfield Hall - = - 272 | Ditchingham HIOnee - - 273 | Honing Hall - = - 272 Beeston Park - - - 272 Donnington Park - - 365 | Horsford Hall - = - 31 Belvoir Castle - - - 365 | Downton Castle - - 366. 376 | Houghton Park - - - 271 Bicton °- - - = 68} Dropmore - - - - 259 | Hoveton Park - - 33. 271 Biggar Park - - - 439 | Dunimarle Gardens - - 465 | Hungerton Hall - - 73 Bittiswell Hall - - - 312 | Earsham Park - - - 273 | Hunstanton Park - - 271 Blair-Adam Gardens - 462.465 | Eastnor Castle - - ~- 367 | Hyde Park - = = 492 Blair-Drummond Q - 505 | Eatington Park - - - 324 | Jardin des Plantes = 239. 393 Blenheim Palace - - 34 | Eaton Hall - - - - 366 | Kenwood - - - - 383 Blickling Park - - - 29 Elvaston Castle - - - 217 | Kew - - - - 363 Blithewood - oS - 422 Erskine House - - 257. 434 | Kinfauns Caster o - 477 Bohemia Park - o - 593 | Esholt Hall 6 = - 610 | Kinlet = = - 573 Booton Hall - = = 31] Felbrigg Park - - - 31 | Kirby Cane Hall” = = 273 Botanic Gardens : — Felthorpe Park -— - - 31 | Knowsley Hall - - - 563

Bartram’s - - - 380 | Foxley - - - 367 | Knypersley - - - 261

Bath - - - 283 | Gadebridge - - - 76 | Lemon Hill - = = 422

Berlin - - - 379. 479 | Gardens :— Letton Park - - - 272

Birmingham - 11.13 Baron Rothschild - 298 | Losset Hall - - - 238

Chelsea - - - 266 Bryan, Captain George 75 | Lowther Castle - - - 367

Glasgow 2 oe (Hl 2B Caledonian Horticultural 7 | Margam - - - 368

Glasnevin - = - 284 Count Castiglioni - 182 | Mawley Hall - 173. 264. 274. 478

Hull - 2 - - 190 Cunning ar Alexender Melbury Park - ~ - 210

Liverpool - 3 - 38 Esq. - = 6 | Merivale Hall =< - - 231

Munich - 152.154. 219. 305 Dartford - - - 334 | Monte Video’ - - = 424

Newburgh - = - 147 Davidson, Henry, Esq. 7 | Neuilly - - - - 388

Oxford - = = - 432 Henslow, Professor - 281 | New Hall - - - - 561

Rouen- - - — - 290 Kensington - - - 331 | Nurseries :—

Royal Dublin - - 184 London Horticultural 62. Bagshot - - - 12 Boyton - a oo OB 831 Bayswater - - 260. 560 Brantingham ean yee 76 Luxembourg - — - 198 Berkhampstead - - 77 Brooke Hall - - = ~- 973 Madame de Pompadour 406 Bertin’s =e = 5S Brooke House - - - 273 Palais Royal of 2 168 Cambden - - - 325 Bury Hill - - « 259. 564 Tuilleries - - - 198 Cunningham’s- - - 357 Cally femuagas i = = 8 White, =—) sq. 2 93 Dartford? = - ~- 563 Carlton Hall - - 77.356 | Garnstone - - - - 345 Durdham Down - 14. 26 Castle Hill Gardens - - 262/| Gifford’s Hall - - - 286 Epsom - - = 62. 168

LIST OF BOOKS REVIEWED OR NOTICED.

Alison’s Principles of Population, 294.

Anon. A Selection from the Physiological and Horticultural Papers of the late Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., 327.

Anon, Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, 177. 626.

Anon. Annual Report of the Committee of National Monuments and Works of Art, 627.

Anon. Berlin Horticultural Transactions, 38.

Anon. Botanical Labels for the Herbarium, 229.

Anon. Companion to the British Almanack for 1841, 34.

Anon. Garten Zeitung, 152. 219. 252. 302. 479. 486. 490. 510. 513. 527.

Anon. Jameson’s Journal, 278.

Anon, Journal of the Royal Agricultural So- ciety, 79. 625.

Anon. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 359.

Anon. The Journey-Book of England, 628.

Anon. The Kitchen Garden, from the British Almanack, 625.

Anon. Mechanic’s Magazine, 278. Anon. Penny Cyclopedia, 460. Anon. Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, 119.

138. 295. 438.

Anon. The British Almanack for 1841, 34.

Anon. The British Farmers’ Magazine, 626.

Anon. The Field, the Garden, and the Wood- land, 326.

Anon. Transactions of the Pennsylvania Hor-

ticultural Society, 176.

Anon. Transactions of the Prussian Horticul- tural Society, 337.

Anon. Transactions of the Society of Arts, 274.

Anon. Vegetable Physiology, 327. 616.

Antoine’s Coniferz, 28. 624.

Austin and Seeley’s Specimen Book of Sculptural Works in Artificial Stone, 370.

Ayre’s Treatise on the Cucumber, 327.

Bailey Denton’s Model Mapping, 626.

Bainbridge’s Flower Garden, 628.

Brande’s Dictionary of Science, 177. 626.

Britton’s Graphic Illustrations, &c., of Todding- ton,’ Gloucestershire, 362. 418.

Carter’s Catalogue of Seeds for 1841, 177.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, 10. 61. 167. 258. 324. 357. 557.

Daubeny’s Lectures on Agriculture, 270.

Davy’s Agricultural Chemistry, 98.

De Candolle’s Description d’une Nouvelle Espéce de Figuier, 85. a

De Candolle’s Huititme Notice sur les Plantes Rares, &c., 85.

Downing on the] Theory and Practice of Land- scape-Gardening, 421. 472.

Duncan’s Treatise on the Cucumber, 274.

Edwards’s Botanical Register, 10. 61. 167. 258. 324, 357. 557.

Fowld’s and Lymburn’s Catalogue of Plants, 33.

Gardener’s Chronicle, 9/45. Germain’s Observations sur quelques Plantes Critiques des Environs de Paris, 177. : Graham’s Catalogue of Plants growing in Bom- bay, 85.

Gregory’s Catalogue of Plants, &c., 33.

Grigor’s Eastern Arboretum, 29. 270. 624.

Gulliver’s Plants of Banbury, 625.

Harrison’s Floricultural Cabinet, 16.

Harvey’s British Algz, 625.

Hoffland’s Description of White Knights, 157.

Jamin’s Catalogue des Arbres Fruitiers, 620.

Johnson’s Farmers’ Encyclopedia, 625.

Johnson’s Farmers’ Almanack, 628.

Lane and Son’s Catalogue of Roses, 624.

Leigh’s Hints for an Essay on Anemology and Ombrology, 87.

Lewis’s Kilpeck Church, 627.

Liebig’s Organic Chemistry, 97.

Lindley’s Introduction to Botany, 459.

Link, Klotzsch, and Otto’s Icones Plantarum Rariorum, 84. 369.

Loudon’s Arboretum Britannicum, 93. 182. 186.

Loudon’s Architectural Magazine, 427.

Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants, 182.

Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus, 182.

Loudon’s Supplement to the Encyclopedia of Plants, 369.

Loudon’s, Mrs., Ladies’ Magazine of Gardening, 61. 167. 259. 557.

Lucombe, Pince, and Co’s. Catalogue of Co- niferz, 86.

Main’s Forest Planter’s and Pruner’s Assistant, 94.

Manning’s Book of Fruits, 176.

Maund’s Botanist, 10. 167. 258. 324. 357. 557.

Maund’s Botanic Garden, 10. 167. 258. 324. 557.

Miles’s Treatise on the Cucumber, 229.

Newman’s Phytologist, 626.

Newman’s Entomologist, 626.

Noad’s Lectures on Chemistry, 626.

Owen’s Home Colonies, 628.

Paxton’s Magazine of Botany, 10. 61. 167. 259. 324. 557.

Pratt’s Flowers, and their Associations, 228.

Xvi Rhind’s History of the Vegetable Kingdom, 228. 624 2

24, Ricauti’s Rustic Architecture, 34. Riley’s Catalogue of Ferns, 176. Risso and Poiteau’s Histoire Natural des Oranges,

61. Rivers’s Hints on Root-Pruning, 625. Sckell on Landscape-Gardening, 353, 411. 497.

536.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Selby’s History of British Forest Trees, 624.

Sopwith’s Improved Levelling Stave, 627.

Wallich’s Flora Asiatica, 38.

Webb’s Notice sur le Parolinia, 177.

White on the Theories of the Weather Prophets, 370.

Young’s Catalogue of Plants, &e., 33.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

A.B., 9. 231, A.D., 329. A Gardener out of Place, 173. 264. An Amateur Gardener, 574. An Amateur Gardener, and Constant Reader, 47. Anderson, William, 266. An old Sub- scriber, 185.

Babbage, James, 356. Bathurst, Charles, 378. Beaton, D., 377. Blake, Thomas, 37. N., 231.

C., 525. Catius, 235.430. Catton, J., 328. C.F., 878. C.O., 516. Coltswold, 47. 73. Conductor, 35, 36, 37. 42. 45. 47. 58. 88, 89. 92, 93. 96. 181. 185, 186. 191. 208. 296. 229. 234, 237. 278. 284. 987. 330, 331, 382. 334. 350. 356. 378. 383. 430. 435. 574, 575. 654. Cree, Gavin, 435. 440. 444. 4.58. 550. Crumpsale, S. H., 377.

Downing, A.J., 146. Drummond, James, 515. peummonds Ws and Sons, 602. Duncan, James,

1, 238.

Eaton, James, 210. Errington, Robert, 170. 255. 269, 615. Ewing, Charles, 563.

Fish, John, 237. 345. Fish, Robert, 96.

Bailey, Thomas, 334. Baxter, W. H., 431. Brown,

Forrest,

R., 231. Forsyth, A., 204. 494. G. C., 233. G.G., 180. G. J., 212, Glendinning, R., 57.63. G.L.L., 508. Godsall, W., 572.

Gordon, George, 35. 608. Gordon, W., 266. Gorrie, A., 1.185. Gower, N. Leveson, 237. Grey, W. Scurfield, 88. Grigor, Jolin, 164.

H., 257. Harper, F., 186. H.B., 48. H.C. O., 593. H.L. L., 296. 564. H.O., 74. Hodgson, Edward, 574. Hope, Thomas, 157. Hutchison, William, 321.

J.B.C., 90. J.B. W., 48. 344. 350, 415. J.D, 333. J.G., 346. J.H., 429. J.L,152. J.M., 91. 93. 329, 330. 379. 382. 476. 569. Jones, W., 297. J.R., 151.333. J.S., 334.

Kendall, Peter, 286. Kent, J.C., 45. Kingston, James, 96,

L., 230. Lambert, A.B., 92. Lauder, S., 376. Lawrence, George, 313. Lippold, D.J.F., 37. Lymburn, R., 97. 335. 376. 408. 416. Lucas, Edward, 219.

Mackenzie, A., 461. 465. Mackenzie, Peter, 433.

489. 555. 600. Main, James, 208. Manetti,

Giuseppe, 183. 567. Massey, M., 17. Mills,

John, 36. M. L., 252. 302. 564. M‘Nab, James,

jun., 3. Moberley, C., 211. Moore, D., 184.

_ 284. M. F., 36. :

N., 92. 235. Nash, J., 571. Neubert, M. N., 221. Niven, N., 49. 478. N.M.T., 9. 43. 147. 169. 235. 285, 360. 376. 564.

Ogle, Henry C., 255. Otto, Edward, 381.

Parks, J. D., 334. 563. Paxton, Joseph, 45. 234, 430. Pearson, John, 573. Pearson, William, 7. Penn, John, 232. Poiteau, M., 58. Pringle, R., 355, 356. 610.

R., 563. R. L., 230. 522. Robertson, David, 75. Seren John, 92. Rogers, John, 34. Rutger,

., 93.

S., 48. Saul, A., 45. 262. Saul, D., 230. 237. Saunders, Bernard, 15. Scott, John, 239. 382. Seymour, J., 27. 76. 356. 606. S.H., 329. Sheps herd, Henry, 38. Shiells, G., 256. 434. Smart, M., 31). S. O., 462.

T. B., 334. 355. Thompson, Robert, 377. 614. Torbron, Thomas, 308. Torrey, John, 570. Tk. S., 562 LT. S: W., 73. T.-U. W-; 429; T. W., 571. 654. :

Vilmorin, M., 467.

W., 569. Walker, W., 223. Wallace, Jasper, 464, W. B., 184. W. D., 332. Westwood, J. O., 186. W. H., 171. 262. 478. W.H.B., 477. Wighton, J., 26. 77. 96. 217. 465. 574. 652. Wilson, Robert, 45. 174. 237. Wilson, W.., 237. Wooster: Abe Byteh Wo 185 Gils GRE Vaio Sin

THE

GARDENER’S MAGAZINE, | JANUARY, 1841.

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS.

Art. I. On preserving Plants through the Winter, by Means of the Temperature of Spring Water. By A. Gorriz, F.HL.S., C.S., &c.

In the Gardener's Magazine for 1830, p. 402., is a short article by me, ‘“‘ On preserving plants in winter by means of the temperature of spring water.” Having since made some im- provements and fully tested its usefulness, I now send you plans of the frame, well, and adjoining small fishponds. Perhaps they may be admissible into your Suburban Horticulturist.

By reference to my article in the Gardener’s Magézine, it will be observed that I then considered it might be usefully applied by cottagers and others who could not conveniently spare the expence of glass frames: finding, however, that many plants useful or interesting to a more wealthy class could be easily pre- served under any temperature however severe in this climate, and to prevent some tender plants from being injured by too much damp arising between the spars formerly used, I had a box or frame formed of zinc, quite water-tight, fitted into a wooden frame at near the top of the zine, and with glazed sashes to fit. —

Fig. 1. shows the size of this frame, within which are placed pots containing such flowers as are wished to flower early, such as snowdrops, Zussilago odorata, &c., or tender green-house plants, as represented by the section (fig. 2. a). A two-light hot- bed frame is placed over this zine frame, large enough to allow of 6 in. clear of water all round the zinc box. When the pots and plants are put in, the box sinks in the water till the top of the pots are something below the surface of the water without, and thus the box is to that height surrounded by a uniform and regular supply of water at the temperature of 47°, which causes a like temperature in the air within the zinc, around the pots. When the temperature falls 6° or 8° below freezing in the open air, the inner sashes must be put on the zine frame, which at a higher temperature is not necessary: and, however severe the frost or hoarfrost may be without, the inner frame, being sur- rounded by water at 47° or its evaporation, never has any thing

1841.— I. 3d Ser. B

2 Preservation of Plants during Winter.

———

SB Fig. 1. Ground Plan. a, Inner, or zinc-bottomed, frame, betwixt which and the outer frame there is a space of 6 inches, b. c, Gold-fish pond. d, Footpath. e, Gold or silver fish. Jf, Pond for trouts, &c.

like hoarfrost on its glass, and the plants within maintain a healthy appearance.

Geraniums, cinerarias, heliotropiums, &c., continue in a healthy and slowly growing state, quite as fresh as in a con- servatory. The small ponds ¢ and e in fig. 1. are fed directly from the well in winter, to communicate warmth to the water in

" z Ny

: C. xi T\ Ni . MMM SN a N la MGR N 7 =

I.

Fig. 2. Section. a, Inner zinc frame. 6, Outer frame. c, Small pond for gold or silver fish. d, Footpath.

which are gold and silver fish. In summer the water directly from the well would continue at about 47° (too cold for the fish) ; and that it may acquire a higher temperature before it reaches these small ponds wherein are also some rare aquatic plants in pots, the whole water is directed first into the large trout pond with a fall of some inches to prevent the water being too much affected by the low temperature of that in the well; from this it falls into the silver-fish pond c, and thence into the gold-fish pond e; by this means the trout pond maintains a higher

White’s Patent Stove applied to Pits, Sc. 3

temperature than the well, and the other two smaller ponds rise higher in temperature in proportion to their , distance from the well, and in these the gold and silver fish seem to thrive. All this may appear trifling to the dahlia fancier, but it may be asked whether ‘ my water conserva~- _ Rie tory, with all its.ap- Fig. 3. Isometrical View. pendages, does not afford as much varied’ enjoyment te a contemplative mind as can arise from gazing on the finest cupped dahlia that ever bloomed ; nor do I know of a better situation for keeping autumn struck dahlia cuttings during the winter. Annat Cottage, April 18. 1840.

The inner frame is shown by dotted lines.

Art. II. On the Application of White's Patent Stove to the Heating of Pits and other Plant. Structures. By James M‘Nag, jun.

In compliance with your request to obtain further information regarding the application of White’s Patent Stoves to horti- cultural structures, I beg to say that I proceeded to Had- dington on the 7th of April last (1840), in order to witness the various methods which Mr. White has had recourse to for heating houses, pits, &c., with his patent stoves; and, from what I have seen of them during my short visit, I feel: pretty confident that they will ere long become generally adopted and useful, provided they be fitted up with care and by qualified individuals. I first examined Mr. White’s vinery, figured in the following diagrams to a scale of 54; in. to 1 foot.

ASA

un il ti HN |

et ] Fig. 4. Elevation and End View. a, End view of iron cover over stoke-hole. 6b, Venta which open inwards from below. c, Front view of iron cover. Chimney can.

B 2

A Application of White's Patent Stove

eh

Fig. 5. Ground Plan and Section. e, Path. JS, Stove. g, Hot-air flue, with flue covers on. h, Grating on cold-air drain. Z, Section of hot-air flue, with smoke tube inside. k, Iron rod for raising ventilating sash,

the sash shown shut.

Fig. 6. Dissected Plan and Section.

Z, Cold air drawn below path for inside feeding. m, Cold air drawn for outside feeding. m, Horizontal section of stove, with cover and sand-bath removed. o, Hot-air flue, with the covers taken off, showing the smoke tube. p, Iron rod for raising ventilating sash, the sash shown open. q, Stove with its coverings, as seen inside of the house.

During the winter the stove fire has scarcely ever been out; I requested Mr. White to take particular notice of the temperature during the months of De- cember and January, at stated periods, both in and out of doors, and I obtained from him the following observations and particulars regarding its management.

About 4 p. m. the embers in the stove ‘Fig.7. gna Section, showing were stirred after being shut up all day; Fue Nears a little coke was then put in and air freely 7” Fume feeders. 8, Ash-box. admitted ; after being fairly kindled and burning briskly, a little more coke was applied and then regulated for the evening; about 9 p.m. the burning coke was again stirred, the stoves then filled and ventilated according to the appearance of the night. At seven the following morning the temperature was observed both in and out of doors, and the following table will show the result of the observations kept during that period.

With the exception of the 26th of Dec. three of the flue covers were always kept up, but on that night all were down, and the thermometer in consequence fell below 60°. After marking the temperature, a little more coke was given and the stove shut up close for the day. The thermometer in the evenings, when the fire was made up, generally ranged from 65° to 68°.

to the Heating of Pits, 5c. 5

——

Observations taken at 7 a.m. during Dec. 1839 and Jan. 1840.

Temperature | Temperature Temperature | Temperature in Vinery. | in open Air. in Vinery. | in open Air. 1839. Dec. 1. 60° 36° 1840. Jan. 1. 65° 38° — 2. 49 28 — 2. 65 42 — 3. 55 32 — 3. 64: 40 — 4. 56 34 — 4. 65 33 — 3. 61 34 — 5. 64: 30 — 6. 61 30 — 6. 64: 29 — 7%. 63 31 — %, 60 . 24 — 8. 61 28 => [skh 66 32 — 9. 62 32 — 9. 66 34 — 10. 64: 34 — 10. 64: 29 — ll. 61 32 — 11 61 39 — 12. 64: 40 — 12 66 42 — 13. 66 41 — 13 65 44, — 14. 65 40 — 14 63 38 — 15. 60 38 — 15 65 Ads — 16. 62 36 — 16 65 40 == 1% 65 34 — 17 64 34: == IIS, 63 34 — 18 65 33 —— 19% 65 37 — 19 65 40 — 20. 65 45 — 20 60 34 — 21 68 AT — 21 64 Al =—— 22 61 46 — 22 60 35 — 23 69 45 — 23 61 46 — 24 65 42 — 24 68 30 — 25 60 38 — 25 64: 34: — 26 55 28 — 26 62 38 — 27 63 30 — 27 61 31 — 28 63 27 — 28 62 32 — 29 62 28 — 29 60 32 — 30 64: 26 — 30 60 31 — 3i1 65 45 — 3l 60 34

On the 16th of Feb. (1840), the following vines were planted in the house, viz. Black Hamburg, White “Fr ontignan, Frank- enthal, Royal Muscadine, Muscat of Alexandria, Black Muscat,

and Black Cluster. Early in April gentle heat was applied, and the result already proved is very ‘ae which Mr. White first erect- ed in his garden, and to

which a trial of his stove

was first applied, had at the

period of my visit a plentiful

The pit is 10 ft. long, 54 ft. Fig.8. Section and Le EEE Mr. White's

me Pit

wide, and is heated with one

of the small patent stoves, placed at the back part of the pit inside, the feeder being on the outside ; the smoke pipe is conveyed under the surface of the soil from the stove to the front of the pit, as.

The small pit (jig. 8.) crop of grapes setting well. ort Lt B 3

6 White's Patent Stove applied to Pits, &c.

shown in the section, ji. 8. ata. The

treatment used for the small stove was || | HA

Hl

the same as described for the large one, the thermometer in the evenings ranging from 70° to 75°.

Fig. 9. is a vertical profile of this pit with the sashes on. Fig. 9. Vertical Seinen of Mr.

I next visited the garden of Alexander Wikies Tinea Cunningham, Esq. alinie gentleman is a great enthusiast in horti- culture; and, being pleased with this evel method of heating, he agreed to have a range of pits put up, and to be heated with one of the patent stoves on n Mr. White’s plan. Mr. Cunningham’s range is 24 ft. long, 7 ft. 6 in. wide, 3 ft. high at back, and 18 in. in front. It is divided into three spaces, as shown at a b cy fg. 10. The

5) 0 loft Fig. 10. Ground Plan of Mr..Cunningham’s Pits for Grapes, Melons, and Peaches. :

smoke pipe is of cast iron, which is found to answer much better than the malleable iron ones first used by Mr. White. The pipe is laid in a built flue with movable covers, instead of fire-clay cylinders, as used in Mr. White’s vinery. Fire-clay cylinders are more expensive but much neater-looking than the built ones. The stove in Mr. Cunningham’s pit is placed at the front or

south-west corner, anil the heat carried along the front seloy the level of the soil, as shown in he sections in

Pit for ‘Grapes. Pit for Melons. Pit for Peaches.

The first division of Mr. Cunningham’s pit, occupying three sashes, is planted with vines; the next, of two sashes, with melons; and the third, also of two sashes, with peaches. At the period of my visit it was Mr. Cunningham’s wish to have most heat in the vine pit; and accordingly two or three of the flue covers were tilted up in it, and one in the melon department; after a while, when less heat will be required for the vines, the covers will be shut down and those in the melon and peach

Systematic Plan for Kitchen Service. 7

departments raised a little. The stove employed in this pit is No. 4.; and Mr. Cunningham assures me that two bushels of coke (6d. worth) a week is as much as his stove has been able to consume during the severest weather which he has had it

ii i i i il i | ali |

ie 2 i / ’ Wii Wi | | \ : IN Fig. 12. Vertical Profile of Mr. Cunningham’s Pits, with the Sashes on.

The next structure visited was a green-house belonging to Henry Davidson, Esq., sheriff substitute, Haddington. The stove and hot-air flue are placed and fed within. Mr. Davidson seems highly delighted with it, both on account of the fuel saved, and the little trouble required for its management, the only objection being the escape of a little dust while cleaning out the stove. As Mr. Davidson’s green-house is situated on the top of some out-houses and entered from the lobby of the second floor of his dwelling-house, few other methods of heating could have been contrived to answer the purpose so well.

From what Mr. White has already done in heating horticul- tural structures with his patent stoves, I feel pretty confident in their success. He is at present engaged fitting up several green- houses and pits in this country, and amongst “others a vinery for the Earl of Lauderdale. One of Mr. White’s stoves’ was recently fitted in a green-house erected for Lord Jeffrey, at Craig Crook: the mildness of the weather since its erection has caused it to be little used. Previously, however, to the plants being put in, I saw it thoroughly tested, and ihe results of a week’s trial agree very closely with the observations on Mr. White’s vinery.

Cal. Hort. Soc. Garden, Edinb., April, 1846.

Hi Mu i | i | il

i

ul ee

i

Art. III. A Systematic Plan for a Gardener to “serve the Kitchen.” By W1iLL1AM PEARSON.

I sec leave to submit for your approval or disapproval the accompanying simple plan which I put into practice some years ago, for the purpose of serving the kitchen and the dessert with more facility and regularity than is generally done.

Many of my brethren are well aware of the disagreeable things which almost daily occur between the gardener ‘and the cook in regard to the vegetables, fruit, &c., which often arise

B 4

8 Systematic Plan for Kitchen Service.

through the ignorance of the latter, in not knowing the state of the crops, &c., and sometimes through the inattention of the person who is appointed to serve. The’plan is so simple, that it needs no explanation. Every garden production is to be marked in the bill, which is to be sent to the kitchen every morning, and the cook is to be requested to put his mark to every article which he wants for that day. This done, the bearer proceeds to the garden, and puts the bill into the hands of the gardener or his foreman, who gives orders accordingly.

The bills are renewed from time to time, and all crops that are exhausted are to be expunged, and the newly come in crops to be added. ‘The old bills are carefully kept, and at leisure are entered into a book, which proves a capital reference in more respects than one: in that book are to be found day and date, kind and quantity ; and one year may be compared with another, both in regard to earliness and weight of crop.

Cally Gardens, Aug. 17. 1840.

Tue Kircuen BIL.

Names of Articles. Days of the Month — ( August.)

6|7)8/9 10 11/12/13 14)15 16l17|18 19

(XS) je)

NN | + RK | &

Peas, young - Peas, old - Beans = > ih Kidneybeans - Z Cauliflowers - L Cabbages - Turnips - SA V2 Pe Carrots = = Potatoes = - Ze Onions = = Leeks = = Artichokes = Spimage = - - Vegetable Marrows Cucumbers - Lettuces = = Gooseberries = Currants - - Cherries = = Plums = = Grapes - Z Peaches - - Nectarines - Pine-apples - Raspberries = Strawberries e Sweet Herbs of

sorts, &c. - Zz. Ze Ice - = Zz a

ISDS |=

XN

N NNIK

NANAK N NRK N

NNN N NNRNEA

NNK

NNN RNKARKRARKN

KNW

NRK N

KRNRKREA NNN

KNARANRIA

Leycesteria formosa, as Shelter for Game. 9

Tue Dessert BIL.

Names of Articles. | Quantities. Days of the Month — (August.) 1} 2) 3) 4 5) 6 7 8) 9/10)11/12)13}14)15)16)17

Pine-apples - | No. 1 1 1

Grapes - | Ibs. 3} 2) 4! | 6

Peaches -| No. {24/15} 10) {12

Nectarines’ - No. 10| 9 8 7

Melons - | No. 1 1 1

Cherries -.| Ibs, 1) 2/14) 1) 1

Plums - | lbs. 2) 2) 3/13) 1

Gooseberries - | Pts 1} 2) 1) 1} 2

Strawberries - | Pts IW) TM Ty TYP Tp al

Currants, &c. Pts. a) 3) 2) 2) a) 2

Ice - - Je Zea WZ

Art. IV. On Leycestéria formosa, as an Undergrowth for the Shelter and Food of Game, and as a Sea-Breeze Plant. By N. M. T.

LrycrstTE‘rI4 formosa is by no means a splendid plant, but it is, under every circumstance, a striking and very interestin one. Its admirable pendent racemes of flowers and fruit, shel- tered by numerous branches and leaves, are so different from any thing we before possessed, that I find them attract universal attention. Its decidedly hardy character, the amplitude of its foliage, the extreme rapidity of its growth, and the ease with which it may be produced from cuttings, layers, or seed, all point it out as an object well calculated to form underwood, or shelter for game. Its worth for such purposes would be doubled, could game be brought to feed upon its berries, which are pro- duced in great profusion. Could its (to me) insipid fruit be converted into any useful domestic purpose, it would, I think, under culture, require the same treatment as the raspberry, as it seems disposed to produce its shoots from the bottom annually.

It seems also to possess in a great degree the valuable pro- perty of standing unshrinkingly the saline breeze, whence it may possibly be useful where so many things are really useless. The only seeming objection to its covering what appear to be un- coverable wastes is, that it carries too much sail.

Folkstone, Sept. 10. 1840.

Art. V. Notice of a Petunia of extraordinary Dimensions. By A.B.

Havine read in some of the Numbers of the Gardener’s Ma- gazine notices of the size to which different plants have at-

10 Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices,

tained, I send you the dimensions of a Petunia placed in the latter end of May 1839, as a cutting (only a few inches high), against a wall facing the south-east. It measured at the end of that year 9 ft. in height, and 13 ft. in breadth; a matting pro- tected it through the winter, and it is now (Dec. 1. 1840) 13 ft. high, and 16 ft. broad. It is trained in the fan shape, and has never ceased presenting throughout the spring, summer, and autumn, a gorgeous mass of the most splendid bloom, until checked by the frosts which set in here (in the hills of Caer- marthenshire) early. A cutting, taken from the above Petunia in the autumn of 1839, now measures 10 ft. high, by 12 ft. wide. This Petunia is a hybrid between P. nyctaginiflora and P. phoe- nicea; the blossom is large, and of a rosy purple colour, with a dark eye. A Coboe’a scandens of this year has also reached the height of 20 ft.— Dolau Cothi, near Llandovery, Dec. 1. 1840.

Art. VI. Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices of the Kinds of Plants newly introduced into British Gardens and Plantations, or which have been originated in them; together with additional Information respecting Plants (whether old or new) already in Cultivation: the whole witended to serve as a perpetual Supplement to the ‘‘ Encyclopedia of Plants,” the ‘* Hortus Britannicus,” the “ Hortus Lignosus,” and the “ Arboretum et Fruticetum Britan- nicum.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine ; in monthly numbers, each containing seven plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Sir William Jackson Hooker, LL.D., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow.

Edwards’s Botanical Register ; in monthly numbers, new series, each containing six plates; 3s. 6d. coloured, 3s. plain. Edited by Dr. Lindley, Professor of Botany in the University College, London.

Maund’s Botanic Garden, or Magazine of Hardy Flower Plants cul- tivated in Great Britains; in monthly numbers, each containing four coloured figures in one page; large paper, Is. 6d.; small, 1s. Edited by B. Maund, Esq., F-.L.S.

Paaton’s Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants; in monthly numbers; large 8vo; 2s. 6d. each.

The Botanist ; in monthly numbers, each containing four plates, with two pages of letterpress; Svo; large paper, 2s. 6d.; small paper, ls. 6d. Conducted by B. Maund, Esq., F.L.S., assisted by the Rev. J. S. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S., &c., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. ;

In these notices we may direct attention to the following new plants, which promise to be valuable additions to our gardens. The most important of these is Fuchsia corymbifiora, the most splendid fuchsia ever introduced ; and next to this is Hibiscus Wrayee, a beautiful Swan River shrub. Impatiens candida, Indigofera stipularis, Monolopia major (the Helénium Douglassii of the seed shops), Caléndula Astérias, Martjniafrdgrans and Sdlvia prunellordes, are also well deserving of attention. To these may be added Calectasia cydnea, a most

supplementary to Enc. of Plants, Hort. Brit., and Arb. Brit. 11

beautiful Australian plant, figured in the Bot. Mag. t. 3834., but not yet introduced. The flowers are of a most beautiful brilliant blue, and of the kind called everlasting. It grows in sandy soil among shrubs.

Ranunculacee. z

1599. DELPHI’/NIUM (1840, 64., and Bot. Gard. 761. decorum Fisch. et Mey. decorous Yy or 13 my P New California 1838. S co Bot. reg.

This pretty larkspur was first raised in the Botanic Garden, Birmingham, from seeds received from St. Petersburg, it being a native of the Russian settlement of New California in North America. “It is a plant of neat growth,” and it appears perfectly hardy ; but “ at present it does not admit of division of the root.” (Bot. Gard.and Bot. Reg., Nov.)

Capparidacee.

ISO’MERIS (Isos, equal, meris, part ; regular petals, and equal length of stamens and pistils.)

arborea Nutf. tree _]| % pr 10 my Y California 1839. C co Bot. mag. 3842,

~An erect deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers, which have rather a dis- agreeable smell, and which bear some resemblance to those of the small- flowered Edwardsia. It is a native of California, where it was discovered by Nuttall. (Bot. Mag., Dec.)

Pittosporee. :

Pronaya élegans Hugel. This elegant Swan River shrub has flowered in the Milford Nursery. (B. MZ. R., No. 200., Nov.)

Malvacee.

2014. HIBI/SCUS Wraye Lindl. Mrs. Wray’s 2 or 10 o P Swan River 1839. C co. Bot. reg. 1840, 69.

A very beautiful green-house shrub, of very easy culture, raised from Swan River seeds sent home by Drummond. It should be planted in the free ground in a conservatory, where it will flower abundantly, “ and will continue to produce a succession of bloom throughout the winter and spring.” It is named in honour of Mrs. Wray of Oakfield, near Cheltenham, in whose garden it flowered for the first time last summer. (Bot. Reg., Dec.)

3489. ABU TILON striatum Synonyme: Sida picta Bot. Mag, 3840.

Byttneriacee.

Thomasia canéscens Lindl. A little “Swan River shrub, with bright purple flowers, and leaves covered on the under side with whitish hairs. (B. MZ. R., No. 203., Nov.)

Geraniacee.

1932. GERA‘NIUM [1840, 67. rubifolium Lindi. Bramble-leaved y A pr 1 jl P Himalayas 1839. D s.p _ Bot. reg.

A hardy perennial, of erect habit of growth, but not exceeding 1 ft. high.

“ Tt should be planted in light soil, or on rockwork, as itis soon destroyed by the wet in winter.” (Bot. Reg., Dec.)

Balsaminacee.

Impatiens candida Lindl. “ A noble-looking tender annual from India, growing 6 ft. high, with “ large terminal clusters of snow-white flowers, slightly spotted with crimson. (B. M. R., No. 204., Nov.)

Celastrinee.

672. ELEZODE’NDRON [3835. capénse Eck.et Zey. Cape _] cu 18 jn G Cape of Good Hope 1828. C co. Bot. mag.

A handsome evergreen tree which requires protection in Scotland, but which would probably endure the climate of London with the protection of a wall. The flowers are small and greenish, and the fruit yellow. It is very different from the plant in common cultivation as Elzodéndron capénse, which “ is nothing else than a narrow-leaved variety of the common bay.” (Bot. Mag., Nov.)

Leguminose.

INDIGO’FERA stipularis Link Jlarge-stipuled %\_] or 1 my Pk _ S.Africa 1816. S co. Bot. 191.

12 Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices, —

A very handsome species, which, though introduced so long since as 1816, is not common in collections. The flowers are pink, and they are produced in a dense raceme. The specific name alludes to the large leaf-like stipules. It “is found in elevated rocky situations on the borders of Cafferland, at the eastern limits of the colony ;” and it does not require “so great a degree of summer heat as the plants from the neighbourhood of Cape Town.” (Botanist, Nov.)

Onagracee.

FU’CHSIA [reg. 1840, 70.

corymbiflora Riz et Pavon cluster-flowered % | sp 6 su S. Peru 1840. C. r.m

This splendid plant was raised by Mr. Standish of the Bagshot Nursery, from seed which he procured, through a friend at Montreal in Canada, from Cusco in Peru; and it is evidently the Fiachsia corymbiflora of the Flora Peruviana. It was found by Ruiz and Pavon in the woods of Chinchao and Muna, to the north-east of Lima, in shady situations. This country abounds with many beautiful kinds of fuchsia, several of which are not yet introduced, “and remain among the greatest desiderata of florticulture.” (Bot. Reg., Dec.)

In a communication which we have received from Mr. Standish, he informs us that “ this fuchsia is considerably more hardy than Fichsia fulgens, and indeed quite as hardy as any fuchsia in cultivation.” The best way of growing and flowering it, he tells us, is, to prepare a bed in the open garden with light rich soil, in the month of May; and as soon as all appearance of frost is over, which will generally be about the end of that month, to turn the plant out into a bed so prepared, when it will soon begin to grow, and form a massive ball of roots and a handsome head. It may be left to flower in the open ground, or, if desirable, it can afterwards be taken up and planted in a pot, or in the conservatory, without doing it the slightest injury; such is the abundance of fibrous roots that it produces close to the main root. Mr. Standish adds that this plant is a very strong feeder, and can hardly have too much room to grow in, or too great a depth of soil, or too rich a soil. Small flowering plants, he says, may be obtained by taking off cuttings when in a flowering state, and planting them in thumb pots, placing each pot under a bell-glass. They will strike root immediately, and by shifting them into larger-sized pots by degrees, as in growing balsams, they will soon become large plants. The house my plants are now in, he continues, “is kept from 45° to 55° of heat, and the plants are as luxuriant in growth, as if it were now the height of summer. I have a plant of F. fulgens in the same house, which is now ripening its wood and becoming deciduous. F. corymbiflora is the strongest-feeding plant that ever came under my notice. I think it almost impossible to give it too rich a soil. In the month of January last, I placed a plant of it in a little heat ; and, before F. falgens had broken out at all, F. corymbiflora had made shoots 18 in. long, which proved to me that this species was more hardy than F. fulgens ; and I was thereby induced to turn a small plant out into the open ground in the second week of June, the immediate and rapid growth of which I was quite astonished to see. I was also induced to turn out my largest plant of F. corymbiflora, which was growing freely, but was showing no symptoms of flowering. This was a tall plant with only one stem; but as soon as it was turned out it began to branch and formed quite a head, and showed flowers in about six weeks after being turned out; while the flowers of the former plant first made their appearance about the middle of September. This plant is now a noble specimen, having broken out with ten strong shoots. The diameter of the plant is 3 ft., and its height 44 ft. ; each shoot having a raceme of flowers. My large plant is now 6 ft. high, but having only a single stem for 4 ft. in height ; this makes it anything but a handsome plant. The cause of this plant not branching out is the want of room above, and nourishment at the roots. On reading the description in the Bot. Reg. of this plant, taken from the Flora Peruviana, it is spoken of as acquiring the height of a man, with a stem little inclined to branch. Now under the culture Irecommend, Ihave no hesitation in stating that it will branch out so as to form quite abush ; and, if planted out

Bot.

supplementary to Enc. of Plants, Hort. Brit., and Arb, Brit. 13

in arich conservatory border, it will in the course of a few years become a plant at least twice the height above spoken of; and, as to flowering, it appears now to flower at every branch it makes. — John Standish. Bagshot, Dec. 7. 1840.” :

Composite. MONOLO‘PIA (Monolopos, having a single covering ; in allusion to the structure of the involucre.)

major Dec. greater O or 3 su Y California 1828. S co Bot. mag. 3839.

A showy free-growing annual, with large bright yellow flowers, commonly __ known in all the seed-shops as Heléniwm Douglass. It continues flowering nearly all the summer. “ It was introduced from California by Mr. Douglas, and has been extensively distributed by the Horticultural Society.” (of. Mag., December.)

2448, CALE’/NDULA

A very beautiful and hardy annual, with a golden yellow flower, and dark green leaves ; the stalk is rather slender. It was raised in the Birmingham Botanic Garden, from seeds received from St. Petersburg. It will “ flower and ripen seeds in any common garden soil.” It continues in beauty from August to October. (Bot. Gard., December.)

Ericdcee.

3614. PERNE’TTY A [and Bot. gard. 768.

angustifolia Lindi. narrow-leaved a pr 2 jn W Valdivia 1834. C s.p Bot. reg. 1840, 63.,

A pretty little shrub, with white bell-shaped flowers, and small narrow dark green leaves. [tis commonly called Pernéttya phillyreifolia in the nurseries.

It is a native of the Falkland Isles, and is very hardy; but, like all other plants of the same genus, it is easily killed by extremes of drought and mois- ture. It succeeds best with American plants in a peat border ; and it is propagated by cuttings, which must be treated like those of heaths. “ They should be potted in brown peaty soil, with very little sand in it.” (Bot. Reg., November ; and Bot. Gard., December. )

1174. MENZIE‘SZ4 9946 empetrifolia Bot. Gard. 762.

Pedalinee.

Martjnia fragrans Lindl. A. Mexican half-hardy annual, with very fragrant purple flowers, enlivened by a streak of yellow down the lower lip. (B. R. AL, No. 206., November.)

Convolvulacee.

492. CONVO’LVULUS 4205 pentanthus Synonyme : Jaquemontia pentantha Benth. in Botanist, t. 197.

— C. floridus L. This plant has flowered in the Milford Nursery. (B. J. R., No. 199., November.)

Ipomea ficifotia Lindl. A beautiful stove climber, with rich purple flowers, raised in the Victoria Nursery, Bath. (8. M. R&., No. 221., December.)

Solanacee.

3565. GRABOW’SKIA duplicata Arm. doubled _@ [7] cu 12 jl W_ Peru 1838. C. co. Bot. mag. 3841. A rambling shrub, 12 ft. high, a native of Peru, which requires the heat of a _stove to make it produce even a moderate quantity of flowers, which are white, tinged with green or brown; and which are more curious than beauti- ful. (Bot. Mag., December.) 591. SOLA‘NUM

vestitum Benth. clothed 3% ([] or 6 a@ W Mexico .. C co. Botanist, 192.

A tall shrub, with broad coarse-growing leaves, and large white flowers. It would be worth cultivating, did it not require a stove, for which, on account of “ the large size of its foliage, it can be scarcely recommended, except for

an extensive collection.” (Botanist, November.) Labiate.

+ Salvia Régla Cav. A Mexican half-hardy plant, with bright scarlet flowers.

(B. Rk. M., No. 205., Nov.)

14 Botanical, Floricultural, and Arboricultural Notices.

+S. prunelléides Humb. This plant has been raised in the Durdham Down Nursery, near Bristol, from tubers received from Mexico. It is a dwarf plant, not above 8 in. high, with blue flowers; and it is about as hardy as Verbéna Melindres. (B. M. R., No. 207., Nov.)

Verbendcee. _ CHASCO‘NUM Mey. CHAscoNUM. (Chasko, to gape ; from the gaping calyx.) {nist, 196. cuneifdlium C. Mey. wedge-shpd-lvd S,_J pr 4 ap W C.G.H. 1821. ... s..p Bota-

A half-shrubby plant, with white flowers (which are yellow, tipped with orange in the bud) and very peculiar leaves. It is anative of the Cape. “ It requires green-house protection during winter, and should be in sandy loam mixed with a little peat. It requires to be very well drained.” (Botanist, Dec.)

Plumbaginee.

929. STA’TICE 7511 pectinata Bot. Reg. 1840, 65.

Thymele’e.

87. PIMELE‘A

nana Graham dwarf yj or 2 ap jn W SwanRiver 1839. C sp Bot. mag. 3833.

A pretty Australian, about 8 in. high, with a woody stem, which is covered with white hairs. Its leaves are thin and rather long. (Bot. Mag., Noy.)

Orchidacee.

3597. MONACHA’NTHUS 30801 discolor var. Bishnan? Bot. Mag. 3832.

The lip is fringed. (Bot. Mag., Nov.)

3538. CYRTOCHI‘LUM 29798 maculatum var. ecornitum Bot. Mag. 3836.

A pretty variety, introduced from Mexico in 1840. (Bot. Mag., Nov.) 2547. DENDRO'BIUM 28807 moschatum Bot. Mag. 3837.

D. aciculare Lindl. A curious little East Indian species, with “a single yellow- ish flower, slightly tinged with pink. (B. RX. M., No. 188., Nov.)

D. geméllum Lindl. An East Indian species, with “small pale yellowish green flowers, growing in pairs.” (B. WM. R., No. 192., Nov.)

D. calcaratum Lindl. A slender inconspicuous species, with green flowers, growing in pairs. (B. M. R., No. 219., Dec.)

9532. ZYGOPH’TALUM africanum Hook.

Synonyme : Odontogléssum bictonénse Lind/., Bot. reg. 1840, 66.

This was supposed by Sir W. J. Hooker to be a native of Sierra Leone, but it proves to be a native of Guatemala. (Bot. Reg., Nov.)

2569. ANGRA*CUM (1840, 68. gladiifdlium Thou. sword-leaved € [X} cu 1 f W Isleof Bourbon ... D r.w Bot. reg. An orchideous plant, with white flowers, of no beauty ; found in the Isle of

Bourbon, the Mauritius, and Madagascar. (Bot. Reg., Dec.)

Peristylus Goodyerdides Lindl. A Ceylon species, with a long spike of pure white flowers. (B. M. R., No. 187., Nov.)

Liparis spathulata Lindl. An Indian plant of no beauty, with a long raceme of very small green flowers. (B. M. R., No. 189., Nov.)

Epidéndron viscidum Lindl. A Mexican plant, nearly allied to E. ciliare. (B. M. R., No. 190., Nov.)

Mazilliria macrophylla Popp. Messrs. Loddiges have just flowered a fine variety of this species. (B. M. R., No. 191., Nov.)

Oncidium microchilum Bate. A very curious and distinct species from Gua- temala. (B. M. R., No. 193., Nov.)

O. Wentworthianum Bate. A very beautiful species with yellow flowers, richly stained with crimson. (B. M. R., No. 194., Nov.)

O. pelicdnum Hort. Monac. Nearly allied to O. refléxum. “The name has doubtless been given in allusion to the column, which is not unlike a pelican pecking her breast.” (B. M. R., No. 216., Dec.)

Bolbophijllum flavidum Lindl. “ A pale yellow-flowered orchideous plant, imported from Sierra Leone by Messrs. Loddiges.” (B. M. R., No. 195., Nov.)

B. sordidum Lindl. A native of Guatemala. “ The flowers are very fleshy, of a dull olive brown externally, but highly mottled with purple on the inside.” (B. M. R., No. 217., Dec.)

Culture of Iridee in the Island of Jersey. oe

Roderiguezia maculata Lindl. “A native of Guatemala.’ It has small flowers, of no beauty. (B. WM. R., No. 218., Dec.)

E*ria nutans Lindl. An East Indian epiphyte, “ with a single large nodding terminal white flower.” (B. W/. R., No. 196., Nov.)

Ei. velutina G. Lodd. “A singular plant, of no beauty, from Sincapore. (B. M. R., No. 209., Nov.)

E.. clavicailis Wall. An Indian epiphyte, with pretty white and pink flowers. (B. M. R., No. 220., Dec.)

Grobya galedata Lindl. “A Brazilian orchideous plant,’ with dull green flowers stained with purple. (B. JZ. R., No. 197., Nov.)

Pholidota conchotdea Lindl. A Manilla epiphyte, nearly allied to P. imbri- cata, but with much larger flowers, “the keels of the lateral sepals” of which “are so deep and concave, as to give the lower side of the flower the appear- ance of the inside of a bivalved shell.” (B. MZ. R., No. 198., Nov.)

Polystachya cérea Lindl. A small Mexican species, the flowers of which are in a drooping raceme, and have the colour and texture of old wax. (B. M. R., No. 208., Nov.)

Bromeliacee.

PUYA [1840, 71. heterophylla Lindd. various-leaved ye [XJ cu 1 my Pk Mexico 1838. D pl Bot. reg. A very curious plant, with pink flowers arranged in a close oblong spike,

and two kinds of leaves. ‘Those at the base of the plant arise from tough,

concave, broad, horny petioles, which overlie each other, forming a kind of bulb, and are extended into narrow, hard, serrated, spiny, brown processes, about 2in. long. The leaves, on the other hand, which are first formed, are thin, lanceolate, bright green, and more than 18 in. long when full grown, and bear no resemblance to the first.” It should be kept in a stove of moderate

heat, close to the light, and be allowed abundance of water while it is in a

growing state. (Bot. Reg., Dec.)

Art. VII. On the Culture of Ixias and other Iridee in the Island of Jersey. - By BERNARD SAUNDERS, Nurseryman there.

AGREEABLY to promise I send you a few hints on the culture of the Babiana, Ixia, Sparaxis, Tritonia, &c., which in this island are very successfully grown in the open borders.

In September, or at the latest in October, we begin to pre- pare our beds by well digging them about a spade and a _ half deep, burying a stratum of rotten horse-dung at the bottom ; about two good barrowfuls will suffice for a bed or border 30 ft. long by 4 ft. wide. The soil, in general, must be a good friable sandy loam, and ought to be well broken in digging ; and the beds should be rounded so as to allow the escape of the heavy rains which are here very prevalent in the autumn and winter months. As soon as the ground is thus prepared and regularly raked, begin to plant the roots in rows across the beds, about 24 in. deep and 4 in. from each other, and about 8 in. between the rows, covering the bulbs with sand about 1in. deep previously to covering with mould. After the beds are thus planted, rake and dress them well, and thus the work is com- pleted until towards the spring; observing to keep the ground

16 Culture of Iridee in the Island of Jersey.

free from weeds, and moving or stirring it occasionally with a small fork, which greatly accelerates the growth. The different varieties flower in succession, from the middle of May tothe end of June, and large beds of them produce a beautiful effect. I would observe that the distance given above is only meant for the dwarf-growing varieties, such as Sparaxis tricolor, and S. grandiflora purpurea, and other seedling varieties; as also Tri- tonia crocata, T. squalida, /’xia longiflora, and J. longiflora rosea, which do not exceed from 6 in. to 8 in. in height: the tall and more robust-growing sorts, such as J/’xia viridiflora, J. lilacina, I. crateroides, Z. flexuosa, and others, require at least 6 in. between each root, and from 9 in. to 10 in. from row to row. By thus early planting, they get well established, and will resist a very hard frost; as a proof of which, during the severe frost of 1837 and 1838, when the thermometer was as low as 18° Fahrenheit (see the details in my paper in the Gardener’s Magazine for 1838, p. 328.), my ixias, &c., were preserved by a covering of about 2in. of dry sand spread over the beds; scarcely a root was injured. ;

It is now about twenty years since 1 commenced their cul- ture ona small scale: finding those succeed, I anxiously sought for more, and have since received several supplies from the Cape of Good Hope, and many fine varieties have been obtained from seed in Guernsey and here, which ripens very freely in the open air. H. Dobree, Esq., jun., of Guernsey, has been very successful in raising several splendid varieties, some of which

co)

~ have been figured in Harrison’s Loricultural Cabinet. I am

also indebted to him for many of those which I have under cultivation, which are as follows : —

Ixia ailica Ix. maculata Tr. lineata flexuosa Sparaxis tricolor squalida capitata grandiflora fenestrata craterdides purpurea crocata viridiflora sanguinea purpurea cristata

. hlacina rosea alba concolor racemosa decora Babiana coccinea rubra grandiflora formosa kermesina sulphurea Liliago longiflora

capitata sanguinea plicata lutea tricolor lutea purpurea rosea alba rubéscens arborea Tritonia rosea rubra cyanea conica longiflora striata aurantia niger rosea sulphuirea viridis tardiflora pallida tubulata

Thus may this beautiful tribe of bulbs be cultivated to any extent in these islands. I am still anxious to procure new varieties worth cultivation; and should this meet the eye of any of your numerous readers, who possess sorts different from those

Culture of the Pine-apple at Versailles. ig

I have named, I shall feel much pleasure in either exchanging or purchasing. I have also under cultivation from thirty to forty varieties of Gladiolus, some of which are truly beautiful, and on which I will give you an article at some future period. I will also send you a few hints on the cultivation of ixias, &c., in the open borders in England, which I have seen successfully practised. Jersey, Dec. 12. 1840.

Art. VIII. On the Cultivation of the Pine-apple, as practised in the Kitchen-Garden of the Palace of Versailles. By M. Massry, Director-General of the Gardens of the Crown.

A METHOD of cultivation has been in use for the last twenty years in the kitchen-garden at Versailles, and is now practised throughout the neighbour- hood of Paris, which appears to produce quickly and economically the fruit of the pine-apple. This treatment consists, Ist, in the disuse (suppression) of the pot while the plant is growing ; 2d, the complete renewal of the roots after the growth of the plant, before fruiting; and, 3d, the exclusive use of peat soil.

Ist. Disuse (suppression) of the Pot.— The consequence of not using a pot is, that an offset of pime-apple placed, like the melon, on a bed under glass, with the roots at liberty instead of being imprisoned in a pot, vegetates with the same rapidity as in the tropics; that is, it acquires in six months during the fine season, from April to October, all the strength necessary to produce a fine fruit. It is well known that the beauty of the fruit is always in proportion to the rapidity of the growth of the plant, and that con- sequently a young plant produces a finer fruit than an old plant.

2d. Renewal of the Roots.— The roots of the pine-apple are the more active the less bulky they are. It is an advantage, therefore, to replace the roots which have served during the period of growth, by others to serve during the period of fructification. The natural developement of the plant shows its tendency to renew its roots. In proportion as the upper part grows, the lower parts tend to decay, the roots as well as the leaves, and the portion of the stock which bears them. The stock above the roots already developed is everywhere furnished with rudiments of new roots, which lengthen as the old ones begin to decay ; but, forced to twist over each other, and to wind among the bases of the leaves which press them strongly against the stock, they can only extend in proportion as the leaves disappear. It is these leaves which are removed in the operation of renewing the roots ; a sufficient number are removed to display the portion of the stock where the rudiments of the new roots are already visible, and at the same time all the old roots are re- moved. Thus left to themselves, the new roots are developed in greater numbers than if a part of the old ones had been preserved.

After the removal of the old roots, the plant is in the same state as the sucker which has just been separated from the parent. It is a true cutting or slip (bouture), and it is treated accordingly. Placed in a pot and put on a good bed under glass, sheltered from the air and the light, in a few days the new roots lengthen, and in two months’ time the plant has produced a suffi. ciency of them to be set for fruiting.

3d. Exclusive Use of Peat Earth.— The good effects of the suppression of the pots during the growth of the plants, and of the renewal of the roots after their growth before fructification, are singularly increased by the use of peat earth. This earth, it is true, is not so long fit for vegetation as a soil of more consistence, of which a friable mould forms a part ; but, with the

1841.—I. 3d Ser. c

18 Culture of the Pine-apple at Versailles. :

method of cultivation in question, this cannot be considered a fault, as the action of the peat earth is only to last six months, that is to say, as long as the plant continues growing, after which period this earth is renewed to last about as long, viz. during the period of fructification.

Peat earth varies in its nature according to the country, but mould may always be had with the same properties, by only taking the surface (3 or 4 in.) of a soil that is not marshy, upon which heath grows in abundance. | In the kitchen-garden of the Palace of Versailles, the soil in which the pine-apples grow is the common garden mould, which in this part of the country is pure sand, blackened a little by the manure it has received in the course of long cultivation. The pine plants succeed in this soil, which is in fact only sand mixed with a little mould. They succeed better, however, in a soil of natural

eat. i Shelter, and its Application. — Four sorts of shelter are necessary for the cultivation of the pine-apple.

Ist. A very slight shelter to make the offsets (cilletons) take root, and to preserve them till their growth is attended to.

2d. A similar shelter, but rather higher, to protect these offsets during growth. = :

3d. A greater degree of shelter to effect the renewal of the roots of these offsets which have already grown, and to preserve them till they are to be set for fruiting.

4th. A still greater degree of shelter and fire heat to force the plant to fruc- tify at will,

Ist. Shelter to make the Offsets take Root, and to preserve them till the month of April, at which period their growth is attended to.

This shelter is that usually employed by the gardeners of the marais (market- gardens), in the cultivation of the melon. It is a simple light, 1 ft. high, the frame of which, without a bottom, is placed on a bed: it is formed of four boards nailed to four uprights of the same height. When this frame is made 12ft. long, it has two cross bars (traverses) on the upper side to sup- port the glazed panels which are placed upon it. These panels are 44 ft. high at bottom, and 4 ft. across.

To exclude the air while the plants are being rooted in this frame, it only requires to fasten moss on the ledge of the frame and onthe cross bars, by means of a wire fastened on the upper side by nails put in at intervals, and which are driven in when the moss is placed.

As the offsets separated from the parent live for months without completely withering, though not planted, time may be allowed till a sufficient number have been collected before rooting them. To prevent them from drying before potting them to be finally removed to the frame, they may also be plunged in the tan among the plants of the hothouse, where they will easily root. Tan excites more than mould the emission of the roots of the pine-apple ; it stops also the progress of decay in the stock, if it has been injured.

The bed for rooting the offsets should have the high temperature necessary for that purpose. It is covered with tan, in which the very small pots con- taining the offsets are arranged. Once rooted, a moderate heat in the bed, and mats, are sufficient to protect these offsets during winter. They require no particular care; the chief aim being to preserve them till the month of April, when they are removed to the second frame, for the express purpose of attending to their growth.

2. Shelter for the Growth of the Offsets. — The shelter used for the growth of the offsets only differs from the preceding one in respect to its height, which is as high again as the preceding. The frame is 2 ft. high at the back, and 13 ft, in the front. The height can be increased at pleasure, by raising ee frame, and introducing wisps of straw, as the plants grow and reach the glass.

When, as at the garden of Versailles, a million of plants are to be set, in- stead of along simple bed intended to be surrounded with manure (garnie

? , ER

Culture of the Pine-apple at Versailles. 19

de réchaufs), several short beds are placed one against the other, so as to form together an immense square bed. The individual beds of this large bed are 6 ft. broad ; therefore, when the frames are placed, the space of 2 ft. is left vacant between them for the paths. These paths are filled with manure as high as the frames, to warm the air within, according as the temperature requires, till the fine weather sets in.

About 8in. of soil is put upon the bed in the frames. This thickness of soil is sufficient. The roots, after having penetrated this soil, may without injury extend into the bed ; but, though they grow to the length of several feet, they rather tend to spread horizontally than to extend downwards.

Before unpotting the offsets to plant them in the frames, some of the lower leaves are removed, in order that the rudiments of roots covered by the bases of these leaves may be at liberty to expand. The plants, once established in this manner, require little further care. The roots find sufficient heat in the bed during the summer, and the temperature of the air from the month of April is always increasing. Therefore, in a very short time, all the labour that is required is to give air and a great deal of water and shade. The leaves become red during the great heats, if they are not shaded for two or three hours during the middle of the day. Canvass (a transparent kind of cloth) is. the best to break the rays of the sun without intercepting the light. The temperature from the middle of July to the middle of August is sufficiently high to admit of the lights being kept partially open during the night, and to allow of plenty of water being thrown on the heart of the plant, and in the axils of che leaves, where it is preserved as if it were in pots.

3. Shelter to assist the Operation of the Renewal of the Roots when the plant is grown, and to preserve it when rooted till it is taken into the fruiting- house.

This shelter should be of sufficient dimensions to admit a person to enter it. Its breadth should be at least 8 ft., to contain the path, the bed, and the flues. It is halfsunk that the air may be preserved rather moist. The sum- mit of the front wall is accordingly on a level with the exterior soil, and the back wall, which is 6 ft. high, rises only 4 ft. above the soil. This back wall, in its lower part, is built in arches, the spaces being filled with plates of metal, by means of which, when it is necessary, dung placed on the outside transmits its heat into the interior. This heat is preferable to that of fire, and is sufficient, when the season is not too severe in winter, to preserve a moderate temperature in the air, suitable to plants that are not intended to be forced, but only to be preserved till their turn comes of being placed in the fruiting-house.

Before potting the plants whose roots are to be renewed, the wounds that have been made in the stock, whether by pulling off the leaves to display the new portion of the stock which is to produce the new roots, or by removing the little offsets which are found, when the leaves are removed, situated at the axil of each, are allowed to dry for several days. In planting the stock, it is plunged two thirds of its depth in the pot, and the mould is to be dry rather than moist, because too much moisture is dangerous when vegetation is in a state of repose. Before plunging the pots in the tan which covers the bed, this bed must have attained a warmth of 30° of Réaumur (100° of Fahr.). This high temperature is necessary to cause a rapid developement of the roots. Care must be taken, in the meantime, to stop up the chinks in the lights with moss, and to cover the lights with mats, that neither the exterior air nor the sun may fatigue the plant. At the end of ten or fifteen days the roots are sufficiently developed to allow of a little water being put on the mould of the pots, and at the same time to give a little air and light. The proportion of water for the roots, and the quantity of air and light for the plant, increase as the roots begin to grow. At the end of two months, the plant, abundantly provided with roots, may be set for fruiting.

In order to have ripe fruit throughout the year, the plants are distributed in series, ranking according to size, and these series are set for fruiting succes-

C2

20 Culture of the Pine-apple at Versailles.

sively, each in its turn, from month to month, from October to July. The series placed in the fruiting-house in October shows fruit in December and ripens it in June ; and the last series, which is placed in heat in July, and which shows its fruit in October, does not ripen it till April and May, for fruit ripens very slowly during winter. ~

As it is only at the end of two months that the plant stripped of its roots has produced new ones in sufficient quantity to be set for fruiting, it is neces- sary to select, long before the month of October, the plants that are to com- pose the first series, the fruit of which is to be ready in June. Consequently, as early as the Ist of August, those plants are selected from the frames where they attained their growth, that appear the strongest, to form the first series.

Before being set to fruit, the plants must be kept during the winter at a very moderate temperature. The temperature of the bed may be kept at 15° of Réaumur (66° Fahr.); that of the air may be at 15° Réaumur in the day, and 8° Réaumur (50° Fahr.) at night. When the temperature of the air is too high and dry, the heat causes the plants to run to fruit prema- turely; when too high and moist, it makes the leaves grow rapidly, when the light of the short days is not sufficient to colour them. For those plants which are to be preserved till their turn arrives of being put into the fruiting- house, the heat of the dung alone placed outside the shelter is more fayour- able than the heat of the fire.

Watering should be very moderate during the six months of winter. During this time the roots only are to be watered ; and to prevent wetting the leaves, and particularly the heart of the plant, which would be liable to perish if the water which may have fallen on it were not removed by a pipe, the watering is effected by means of a funnel, under which there is a horizontal tube formed of several pieces, which carries the water to the most distant plants.

4, Shelter. IF ruiting-house, where the plants are placed to show fruit.

This hothouse should be large to contain .a great deal of air, it ought to be raised above the soil to be very dry ; besides, the glass of the sashes must be renewed from time to time, for the action of the light through new glass is as necessary to induce the plant to show fruit, as the action of the dry air and the heat of the fire.

The bed should be new to be very warm, and composed of new dung mixed with leaves to preserve the:heat for a long time. It is covered with a bed of tan, in which the pots are plunged. -During the two months which elapse before the plant shows its fruit, and also during the time of flowering, the roots should be at a temperature of 30° of Réaumur (100° of Fahr.), but not higher; at 40° Réaumur (122° Fahr.) the roots would perish. A thermo- meter enclosed in a metal tube, and plunged as low as the pots, indicates the temperature. 3

When the soil round the roots is at the temperature of 30° Réaumur (100° Fahr.), the air may be also at 30° Reaumur during the day, and at 20° Reéau- mur (77° Fahr.) during the night. This temperature, which m the sunk and damp shelter would make the leaves of the plants grow too much, does not produce the same effect upon the same plants placed in the fruiting-house. The dry heat of this hothouse stops by degrees the growth of the leaves in proportion as the parts of fructification are developed. The offsets are deve- loped also, and sometimes too numerously : therefore, to prevent them absorb- ing for their own use the sap which was to nourish and swell the fruit, care is taken, after having removed those reserved for multiplication, to prevent the growth of the rest by pulling out the heart with a pair of nippers, long and flat at the point.

Though the plant in the fruiting-house is exposed to a very great heat, it is watered very little during the time it is showing fruit, and then only on the roots. Too much fluidity in the sap, and consequently too much watering, would excite the plant to grow and not to fruit ; but from the moment the fruit begins to show itself in the centre of the leaves, till the period when it has attained its full growth, the roots are watered abundantly as well as the plant,

Cultivation of the Grape Vine. BN

“After flowering, to encourage the growth of the fruit, which the dry air of the fruiting-house would cause to ripen prematurely, the plant is replaced in the preceding shelter, where the more humid air and more moderate temper- ature develope the fruit very slowly, which is indispensable, particularly during winter.

In old hothouses, the trench which contains the manure is open within the house. In the new ones, the opening is on the outside: a horizontal parti- tion, placed J ft. from the top of the trench, separates the interior of the hothouse from the interior of the trench, and thus converts the top of this trench into a sort of large case, which, when filled with earth, may be used to fruit plants with their roots free. The advantage of this arrangement is not great for the queen pine and the other small varieties ; which produce as good fruit, though the plant is kept in a pot, if this pot, though small, be well fur- nished with new roots: but the Enville pine, the Providence pine, the hand- some pine from Cayenne, and all the other large-fruited varieties which re- quire a great deal of nourishment, do perfectly well with this arrangement. Freed from their pots, and planted in this case when they have formed their new roots, that is, towards the end of November, they continue till summer to grow before fruiting, and acquire so much vigour, that the offsets, when not removed, often produce fruits which may be called fine, by the side of the enormous fruit of the parent.

When too close, the pines shade each other, and increase in height and not in strength. To render them fit to produce fine fruit, they must be kept so far apart at all periods of their growth, that the leaves may extend and present their upper surface to the perpendicular action of the light: and this action is more necessary than that of the sun’s rays ; for it does not appear that the plants which are deprived of its direct rays, but are otherwise well lighted, are less vigorous than those which receive its rays.

In the kitchen-garden at Versailles, the pines are placed in lines 13 ft. apart, and generally 2 ft. between each plant in the line. Therefore, in the shelter where the plants are grown, the frames being 12 ft. long, and rather more than 4 ft. wide, each frame contains 24 plants, placed in 3 lines of 8 plants each. In the hothouses, the trench of each compartment 36 ft. long, aud rather more than 5 ft. broad, contains 72 plants, in 4 lines of 18 plants each. The same trench, if the plants belong to the large varieties, contains only 45 plants in 3 lines of 15 plants each.

The first shelter, in which the offsets are rooted when separated from their parent, and the third shelter, where the roots of the plants which have attained their growth are renewed, may each be considered as temporary deposits, where the plants vegetating but little do not require to be kept far apart. The plants may therefore be kept more or less apart, according to the space at disposal.

Versailles, December, 1840,

- Art. IX. On the Cultivation of the Grape Vine. From a Paper read to the North Bristol Gardeners’ Society, in September, 1840, by Mr. Duncan, Author of “ Culture of the Melon,” &c. Com- munieated by Mr. Duncan.

Wrrnovut occupying time with preliminary observations, I will at once proceed to consider the nature of the soil, &c., in vine countries, and in some of those places in our own where it most excels. It may be assumed as a fact, that vines under every circumstance delight in soil of permeable character ; in vine districts it is often singularly so. Vines are planted on the ruins of volcanoes, the roots revelling in the scoriz of ancient eruptions, and matters accumulated in the lapse of time; on rocky precipices, and the sides of hills ; in soils as varied as the sites are, yet suitable, because permeable, and exposed ce 3 j

22 Cultivation of the Grape Vine.

to solar agency more than we are here. Some of the famed vineyards of the

Jontinent occupy sites similar to these, and have obtained notoriety from circumstances of a like kind. Hence it is evident that much of the success attending vine culture in Britain depends upon a judicious choice of site and soil. The finest vines in the West of England grow on the sides of hills, from south-east to south-west, in soil of a strong loamy character, invariably lying over rocks, the mountain limestone and old red sandstone formations here, and the primitive rocks around Bath; and an instance once occurred in my experience, of a vine flourishing in a bed of loose rubble on the side of a hill declining about 10 degrees. Thus it appears from these cases, that the stratum, or bed, and the declination of the situation are important auxiliaries in the successful growth of vines, inasmuch as both are favourable to the admission of solar heat and escape of superfluous water, which, in connexion with others, particularly determine the welfare of most grapes grown in Eng- land. Samples of mould sent here from Oporto, and experiments instituted in past years, convince of the truth of these remarks, and the experience of practical men adds testimony to the same views. In making vine borders it is therefore exceedingly important to have them well drained, and at a consider- able declination. The drains here consist of a continuous mass of stonework, the spaces between being filled with rubble, forming a complete and substantial groundwork for future operations, when it will be productive of the first im- portance. The border is composed as follows, namely, one part turfy sandy loam, one part frame, or cow dung reduced into simple mould, one part road- scrapings from great thoroughfares, and one part bones, carcasses of animals,and similar matters, stones, and rubbish ; these, except the animal portion, should be completely amalgamated into a homogeneous mass previously to using. The extent and depth of soil necessary for a vine border may be known by the lie of the ground. Ifa level or nearly level site, less depth, but if con- siderably sloping, greater; the former at 24 ft., and the latter at 3 ft. deep, and in both cases extending in proportion to the superficial admeasurement of the roof of the house.

The next thing to be considered is planting vines, which is undoubtedly best effected in the autumn of the year, or immediately after making wood in the spring, in June. If a vine is planted in June, it will form a fine cane in the same year ; but, if in September, it will become established for surerand more permanent results in succeeding years. They should in each case be laid a couple of inches deeper in the soil than they were before; and, if in September, the roots must be carefully loosened from their matted condition, and placed in a lateral direction in the border, and at most 3 or 4 inches under the soil. Muscats should be planted within the house, or else in soil exclusively pre- pared for them, of a drier nature, and in a warmer place.

With respect to the future management, there are several subjects for con- sideration ; and however well vines may grow, and appear equal to produce a crop of grapes, it is wrong to let them do so till they have attained a sufficient age: the importance of a well-established plant is greater than“any consider- ation of the former kind, unless destined for it originally. If a vine is capable of bearing, it will appear so by the solidness and vigour of the wood, and by the dimensions of its stem; and it is pretty evident that, in general, it will not be in this condition under three or four years time. To obtain only a mode- rate crop of grapes, a vine should girt 24 in. above the ground, and, if less than this, the result will be otherwise than satisfactory.

Pruning vines is a most important process. Various systems or modes of pruning are adopted, but it appears clear that a successional one is the best; by which I mean a system which includes the fine buds situated at the extremities of young shoots. Under usual management, it is impossible to do so without endangering the developement of the lower ones, or inducing ex- haustion by the quantity retained ; for, if the force of excitement be confined to a single rod under equal circumstances, the spaces between the laterals will be insufficient to admit a proper quantity of light, &c. I have hitherto considered it best to prune at the fall of the leaf, whether it be in October or

Cultivation of the Grape Vine. 23

December. It is essential to good management, and the welfare of the tree, to afford a long rest, in order that the wounded parts may become healed, and the exhausted energies of the plant refreshed. The vines under my care have been cut to the first convenient bud within the house for two seasons follow- ing the planting, and the shoots from them have proceeded unstopped. In the third year, these shoots were cut to three eyes or buds each; the two lower ones to form permanent branches in the future arrangement of the tree, and the other, or terminal one, to become a fruiting cane in the year follow- ing. It will be necessary now, being the third year, to stop the leader some little distance beyond, when it is intended to be left for bearing, which, in general, will be 18 or 20 feet. In the strong-growing kinds, every third bud is displaced, and in the short-jointed ones, Sweetwater for instance, every other two ; the remainder will then be situated at proper distances, and in alternate order, and the fine buds at the extremities will be preserved : the juices, being diverted from the displaced buds, will cause a surer developement of the retained ones, which, in conjunction with a greater portion of solar light, will induce a vigorous and fruitful habit. The shoots at the base of the terminal leader (intended to become permanent branches) are shortened to a few eyes each, and the shoots proceeding from them are shortened at half the length of the original leader. This stopping is intended to divert the current of sap, and cause it to flow into the first leader, now bearing fruit. The same reason may be assigned for stopping the bearing shoot itself and laterals at one joint beyond the fruit ; for if the terminal be permitted to proceed unstopped at this early state of bearing, the laterals at the lower part cf the stem will be deprived of their proper quantity of nourishment, in consequence of the rapid flow of sap towards the extremity, situated, as it is, in a warmer medium, and in a higher position.

In the future pruning, the stems are cut to two buds each, and, when evolved, the weaker of the two, or the one having the smaller cluster, is removed. Muscats are sometimes cut to the third or fourth bud, but the close system of pruning, wherein the spurs are removed entirely, is not productive of the desired results in continued succession, because it is not in accordance with the known principles of vegetable physiology. The original shoot in the second year of bearing is permitted to occupy the top part of the house, and one of those at its side enccuraged to become a fruiting cane in the following or succeeding years ; while the other, at the opposite side, is retained in store until the original shoot is intended to be removed, forming a system extending over a series of years in succession, calculated to obtain fine and abundant grapes, and a vigorous and healthy tree.

I will now proceed to explain some particulars in connexion with the climate in vine-houses, and the casualties, &c., experienced everywhere, more or less, where vines are cultivated. The vine is a plant that requires to be managed according to fixed principles. A slight variation or diversion from determined rule, or a mistimed act of unquestionable utility, is often produc- tive of sericus consequences. Hence the propriety of simulating those funda- mental laws of nature regulating the developement of vegetable life. The genial showers and gradual increasing temperature of spring are no less bene- ficial to general vegetation, than genial when imitated in a house of vines. And when external circumstances concur with operations of forcing in houses, they are productive of the most important advantages to vegetables under ex- citement : consequently, it is necessary to contrive that the difference of the temperature, internally and externally, shall be as little as possible, by covering the roots and bole, not so much to supply heat, as to prevent the escape of heat existing in the soil, and injury from excessive rains or frost. At the de- velopement of the buds the temperature should be low, a perfect resemblance to circumstances determining a similar act out of doors, gradually increasing to 50°. A regular and abundant supply of moisture should be afforded, both by syringing and sprinkling, for if the temperature should exceed this amount, or water be sparingly applied, many buds situated at the hinder parts

c 4

24 Cultivation of the Grape Vine.

of the vine would hardly break at all, owing to the current of sap setting in strongly to those buds more favourably situated. In the interval preceding inflorescence, a considerable increase of heat may be afforded, and abundance of air admitted; both are important in strengthening the young shoots and embryo clusters of fruit, and prevent those discouraging symptoms of weak- ness evinced by the decay of the clusters. During inflorescence, the tempe- rature should be never less than 70° nor exceed 8()° Fahrenheit. Grapes set best in a sultry atmosphere considerably charged with moisture, supplied by insensible evaporation from pans on the flues, and by sprinklings, &c. If the wind should be cold, or the weather unfavourable, I would advise artifi- cial impregnation, ‘especially in the tender kinds, such as Muscats, Damascus, Sweetwaters, &c. This is best effected by introducing a cluster of some other kind, that can be spared, among the florets of the one intended to be impreg- nated. Such an act will become important in the future distention of the berries ; for it will be seen that the clusters are impregnated, and the berries

composing the cluster will be finer and more complete than others not im-,

preenated. After this, syringing should be resumed, and continued till the berries have done growing ; but it should be tenderly effected, and with tepid water. During the period included from impregnation to the complete de- velopement of the berries, it is most important to close early, while yet the sun is shining strongly, say at 2 or 3 o’clock in the afternoon ; for a high tempera- ture, in conjunction with the vapour generated from syringing, &c., will pro- duce results most favourable to the progress of the young fruit, the same as Nature in her happy moods delights in. The genial showers in a summer afternoon, under circumstances of a like kind, produce consequences precisely similar, but greater, because more general; and so it is in houses where the imitation is complete, and adopted to a right extent. When grapes begin to colour, it is necessary, — yea, as important, to obtain a dry atmosphere, as it was previously a moist one, because the change effected in grapes while ripening is produced under the full influence of light, heat, and dryness : and it is well known that grapes grown in dry heat, or properly managed houses, acquire flavour superior to those grown in plant-houses, or in other places where they cannot be taken care of. Ifthe roots of vines be situated within the house, or a dry season should occur, a plentiful supply of water should be given ; for though the vine flourishes in soil of open texture, and situations of a dry nature, yet it is essential to have water, under all circumstances, suffi- cient to dissolve and supply the food necessary for its subsistence ; this, in some cases, is considerable. I have known as many as 200 gallons given to a vine at two waterings while the grapes were small, and after stoning, previously to turning colour at the last stage of developement ; and it was productive of the best result. Hence it is important to have the use of a good pond of water, But, at the same time, it must be borne in mind, that good drainage, or an equi- valent, is necessary, or else the results following will be otherwise than satis- factory.

After the berries are stoned, the temperature should be maintained at least at 70°; under the influence of light, and an advanced season, it may be more, but the maximum, under all ordinary occurrences, should not exceed 95°. This kind of management is necessary to the termination of the business, even till the wood is perfectly ripe ; for it is exceedingly more important to effect this when the sun is in the ascendant, than in the autumn when it is not so powerful. I must not, however, be misunderstood. I do not mean that it is not requisite to have fire heat in autumn if circumstances require it, such as unripe wood, &c., but that it is more philosophical while the plant is still growing, and there is more certainty of its being effected properly than at any other period of the process.

Another point of consideration is colouring the berries : this depends upon several contingent and important circumstances, the substantial goodness of the border, drainage, aspect, and declination being the chief. Whatever affects the roots or indeed any part of a vine most assuredly induces corre- sponding results in the fruit, and want of colour may be cited as an instance.

Cultivation of the Grape Vine. 25

There are other causes, distinctly separate from the preceding, that prevent grapes assuming a proper colour, namely, excessive cropping or superabundant wood, and both inducing general debility ; a decrease of temperature before or while ripening, or extremes at day and night; and want of sufficient air, light, and space : the former may be avoided by care in the original plan and construc- tion of the border, &c., and the latter by apportioning the quantity of fruit and extent of wood to the real vigour of the tree, by a continuance of fire heat, when necessary, till the temperature in general equals the minimum amount required at night (this will seldom occur till the latter end of June or beginning of July). Admit air at every reasonable opportunity, and invariably sooner in the morning than under ordmary management ; and, lastly, let every branch occupy sufficient space, the extremities of the leaves be everywhere separate from each other, and a proper interval between the spurs.

In corroboration of a part of the previous statement, I will mention an in- stance which occurred here for several successive years. In forcing an old house of vines, we admit a continual current of air at the end where the fire enters ; in fact, it is necessary to maintain the temperature at both ends nearly alike. At this end of the house, invariably, until.the present year, have been the most abundant, finest, and best-coloured grapes: but in the present year the case has been materially different, in consequence of Dr. Arnott’s stove being situated at the other end, which avoided the necessity of admitting air in the usual place and to the usual extent. The result of this experiment was satisfactory, inasmuch as the difference in the quality of the grapes was inappreciable, and totally dissimilar to the experience of former years. It is necessary also, in admitting air, to do so with some regard to the amount of difference between it and the temperature of the house. Some contrivance should be formed to make the difference as small as possible, by making it pass through a warmer medium, sheds, &c., or apertures at some convenient distances from the foliage, or through wire or other network. The best- coloured grapes that I have seen in the present year are fully exposed to light, and the air is admitted through a doorway of an adjoining house, and escapes at the light beyond where the vine is situated. Good grape-growers seldom allow a direct current of air, except in extremely warm weather, and even then never through a doorway, unless it be situated at the hinder section of the house, because the temperature there is generally higher than in front ; and to admit air in front, unless in fayourable weather, would cause a difference in the two places very considerable and of some importance.

In conclusion, I will notice the cause of the shriveling or decay of the peduncular attachment of grapes, and cracking of the berries just previously ~ to turning colour. Both arise, or may be induced, by one or more of several unfavourable circumstances happening in certain periods of a vine’s develope- ment, and from some important particulars deficient where the vine is planted. Whatever hinders the full access of solar heat and light, or determines the temperature of the soil much less than the temperature of the air, weakens the principle of vitality. Excessive cropping and superfluous wood will do the same, and is the more inexcusable as it can easily be avoided, while some other equally decisive, though not so general, causes, induce the same almost unac- countably ; for instance, « low temperature after a high one, while the grapes are ripening, often occurring in summer forcing, from the disuse of fires prior to the nights becoming warm. Excess of moisture prevailing,.unaccompanied with a proper degree of heat, will be exceedingly injurious to vegetable sus- ceptibility : if a little antecedent to this, it will be evinced by a disruption of the cuticle of the berry at the time, shriveling, and general decay of detached por- tions, and the whole of some kinds. During the period of ripening, com- mencing from the first appearance of turning colour, the atmosphere should be more than ever pure, and at that standard of dryness and warmth necessary for the perfect developement of the fruit. Further, if the wood of vines has not been ripened well in the year preceding, or, in other words, if the elabora- tion of juices has been incomplete, the quantity of secreted matters will be less, the buds less stored, and the wood immature, most assuredly unequal to

26 Destruction of Mice in Cucumber Frames.

the task of ripening, however well other circumstances may accord ; for the very principle of life itself seems weakened by the effort made, and a repetition of similar management to this injures more vines than is generally imagined. Some kinds of grapes being more hardy than others, are less liable to misfor- tune than others ; Muscadine and Esperione, for instance. Some are liable in an extreme degree, and become spoiled from circumstances that would not affect other kinds: such are Frontignans, Muscats, Syrian, &c. A few are happily situated at a medium, remarkable for their goodness and adaptation to general use, though not partaking of the extreme qualities famous to the Mus- cats and Frontignans: these are Black Hamburg, Dutch black Hamburg (said to be a grape of first quality), West’s St. Peter’s, Tripoli, Damascus, &c. One other I will mention, a Frontignan, a grape of the very best character, something resembling the Dutch Sweetwater in appearance; when ripe, of a beautiful amber hue, and the rich muskiness of the Frontignans is pre- eminent here. The clusters are closely set, and moderately large, the berries being considerably larger than any other of the Frontignan family. It is not known under a recognised nomenclature here, unless it be Chasselas Musqué, or is probably a seedling of former times undescribed. It is, as far as my knowledge extends, confined to this place. The entire stock has been pre- sented to the proprietors of the Durdham Down Nursery, of whom plants may be had in the following spring. I had intended to have entered into some other particulars, but this paper is already sufficiently long. Near Bristol, October, 1840.

Art. X. On the Destruction of Mice in Cucumber Frames. By J. WiGHTON.

In the spring of the present year, 1840, the cucumber plants under my care were much injured by having their shoots and fruit cut off. At first, I thought slugs did the injury, but I soon found something more mischievous, for the shoots were cut through, as if eaten by mice. I destroyed several mice, and amongst them two of the shrew kind, suspecting the latter to have done the injury, but the mischief done to the plants was as great as ever. After several fruitless attempts to discover my pests, at last I caught a mouse, quite of a different kind from those previously mentioned; it was the short-tailed field mouse. I found he and his neighbours were the real enemies I sought for, and thought that now my troubles would soon be at an end, as I could easily destroy these little vermin. I soon found, how- ever, that was not so easy a task as I thought; the plants still were destroyed, and all my endeavours to poison or entrap my enemies were fruitless, owing to their not eating food greedily like common mice. Seeing this, and knowing their haunts to be in woods and fields, I suspected their principal food to be vege- tables and roots: in this I was not mistaken; for when I put some roots of the Bunium flexudsum, or earth nut, amongst the cucumber plants, they were soon eaten up. After that, I found no trouble in destroying them with traps baited with earth nuts.

Buffon describes the mouse I have noticed, and says “ it is very plentiful in some parts of France, where it often damages corn by cutting through the stems to get at the ears, by bringing them down. I consider that when they cut off my cucumber

Culture of the Early Horn Carrot. 27

plants it was in search of moisture, for when I placed water in the beds the injury done was less. The difficulty I had to con- tend with was, the finding what food the mice would eat. Ihave taken notice of it, for it may be of use to others that may have the bad luck to get a visit from such vermin; for it is really vexing to have cucumbers destroyed in such a manner, es- pecially in the month of March. Cossey Hall Gardens, Nov. 24. 1840.

Art. XI. On the Culture of the Early Horn Carrot. By J. Seymour, Kitchen-Gardener to the Countess of Bridgewater at Ashridge.

Accorpine to promise, I send you a few remarks on the Early Horn Carrot, as to weight, size, productiveness, and clearness of the roots, &c. |

By referring to my diary, I find my crop of this year was sown on the 30th of March, in rows 1 ft. apart, and the alleys 2 {t. wide; and that they were taken up on the 2d of Novem- ber. I let these remain longer in the ground than I usually do, to see the difference of the roots as respecting the attacks of the wireworms.

I have grown them upon the same piece of ground this year that I have used since 1837; andas to flavour, appearance, &Xc., you can decide by the roots that [have sent you.. I have not selected the largest roots, considering that they would be large enough for the purpose intended. Amongst the roots you will find one eaten by vermin, to about 3 in. of the top; there was in one bed about one square yard eaten in the same way. I thought it had been perhaps a grass mouse or shrew; but not being able to find any holes near the spot, I am quite at a loss to know what animal it can have been. In all the roots that were eaten, they had been begun at the very extremity of the root, and worked upwards to within two or three inches of the top. The teeth-marks resemble those of a mouse. ‘There were several roots eaten some distance off close by the surface of the ground; these I considered to be the grass mouse, as there were two or three caught close by.

The piece of ground measured was 1,290 square feet, and it produced 2,550 lb. of roots, or 1 ton 2 cwt. 3 qrs. 2 lbs. making a produce of 38 tons 8 cwt. 11 lb. per acre.

One root (sent) was 10 in. in length, 10 in. in circumference, and weighed 1 lb. 6 oz.; 2d root was 16 in. in length, 10 in. in circumference, and weighed 13 1b.; 3d, 143 in. in length, 92 in. in circumference, and weighed 1 lb. 5 0z.; 4th, 1 ft. long, 102 in. in circumference, and weighed 13lb. ‘There was a very small taproot, from 3 in. to 6in. in length, attached to these roots ; they were washed, and the tops cut quite close to the root.

28 Antoine’s Conifere.

I have grown the Altringham long orange, Surrey long, and the New white Altringham, but I prefer the Karly Horn for a garden, much before the other sorts, as it grows to a better size for the table, and in my opinion is of a much better flavour ; and, as to keeping, it keeps more firm with me than the larger sorts.

I sent up to London good old carrots in May and June for the family. (See my method of keeping, &c., Gardener's Magazine for 1840, p. 207.)

I would strongly recommend the New white Altringham for field culture, as I find there is greater weight on the same space of ground than of any other carrot I know. One root of the white, 1 ft. 3in. in length, 10?in. in circumference, weighed 2\b.20z. One root of the Altringham, | ft. 4 in. long, 9 in. in circumference, weighed 1 lb. 6 oz. ‘Two roots ditto, 3 ft. 5 in. in length, 10in. in circumference, weighed 15 oz. (together). One root of Surrey long, 1 ft. 2 in. in length, 10 in. in circum- ference, and weighed 1 lb. 14 0z.

These roots are about a medium size, the tops off and washed. It must be understood that this is not a carrot soil about here, it being very cold, and containing a great many flints. The sub- soil is a very strong red clay, and sometimes chalk is found within a few inches of the surface. Let me add, that where my carrots grew was made soil, and of a good depth, and that it lies very low. I hope that this may lead to larger trials of the Early Horn, and I hope to see the results of the trials mentioned in your Magazine.

Frithsden Gardens, Ashridge, Nov. 16. 1840.

REVIEWS.

ArT.I. Die Coniferen nach Lambert, Loudon und anderen. Frey bearbeitet von Franz Antoine. The Coniferze after Lambert, Loudon, and others. Newly composed by F. Antoine, with plates. No. I. pp. 20, folio, 4 plates. Vienna, 1840. Price 4s. plain, and 6s. coloured. ‘To be completed in 8 or 9 Numbers.

Tue author has been induced to undertake this work from the important rank which the Coniferz hold in nature, in our northern hemisphere, and also in forest culture, and in the planting of parks and pleasure-grounds. As the Coniferee have hitherto been described only in very expensive works, his object is to produce a book which shall be within the reach of every culti- vator; and, for this purpose, he has had recourse to all the recent works, and more especially to those mentioned in his titlepage; and he has made the drawings, and lithographed them himself, by which means he can offer his book at the low price above-named.

The work commences with Sect. 1. Leaves in Pairs; and the species he describes and figures in his first No. are: 1. Pinus sinénsis Lamd., Arb. Brit. iv. p. 2264.; 2. P. britia Ten., A. B.iv. p. 2234.; 3. P. halepénsis Avzé., A. B. iv. p. 2231.; 4. P. pyrenaica Lap., A. B. iv. p.2209.; 5. P. Laricio Poir, A. B. iv. p. 2200.; 6. P. resinosa Soland., A. B. iv. p. 2210.; 7. P. Banksidna Lamb., A. B. iv. p. 2190.; 8. P.sylvéstris Lin., A. B. iv. p. 2153. ; 9. P. uncinata Ramond, A. B. iv. p. 2187.; 10. P. pumilio Henke, A. B

Grigor’s Eastern Arboretum. 29

vy. p.2186.; 11. P. variabilis Lamb., A. B. iv. p. 2243.; 12. P. mitis Mich. A. B. iv. p. 2195. ; 13. P. inops Ai., A. B. iv. p. 2192.; 14. P. ptngens tichewAebre ivan peo lOde lose wlcinaster Arc). Aap Bemlvenp.) 223. -puand 16. P. Pinea Lin., A. B. iv. p. 2224.

In a letter, which accompanied the copy of the work kindly presented to us by M. Antoine, he says, “ A journey which I made some time ago to the Snow Mountain and its environs in Styria, near Vienna, confirms my opinion, that the three so-called species, Pinus Laricio Pow., P. austriaca Henke, P. Pallasiana Lamb., are only varieties, differmg from P. Laricio, as the type, according to soil and situation. For instance, you can find some individuals with the habit exactly like that of P. Pinea, if the tree grows on rocks; but if the tree grows on a loose rich soil, it assumes a pyramidal shape, like P. Strobus, with long leaves. Dr. Unger of the Johanneum at Gratz, and Dr. Grisebach of Genoa, are of the same opinion with me respecting P. Uaricio. P. pumilio I found on the Snow Mountain in Styria in great abundance. On the lower region, where it is mixed with A‘bies excélsa, this pine has the original shape of P. pumilio Henke : higher up the whole plant is diminished to the height of only 2 or 3 feet ; its leaves are very short, and the cones very small. This, I think, is your P. carpatica, or P. pumilio nana. On the highest region, P. pumilio produces no cones, but sometimes abundance of male flowers, the plant growing not higher than 8 or 10 inches, and the branches lying along the surface of the soil or rocks, and not more than 3 or 4 feet in length.” This corresponds with what Dr. Martius told us, when we were at Munich, in 1828, respecting P. pumilio on the highest eround in Bavaria, and which Dr. Martius was fully convinced was only a variety of P. sylvéstris.

The titlepage to this work isa fanciful composition, which may rank in point of taste with that of Bateman’s Orchidacee ; and the plates, which are in the first number limited to the cones and leaves, seeds, scales, and male blossoms, are in general faithful copies of the originals in Lambert. That which is least like nature is the cone of P. Laricio var. Pallasidna, in plate 1. This cone is readily known from that of all the other species or varieties in the section to which it belongs, by the tips of the scales being flattened. The bud of P. Laricio and its varieties, however, is a sure mark of distinction, as it differs widely from that of al] other pines.

M. Antoine deserves great credit for his endeavours to spread a knowledge of this interesting and important order of trees, and we trust he will be patronised by arboriculturists in this country as well as in Germany.

Arr. II. The Eastern Arboretum, or Rural Register of all the remarkable Trees, Seats, Gardens, &c., in the County of Norfolk. By James Grigor. [Illustrated by drawings of trees, etched on copper. Nos. V., VI., and VII. 8vo. London and Norwich. 1s. each Number.

Tue preceding numbers of this interesting work were examined in p. 601. and 665. of our volume for the past year, and we now return to it with much pleasure, because Mr. Grigor is a man after our own heart. Blickling Park was commenced in Number tv., and the account of it extends to Numbery. The park and pleasure-grounds comprise about 1000 acres, finely wooded with pines, firs, cedars, and planes. An Eastern plane has a trunk 9 ft. 9in. in circumference, with a head covering a space 78 yards in circum- ference. A pinaster is 65 ft. high, with a trunk 104 ft. in circumference. A Scotch pine, 70 ft. high, has a trunk 14 ft. in circumference at 1 ft. from the ground ; it is supposed to be the largest tree of this species in Norfolk. Tn the kitchen-garden is an espalier tree of the Harbord pippin, which covers a space 28 yards in length, and bears plentifully every year. An oak is

30 Grigor’s Eastern Arboretum.

70 ft. high, with a smooth trunk at 32 ft., and it contains 6 loads of timber. Another has a clear stem of 40ft., and contains 7 loads of timber. The sweet chestnut trees are of noble dimensions.

“ On the north side of the lake, close to the edge of the water, are the remains of an oak, hollow and open on all sides, the trunk of which measures the unusual circumference of 24{t, This is apparently the oldest tree, re- taining any trace of life, upon the estate.

* Upon the whole, we consider Blickling one of the finest seats in the county. It possesses many natural advantages, which have been turned to good account both by the present and former possessors. Its beauties are

carefully preserved under a pure and enthusiastic taste ; and we repeat that, looking upon it from a certain point on the pleasure-ground, nothing can possibly surpass the lovely and diversified landscape which it exhibits. It is a place which judges of gardening describe as well kept. There is nothing in this respect to offend even the most critical ; and whilst every thing new, cal- culated to adorn and beautify, finds a place. here, the objects eich already grace this seat — the venerable chiefs of the field — are cared for and watched over with great interest.”

Our Trees. No. 4.—Under this head some noble cedars of Lebanon are de- scribed, and an engraving is given of a magnificent specimen at Stratton Strawless.

Wolterton Park ; the Seat of the Earl of Orford. —The house was reck- oned in Walpole’s time one of the best in England, and Mr. Grigor de- scribes the park and pleasure-grounds as of “ varied excellence.” An engraving is given of a magnificent beech with its branches feathering to the er ound. It is 65 ft. high, with a trunk 16 ft, in girt.

“ The present noble proprietor, whose taste “for trees is well known, has distinguished this place above many others, by ferming in it collections of trees and shrubs belonging to the genera Pinus, Abies, Cupressus, Schubertia, Arau- caria, Erica, Crateegus, and Ilex. The collection in the pinetum is very complete, including specimens of the Deodara pine 9 ft. in height. The Araucaria excelsa, or Brazilian pine, as it is called here, rises to the height of 9 ft. 9 in., and bears the rigour of winter with a very slight protection. “Such arboretums are of endless ‘interest, displaying how far trees of foreign coun- tries are adapted to this climate ; their comparative growth, outline, and

specific character; their adaptation, consequently, to particular localities, — in short, their whole history with regard to the district where they are situ- ated. Without such a collection, grouped under proper divisions, with the age, size, and height each individual plant attains to in its native place, its particular habitation therein, and every other circumstance of interest con- nected with it, trees lose half their charms, and form but an unmeaning profusion of beautiful forms. This arboretum, then, may be looked for ward to with interest. Twenty years hence, the trees will have become perfect, and their character and worth ascertained.”

Barningham Park ; J. T, Mott, Esq.—A beautiful and ancient seat, embel- lished with fine timber trees. It is our duty as well as our delight, says Mr. Grigor, “to make honourable mention of the very elegant manner in which this place is kept. Its order and neatness are observable in every department, and in none more conspicuously than in the scenes of tie garden and pleasure- grounds.”

“ The whole appearance of this place reminds us of the fruit and culinary gardens of the Scotch nobility ; for it is a well-known fact, that, whilst the English excel in the pleasure-ground or ornamental department, their northern neighbours have a superior taste In managing the parle where the more profitable and useful products are reared. “This, then, in our opinion, may be considered a model-garden, where the youthful ‘who are anxious to learn will find much to admire and copy.

An etching is given of a very elegant lime tree, and due praise is given to the gardener, Mr. Cockburn.

Grigor’s Eastern Arboretum. 31 g

Felbrigg Park ; W. H. Windham, Esq. —“ A magnificent place, surrounded by some of the fairest fields in England, and made dark and solemn in some instances by umbrageous timber trees.” An etching is given of a very mag- nificent walnut. “ Such parks are England’s badge.” In the kitchen-garden are a Breda apricot, and a Genoa fig, both of a hundred years’ standing. Tne apricot covers a space of 612 square feet, and bears from 60 to 90 dozens of fruit yearly. Mr. Robins, the gardener, is a celebrated grower of pine-apples. It was at Felbrigg that Mr. Kent, author of Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property, and the founder of an office for the valuation and management of landed property, in Craig’s Court, Charing Cross, London, began his career as land-steward.

Cromer Hall; H. Baring, Esq.— An elegant mansion, situated upon an eminence, almost on the verge of the British ocean, environed by a vegetable throng of such beauty and vigour, that we are almost apt to forget that the sea breezes have any prejudicial effect upon trees and shrubs.” (p.130.) An ash, 75ft. high, girts 10 ft. at the ground ; a Scotch pine has a trunk 7 ft. in circumference; asweet chestnut 9 ft. ; and an oak 13 ft. 6 in.

Gunton Park ; Lord Suffield—*“ One of the older retreats in the county, surrounded by wide-spreading plantations and extensive parks.” An etching is given of a remarkably fine yew: at 1 ft. from the ground it girts 6 ft. 1 in., and at 5ft. it girts 6{t. 8 in.; it is 35 ft. high, and covers a circle of 45 yards round.

There is a lofty avenue of beech trees, and the varieties of the English oak are exceedingly numerous ; some of them being of a dark green colour, with leaves deeply lobed and in bunches [doubtless Quércus pedunculata], whilst others are of a lighter colour and very slightly notched [doubtless Q. sessili- flora]. Many of the beeches have stems 40 ft. in length and 13 ft. in circum- ference at the ground ; but the most celebrated tree is the “ Great Oak,” the “ King of Thorpe,” to be hereafter mentioned.

Horsford Hall; Mrs. Day. —“ In ancient times a place of great note.” A Scotch pine here is 65 ft. high, with a trunk 9 ft. in circumference ; an oak covers a circle 85 yards round, and an English elm is 70 ft. high, with a trunk 12 ft. in circumference.

Felthorpe Park; J. Geldart, Esq.— A place rich in trees, and formed within the last 17 years out of some of the poorest land in Norfolk, and affording an admirable example to possessors of “‘ poor and miserable spots.”

“Tn visiting such a place, the following reflections naturally suggest themselves to us, namely, — That the nature of trees is beginning to be un- derstood ; and, consequently, that a great proportion of the waste land in our country may be converted either into fruitful fields, or made to assume the appearance of fertility. So lately as forty years ago the oak tree was assigned to rich sheltered valleys, and there only; and if any one had been bold enough in those times to have planted it elsewhere, he would have been subjected to the ridicule of his neighbours. We trust the time is at hand when, so far as regards the hardy trees of Britain, there will be less distinc- tion made as to soil or situation ; not that we do not believe that certain soils are favourable to the growth of particular species of trees, but because the fancied partiality of all trees to certain soils has deterred many from planting altogether. It is now a well-known fact, that if sheltered when young, an oak will grow almost anywhere, and that a sycamore will grow on any land with- out shelter.

“ Generally speaking, however, a seat such as this is, and on such soil, so completely wooded and so elegant in many of its traits, is only to be realised by considerable care and expense.”

Booton Hall; 8. Bircham, Hsq.—“ A wide-spread park graced by some noble trees, which are chiefly of the oak kind.” These oak trees “ display an endless variety of form and hue ; some of them presenting a pendulous character , others of a fastigiate outline ; whilst as to leaves, some are lanceolate, some entire, and others again deeply lobed and of an evergreen colour. In fact,

3g Grigor’s Eastern Arboretum.

there are no bounds to the varicties that may be discovered in this plantation, and we have no doubt that, when the foliage is about to fall, the contrasts will be still more apparent.”

Our Trees, No. 5., is a chapter on the yew tree. In former times, when yew hedges were very much planted, it was of great consequence to select plants with leaves of the same shade of green, and for this purpose varieties with a fine deep shining green foliage are directed by the Dutch writers to be propagated by cuttings.

“When this plan is adopted,” Mr. Grigor observes, “ shoots of nine inches in length should be selected either in the month of April or August, taking care to cut them immediately below the last year’s growth, so that a small portion of the wood which is two years old may adhere to each. If this be attended to they will strike root more readily. The lower leaves should betrimmed off at bottom, and the slips planted in a sheltered and shady border of light sandy soil. In the course of two years they will be suffi- ciently rooted to be removed into nursery lines, where they may remain for two years more previous to their final transplantation. If the plants are to be raised from seeds, which is the process most generally adopted, the berries should be gathered in October and immediately sown in very loose friable soil, in such land as is likely to retain these qualities for two years or more, for the plants will not all appear till the second spring ; and if the seeds be placed in firm clayey soil, the likelihood is that it becomes so hardened by the weather that no vegetating power can break through it, and, consequently, a very meagre crop is the result.”’

Flaverland Park ; E. Fellowes, Esq., 14.P.—A splendid mansion in the Italian style of architecture is now being erected here, and the grounds “are to be remodelled by a landscape-gardener of some note of the present day— at least, so far as this county is concerned.” The park is rich in old trees, * some of them most wonderful vegetable structures, especially U’lmus mon- tana glabra : but the finest tree on the estate is an alder, of which an etching is given: it is 62 ft. high, with a trunk at one foot from the ground, 11 ft. 7 in. m circumference.

* It is an upright well-proportioned tree, and is, perhaps, the finest specimen of the kind in England. The next largest recorded trees of this species are in the Bishop of Durham’s park at Bishop Auckland, one of which measures 11 ft. in girt.

* At a residence already exhibiting the signs of unusual magnificence, we trust that a portion of the park will be set apart for that most interesting and indispensable accompaniment to every gentleman’s seat —an arboretum. By an arboretum, we mean a collection of all the trees that will stand the rigour of a British winter arranged in natural groups — a great congregation of the grand objects that adorn our country, whether in forests, fields, or cultivated gardens, brought together so that their beautiful and diversified characters may be seen and studied as if ina museum. The most of our ex- tensive seats, formed within the last few years, have a portion of their plea- sure-ground devoted to this important object.”

Westwick Park ; Jack Petre, Esq.—Celebrated for its pinasters, which cover extensive tracts of country, and for number, height, and bulk, are not ex- celled in England.

“ The wonder to a stranger is, whence such a quantity of plants could have been brought, and why so many soft-wooded trees should be raised in preference to the Pinus sylvestris, which produces infinitely superior timber.”

A very interesting account is given of these trees, which we would abridge, did we not believe that every person at all interested in the subject would procure the work. There is a pear tree with a trunk 9 ft. in circumference, and a Portugal laurel with a stem 5 ft. in circumference. “ The horticulturist and florist will be equally delighted in visiting this seat, the general excel- lence of which must strike every one.”’

The Oak Tree at Thorpe Market.—This tree has been already mentioned. The engraving here given on a folding plate is very characteristic. |The tree

Fowlds’s, Young's, and Gregory's Catalogues. 33

is erect and exceeding well balanced ; it is 70 ft. high, with a trunk of 42 ft.: in its circumference at 1 ft. from the ground it is 21 ft. 6in. Mr. Grigor thinks that there are few, if any, oaks which excel this tree in England.

Sall Park; Sir R. P. Jodrell, Bart.— The park scenery is exceedingly pleasant, and contains some fine trees, especially a lofty and beautiful beech.

Heydon Park ; W. HE. Lytton Bulwer, Esq. — A very ancient place, in which “all that a pure and enlightened taste would have suggested has been carried into effect. He who expects to find here the usual routine of park shrubbery, pleasure-ground, and the gay parterre sparkling in summer’s beauty, will be disappointed. Such is not its character. It is of that grave and almost me- lancholy appearance which thick woody scenes brought near to the mansion usually confer — full of ancestral remnants. The visitor of Heydon will at once be impressed, we think, with the peculiar feature by which we have considered it is so much characterised —that of pensive grandeur. The entire place is a testimony of the wonderful effect which trees produce on a surface like that of Norfolk, which in general is naturally uninteresting.”

Hoveton Park ; Mrs. Burroughes. —“ A seat of general excellence,” re- markably well laid out, and highly kept. ‘ The whole place is so judiciously laid out, that we hazard the opinion that it has been done by some one who has become eminent in his profession.”

Scottow Park; Sir H. Durrant, Bart. — A seat with many traits of beauty, and some fine trees. A pyracantha covers a space on the walls of some outbuildings 24: yards in length, and is clad with large bunches of brilliant scarlet berries in November. | We may observe that it is rather remarkable that this thorn is not more frequently grafted standard high on the cockspur thorn ; or perhaps C. mexicana would be preferable as a stock, from being subevergreen. “ The kitchen-garden is celebrated for its great espalier-tree. Its high wall, which is reckoned the finest in Norfolk, is covered with wide- spreading vines.”

Our Trees. —No.6. The WeepingiWillow. There are many fine specimens in Norfolk: one raised from the St. Helena specimen, in the garden of John Stracy, Esq., at Sprowston Lodge,is 27 ft. high, with a stem 3 ft. 6 in. in girt.

On the whole, this is a most delightful book of its kind ; it improves much as it proceeds, and more especially in the engravings, of which the number given is so considerable, that we are surprised at the low price at which the work is sold. We should think it could hardly fail to find its way into the library of every lover of trees.

Art. IU. Catalogue of Ornamental Plants grown and sold by Fowlds and Lymburn, Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 36. Portland Street, Kilmarnock. Single sheet, 1840-1.

Select List of Hardy Trees, Shrubs, Ligneous Climbers, and Green-~ house Plants, cultivated and Sold by William Young, of the Milford Botanical and Floricultural Nursery, near Godalming, Surrey. Single sheet, 1840-1.

Catalogue of Nursery Stock, comprising Forest, Fruit, and Ornamen- tal Trees and Shrubs, Stove, Green-house, and Herbaceous Plants, Florists’ Flowers, &c., cultivated by William Gregory, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Pamph. 1840-1.

In each of these catalogues an endeavour has been made, and, as far as we

can judge, successfully, to adjust the nomenclature to that of our Arboretum

Britannicum. The collections of ornamental trees and shrubs in these three

nurseries, stationed in widely different parts of the country, surpass those of 1841.— I, 3d Ser. D

34, Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Sc.

most of the London nurseries ; indeed we might almost say of any of them, except those of Hackney and Fulham The truth is, that land and labour are so much higher in the neighbourhood of London than they are in the pro- vinces, that the metropolitan nurserymen, now that the prices of all plants have fallen so low, cannot afford to grow complete collections. The public are gainers by this change in price, and it matters little to them whether they buy in townor country ; and the nurserymen, as a body, are no losers, because orders which a London nurseryman cannot execute from his own grounds, he can always, by means of such catalogues as those now before us, execute by procuring the plants from his friends in the country. The formation of collections in so many places throughout the country cannot fail greatly to increase the growing taste for trees and shrubs, which are the only permanent and independent (we mean comparatively independent of care and culture) ornaments of parks and pleasure-grounds.

By comparing these three catalogues with one another, it will be found that each contains several articles that are not in either of the other two, and hence from the other two each may be enriched.

Art. IV. Catalogue of Works on Gardening, Agriculture, Botany, Rural Architecture, &c., lately published, with some Account of those considered the more interesting.

Rustic Architecture. The picturesque and pleasing Appearance of rough Wood, Thatch, &c., when applied as the only Decorations of rural Build- ings, illustrated by 42 zincographic Drawings, consisting of Plans, Ele- vations, Sections, and Perspective Views; the Doors, Windows, Chimney Shafts, &c., drawn geometrically to a large scale, with a Description and the estimated Cost of each Design. By T. J. Ricauti, Architect. Printed for, and published by, the Author, at his Office, No. 26. Foley Place; and to be procured through any Bookseller. London, 1840.

We have repeatedly and strongly recommended this elegant and useful work to our readers. The sixth and last part, now before us, brings it to a con- clusion, and we can safely say that we think no gentleman who purchases it will be disappointed. The total number of plates is 42; and each is carefully described, with estimates and other details, as noticed in the titlepage.

The British Almanack ; and the Companion to the Almanack for 1841. 12mo. Price 4s,

Among the various matters in the Companion, interesting to the British gardener, the first we shall notice is an act past in August last, empowering the Duke of Marlborough to raise 25,000/. on mortgage, for the purpose of repairing Blenheim Palace; and also to cut down and sell timber at the rate of 1000/. a year, for the purpose of paying the interest of the money borrowed. We trust the present duke will exhibit more taste in laying out this money than his predecessor, who, independently of allowing many parts of the place to go to decay, ruined the effect of the pleasure-grounds by covering the surface too uniformly with trees and shrubs. The first grand step in the im- provement of Blenheim will be to undo great part of what has been done.

Chap. xx. is on public improvements, and is written with the usual taste and knowledge which have for several years past characterised this part of the Companion. The London cemeteries are described, and one is noticed as in progress at Winchester. Several public schools are noticed ; and engravings given of the Camberwell National Schools, and of Lady Owen’s School, Goswell Road. Both are very handsome, and it is not a little gratifying to see schools keeping pace with churches and theatres.

The Derby Arboretum is noticed with discriminating taste and judgment.

General Notices. 835

«We will not say that hitherto too much attention has been paid to the physical necessities of the poorer and labouring classes,” says the writer, “but unquestionably too little has been bestowed upon their mental ones, as if they were unworthy of being indulged with any kind of amusement except the brief and riotous one of a holiday or fair; which being the case, it is not matter of surprise, however much it may be for regret, that the bulk of the population in manufacturing and other large towns should have no relish for simple quiet recreations, or derive any gratification either from natural beauties or from those of art. Through the beneficent liberality of Mr. Joseph Strutt, Derby has been enabled to set an example to other towns in the kingdom; that gentleman having bestowed these pleasure-grounds on the corporation, upon the condition that they shall be open to all classes of the public without payment (and subject only to such restrictions and regulations as may be found necessary for the observance of order and decorum), on every Sunday, and also on one other day in every week, from sunrise to sunset.” (p. 251.)

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE.

Art. I. General Notices.

THE Gardener's Book Society of Croydon consists of about twenty gardeners, who subscribe 6d. per month, which enables them to purchase most of the gardening and some of the botanical periodicals. Societies of this kind. might be formed in all towns having populous neighbourhoods, and persons would frequently be found to join them who are not professional gardeners but only amateurs. The West London Gardeners’ Association has set a noble example in this respect for the larger towns, and the Croydon Society for the smaller, and for the villages. Nothing is to be done in gardening in the present day without constant reading, and vigilant watching of all that is going forward, — Cond.

Botane Garden Reports of new Trees and Shrubs. —1 have been thinking that you should urge your claim upon all the botanic gardens, and other public gardens, for making an annual report of all the new hardy trees or shrubs raised in them, like that made by me. I certainly am surprised that this has not been done before this by the curators of these gardens, Mr. Cameron being the only one who has even attempted any thing of the sort. I think if such reports were annually given, they would be the means of making many plants known which remain in obscurity for years; they would also confer a be- nefit on the trade, by letting them know where such plants were to be had ; and would show how much each garden contributed, in the way of novel or useful plants, to the general collection of the country ; and all of us would be greatly benefited by such. As it would be but once a year, there could be no excuse in not having time; and there is always means of obtaining the names, and particularly now when we have postage cheap. I shall always be happy to render any assistance in my power, to any person, in comparing specimens with those in the Society’s collection, or in letting them know if they are new to me, provided that this is not attended with any expense tome. I leave the subject now in your hands. — George Gordon. Horticul- tural Society’s Garden, Chiswick, Nov. 21. 1840.

Cucumber and Melon Culture. —1I am about to publish my system of cu- cumber and melon culture, on the trellis, in a brick pit that I had erected here about four years since. It is impervious to steam, and easily heated and managed, so much so, that with ordinary attention success is certain, and the cucumber brought to the greatest perfection at any season. I have growh the melon on the trellis in a pit on the same construction for the two years last past, with the best success. The fruit lying on the trellis ripens much

D2

36 General Notices.

better, and is not liable to crack and rot, as when nearer the ground; it is a decided improvement in the culture of early and late melons. My book will also include my system of hand-glass culture of rock melons, and the common method in frames on dung beds; also my method of growing and forcing aspa- ragus and sea-kale. — John Mills. Gunnersbury, Nov. 6. 1840.

Garden Syringes.—You have often noticed the great excellence of Reid’s syringe for every purpose of the cultivator ; also M‘Dougal’s, the bend of which renders it indispensable. These are confessedly the best syringes of the present day ; but are they perfect? So far from this being the case, any practical man, after working these for half an hour, could give directions for making a better instrument. For every straightforward purpose, Reid’s is all that can be desired ; but by it we cannot possibly reach the covert insidious marauders that so unceasingly annoy us. It is by an instrument throwing up a perpendicular jet, that we can effect this. Therefore a right-angled bend, put upon Reid’s syringe, would render it by far the most efficient instrument in use. It may be supposed that M‘Dougal’s syringe, having a bend, would accomplish all this ; but this is only partially the case. The aperture which admits the ingress of water, is by far too small to fill in any reasonable time the vacuum created by the working of the piston, and thereby renders the operation both tedious and laborious, causing a great deal of power to be spent wholly in vain; and the bend is set at such an angle, that when the in- strument is held horizontally by the operator (which is not generally the case), the jet produced, instead of being perpendicular, is thrown directly in the operator’s face. Thus the properties of these instruments, imitated and improved, would be a valuable combination ; and it is a pity that the patented protections of these gentlemen should deprive the public of what would be so really useful. — 1. 7. Sept. 1840.

Autumnal Colouring of Quércus-and Rhis.—We have received from J. T. Brook, Esq., of Flitwick, specimens of Quércus and Rhis, more splendid in colouring than any which we have hitherto seen. The Flitwick Arboretum was planted in 1829, and hence these trees have upwards of 10 years’ growth. The colours ef all the leaves are of the most intense scarlet, in the case of the has tinged with dark purple. The species are Quércus palustris, three varieties; Q. falcata; Q. rubra, of a dark red, almost black; Q. champaniénsis Lod., with very large foliage, very dark red; and Q. Banister?, dark brown red ; Rhis suaveolens, of anintensely dark purple; Rhus typhina, of an intensely deep scarlet ; and Rhis glabra, of a scarlet so dark as to be almost purple; Rhis Cétinus, the leaves of which generally die off yellow, but in this in- stance they are of a fine scarlet, with a glaucous yellow beneath. No lover of trees could see these specimens without being enchanted with them, and, if he has not already an arboretum, rendered irresistibly desirous of planting or visiting one. — Cond,

American Oaks.—A collection of very beautiful specimens has been sent us by M. Vilmorin, from his extensive plantations at Barres, and of which we hope he will favour us with a history. The following are the names of the species received, and the dimensions of the current year’s shoots and leaves. Quércus alba L., Mich, Leaves 72 in. long, by 32 in. broad. Young shoot 82 in,

nigra L., Pursh. Leaves 52 in. long, by 43in. broad. Young shoot 3in.

Phéllos L., Pursh, Mich. eaves 44in. long, by Zin. broad. Young shoot 94in., branched.

macrocarpa Willd., Mich., Pursh. Leaves 12% in. long, 7 in. broad. Young shoot 43. in.

Prinus discolor Mich. fil, Pursh. Leaves 73m. long, 54 in. broad. Young shoot 5 in.

Prinus monticola Mich., Pursh. Leaves 8 in. long, 24 in. broad. Young shoot 3 in.

rubra L., Mich., Pursh. Leaves 114 in. long, 83in. broad largest leaf. Young shoot 6 in.

heterophylla Mich., Pursh. Leaves 6} in. long, by 23 in. broad. Young

Foreign Notices : — South America. 37

shoot 7£in. Most of the leaves more or less lobed, but some re- sembling Q. Phéllos. Qu. falcata Mich., Pursh. Leaves 7 in. long, by 44in. broad. Young shoot

(0

palistris Willd., Mich., Pursh. Weaves 7 in. long, by 44in. broad. Young shoot 52 in.

obtusiloba Mich., Pursh. Leaves 5iin. long, by 33in. broad. Young shoot 24 in.

tinctoria Willd., Pursh. Leaves 84in. long, by 5in. broad. Young shoot 103 in. long.

Banister? Mich., Pursh ; ilicifolia Wang. and Arb. Brit. Leaves 44 in. long, by 21 in. broad. Young shoot 44 in.

lyrata Walt., Mich., Pursh. Weaves 72 in. long, by 31 in. broad. Young shoot 102in. Plant 3 years’ seedling. — Cond.

Artificial Maturation of Figs.—A traveller from the Levant taught me the following mode of rendering full-grown figs fit to eat. I take a blunt-pointed bodkin, such as women use in drawing through tape; I open the orifice at the end of the fig, and at the same time, having a little bottle of sweet oil hang- ing on a button of my coat, I dip the bodkin in the oil, and insert one drop in the orifice. — Thomas Blake, Gardener. Shirley Park, near Croydon, June 15. 1840.

In the notes made during our visit to Paris in 1828, and given in Vol. VII. p- 262., we described the practice related above, as seen by us put in execu- tion in the fig orchards at Argenteuil ; all the difference is, that a bit of wheat straw is there used instead of the bodkin. — Cond..

Art. II. Foreign Notices.

SOUTH AMERICA.

Rio JANEIRO, Sept. 26. 1840. —— Here I am at last in an almost tropical climate, and under an almost tropical sun, only 80° in the shade, and we are yet only on the end of the Brazilian winter. But where shall I begin, and where shall I find an end to describe to you my daily, my hourly botanical enjoyments and raptures? I am quite sure * * *, when he was transported in the spirit * * *, could not feel himself more charmed than I was the day before yesterday, finding myself with the celebrated traveller, Riedel, in one of the remaining small portions of primitive forest behind Corcovado Mountain, surrounded with tree ferns and myristicas and melastomas and rhexias and epiphytes and pothoses and Piperaceze and bambusas, &c., under a con- certo of chirping and humming giant-grasshoppers and minute colibris, and loud-screaming many-coloured parrots, and whistling ugly monkeys, and all that only two or three leagues far from the Emperor of Brazil’s residence, the good city of Rio Janeiro. I assure you I pinched myself already many times in full earnest, to see if I was awake, or dreaming only of a charmed fairy