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1869

THE LIBRARY

Gift

Sydney Anderson

THE ANIMALS OF THE WORLD.

BREHM'S

LIFE OF ANIMALS.

A COMPLETE NATURAL HISTORY FOR POPULAR HOME INSTRUCTION AND FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS

BY

DR. ALFRED EDMUND BREHM.

:OP10USLY ILLUSTRATED WITH WOOD CUTS AND COLOR-PLATES BY FR. SPECHT, W. KUHNERT,

G. MUTZEL, R. KRETSCHMER, W. CAMPHAUSEN, L. BECKMANN, E. SCHMIDT,

T. F. DEICKER, P. MENERHEIM, ETC., ETC.

VOLUME L-MAMMALIA.

BROUGHT DOWN AND ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF ENGLISH READERS.

Translated from the Third German Edition as edited by Prof. Dr. Pechuel-Loesche and Dr. William Haacke, and revised and abridged by Prof. Richard Schmidtlein.

CHICAGO :

A. N. MARQUIS & COMPANY. 1895.

Copyright 1894 by A. N. Marquis & Co., Chicago. Copyright 1895 BY A. N. Marquis & Co., Chicago

INTRODUCTORY PREFACE.

devoted hi creatures ii ance with

REHM'S immortal book, "Life of Animals," is one of the most fascinating works ever written upon natural history. The author 3 life to a study of animate nature, seeking out the 1 their wild state and making most intimate acquaint- their habits, traits and characteristics. Many years were spent by him in the great forests, where he seemed to court danger in order that he might arrive at knowledge of the truth. The results of his studies and observations are shown in this mas- terly production, which, while detailing all the facts essential to scientific knowledge, clothes his narrative in descriptive details that hold the attention of old and young as strongly as the most thrill- ing romances.

The new and revised edition of this work, carefully corrected and brought down by the scholarly Dr. William Haacke and Pro- fessor Pechuel-Loesche, the latter no less distinguished as an ex- plorer than as a naturalist, has passed under the hands of Richard — —wi ■!■ ^^JB/Py Schmidt 1. in, the celebrated German naturalist and author, who has preserved in it all the rich and splendid material of the original, but has omitted details and descriptions of a strictly scientific nature, the object being to furnish a book for popular home instruction and for the use of schools. Professor Schmidtlein, in his scholarly and entertaining revision, made such changes as the progress of modern science demanded and per- fected his work in a manner to call forth the highest praise from critics everywhere.

The present edition has been translated from the German by linguists of distinction who have in the happiest manner transferred to the English tongue the rich, exuberant and fascinating style of the original ; while competent scholars have carefully revised the translation, making only such changes as were calculated to bring it closer to the mind of the English reader. These changes are either inclosed in brackets, or are set in smaller type than the body of the work. The short sketches introduced under the pictures, independent of the text, are also the work of the American editors. This edition is, therefore, practically a complete work brought down to date, containing substantially all the matter to be found in Brehm's "Life of .Animals," adapted t© meet and reach the popular taste, and rendered into English in such manner as to make it clear and intelligible to every one, the child as well as the adult, only those animals being omitted which are little known and of interest to none but specialists.

The book is designed to meet in the highest degree a great popular need, technical terms and long scientific descriptions being avoided, whenever possible, and it is invaluable as a work of reference and of study. It not only contains narratives of Brehm's exciting personal experiences and observa- tions in forest and field, but also those of all other leading naturalists and explorers of the world, ■. whose intimate touch with animate nature inspired them to speak in words that glow with interest and that thrill the reader.

A most attractive feature of the present work is the superb illustrations, which include, with few exceptions, all that are contained in Brehm's complete work, and also numerous additions designed and executed at great expense and including the best efforts of the greatest artists in delineation of animal life. The work of these distinguished artists, supplemented with faithful mechanical reproductions, has resulted in the presentation of the various animals precisely as they appear in a state of nature, the figures being of a size to enable the student to obtain a most accurate knowledge of each creature, while parents and teachers can be assured that nothing is exaggerated, but that every detail is given with absolute fidelity. Too frequently it is the case that children are shown mere caricatures of beasts

iv INTRODUCTORY PREFACE.

and birds, executed without artistic sense and in entire ignorance of the structure of the animals. The pictures in this work are faultless, all of them having been reproduced from living subjects and showing the hand of the master in every line. No such extended and comprehensive system of illustration of animals was ever before undertaken and this feature of the work alone must make it invaluable to every one who seeks acquaintance with those creatures, which, while they cannot speak, are so closely connected with the life of Man, contributing in some part at least to his support, his enjoyment and his amusement.

Interest in natural history is extending, as Man's scope of vision enlarges and he grasps more firmly the thought that the lower animals enter so closely into his own life and form so important a part in the great economy of nature. The great Scheitlin, as quoted by Brehm, has truly said, " The brute's fate is like ours. It is oftentimes made to share Man's fate, or Man shares its fate ; it perishes with him in fire and water and battle. It is a pity that Man forgets that the higher animals, at least, know the difference between treatment that is good and treatment that is bad." Man is greatly in debt to the humbler creatures, which supply them with their flesh for food, their hide, their hair and their horns. It has been truthfully claimed that Man could not live in comfort if deprived of the serv- ice rendered by animals in life or death. They supply meat, milk, fat, perfumery, drugs, fur, wool, feathers, ivory, bone and a thousand other useful and ornamental commodities. They are companions, as the Dog, the Monkey and certain birds ; beasts of burden, as the Horse, Ass, Ox, Camel, Llama, and afford endless sport and diversion for hunters, who, unfortunately, are too frequently cruel and make unnecessary slaughter of the defense-less. The student finds in the successive steps of animal life order and arrangement and takes delight in classifying the creatures according to their station, ob- serving the points of difference, and determining the uses and adaptations of the individuals to their environment.

Extending the thought of imparting facts to the youthful mind, it might be shown that seven ver- tebrae usually form the neck of the vertebrate animals, whether it be the Giraffe or the Mole ; but that in the tail they vary from four to forty-six. It might also be shown that the muscles of animals se*- the bones in motion, and that these muscles form meat, which in certain animals is the food of Man It is interesting to note that Man alone of all the mammals walks erect ; that the flight of swift birds is far more rapid than that of the most fleet mammal ; and that the Bat cannot really fly because birds alone can do this, but that they flutter in the air. Men who have not been taught to swim, the Man- like Apes and the Baboons, are the only- mammals which are unable to sustain themselves in water ; while the Whale and the Sea-Lion, the Dugong and the Manatee, spend their entire lives in the sea. Take the eye of the animal, which is the most expressive part of its face, and there can be seen in it in many cases the character of its individual possessor, as the wicked eye of the Snake, the piercing eye of the Eagle ; this being especially true among mammals, as the dull eye of the Cow, the mild one of the Gazelle, the stupid ones of a Sheep, the false ones of a Wolf, etc.

Characteristics, traits, etc., are thus observable in all the creatures, from the highest to the lowest, and may be pointed out, emphasized and indelibly impressed upon the mind of the young, especially by aid of the incomparable pictures contained in this work. The advanced reader and student will discover a complete and perfect system, extending from the highest Ape to the lowest creature, each in its place and every one well defined and accurately described.

It will be seen that the creatures are distributed all over the world and that America contains a larger variety and more interesting types, especially of higher animals, than the other portions of the globe. In the northern part are the Bison, the Prairie Dog and the Opossum, while in the southern portion are prehensile-tailed Monkeys, Vampires, Peccaries, Llamas, Alpacas and various Edentata, that are peculiar to these localities. In the representation of the various belts of earth the division made by Wallace is followed in this work. It will be seen that, as a rule, the color of an animal corresponds closely with its surroundings ; that the majority of mammals live in flocks, each having a leader, that may be male or female; that when awake most animals are employed in search for food; that Birds eat more than mammals and that the former are much more active than the latter.

The comprehensiveness and interest of the work must be discovered in a perusal of its pages, as only brief and disconnected references have here been made as to its scope and general value. It covers a field not hitherto occupied in this country, embracing as it does the most thorough informa- tion with most graphic narrative, the whole embellished by artistic illustrations which so faithfully por- tray the lineaments of the animals as almost to make unnecessary the work of verbal description. Such a work as this, within the mental grasp of all, must enter the home and the school and result in a wide dissemination of additional knowledge concerning the beasts of the field, the birds of the air and all manner of creeping things. .

THE LIFE OF ANIMALS.

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON MAMMALS.

However superficially the student or reader may examine any subject, the necessity for some system in the arrangements of the facts will at once be apparent. This is especially true in connection with investigation into the truths of nature, and more par- ticularly those connected with our globe. The most casual observer sees that the various natural objects, each different from the other, align themselves into larger and smaller groups having some one or more characteristics in common. The systematic arrange- ment of these classes, the division of them into smaller groups, the proper classification of names for these segregated assemblages of things, and the orderly presentation of the facts in regard to these divisions and the units of which they are composed, constitutes, in broadly generalized terms, natural science.

In arranging the facts of nature that plan is best which is simplest: and science has begun its work of classifying the things on our globe by dividing them into three primary groups called the Animal, Vege- table and Mineral Kingdoms. Then, taking up the classification of the Animal Kingdom and looking for the first and most obvious division, it is found that one large group of animals is made up of species widely variant in other respects but agreeing in the fact that each is possessed of what is popularly known as a "backbone," consisting of a number of segments of bone or cartilage jointed together, which have been given the scientific name of " vertebra;," the whole column of jointed segments being called the " vertebral column." Therefore the Animal King- dom has been scientifically divided into two sub- kingdoms, known respectively as the Vertebrates ( Vertebrata) and Invertebrates {Invertebrata), the latter class including insects, mollusks, cephalo- pods, worms, snails, animalcules, protozoa and other classes of animals.

The Vertebrates have several characteristics in common besides the mere possession of a backbone. Between the backbone and the back is what is known as the vertebral canal, formed by arches of bone or cartilage extending from the vertebrae, this canal being the receptacle in which is stretched, like a rope, the substance formed of nerve-tissue which is popularly known as the spinal marrow or spinal cord, and which is the main portion of the nervous system of the animal. On the other side of the backbone is placed the heart, the lungs and the stomach and other organs of digestion. The two jaws of Vertebrates are placed one above the other instead of being right and left, as is the case in insects. No vertebrate animal has more than four legs, while some of the invertebrates have a very large number. There are other physical character- istics common to all, or nearly all, Vertebrates, but their consideration involves technical explanations which would be out of place here.

Since Lamarck in 1797 suggested the division of the Animal Kingdom into the two sub-kingdoms of animals with and without backbones, this division has been generally accepted. In the subdivision of the Vertebrates there are usually recognized five classes: the Mammals {Mammalia); the Birds (Aves); the Reptiles (Reptilia); the Amphibious Animals, like the Frog, Newt, etc. {Amphibia), and the Fishes ( Pisces ) .

The Mammals, which form Class I. among the Vertebrates, represent the highest forms of life on our globe. Some have a much higher organization than others, but still, from the highest to the lowest, they have many characteristics in common. The primary distinction upon which the class Mammalia is founded, is the secretion in the glands of the female of a fluid for the nourishment of her young during the earliest period of infancy. In nearly all of the animals of this class the fluid secreted is milk, and the mammary glands are directly suckled by the young, which are born alive and in a more or less developed condition. In the lowest order of Mam- mals, however, — the egg-laying Monotremes, — the newborn, scarcely vitalized offspring is placed in a pouch and there sustained by a nutritive perspira- tion emitted from sweat-glands. In the order next above them — the Marsupials — the development of the animal at birth is only slightly more mature than that of the Monotremes, and the pouch for maturing the young places the infant in direct connection with the mammae of the mother, which thus sup- plies it with the milk needed to bring it to full life and vigor.

Mammals, besides being nurtured on mother's milk in their infancy, are also characterized by the possession of warm, red blood, circulated through the system by means of veins and arteries leading from a four-chambered heart. Every animal of the mammalian class agrees with the other in possess- ing a diaphragm muscle, or midriff, separating the cavity of the chest from that of the abdomen. For further statement of the general characteristics of Mammals we quote from the introduction to the German edition of Brehm's work, which says: "The skull is separated from the vertebral column, or backbone, in all Mammals; the upper jaw is united to the skull, and the teeth, though varying consider- ably in number and shape, show that in common they are in all species placed in hollows. Seven vertebrae usually go to form the neck, be it long, as in the Giraffe, or short, as in the Mole. The chest or thorax part of the vertebral column (known as dorsal or thoracic vertebrae), consists of from ten to twenty-four vertebrae; the lumbar vertebras, or those in the middle of the back, number from two to nine, the sacrum has from one to nine and the tail from four to forty-six. Ribs may be attached to differ- ent vertebras: but in speaking of ribs we usually

THE LITE OE ANIMALS.

mean the flat, curved bones attached in the back to the dorsal or thoracic vertebrre, and in front to the sternum or breast-bone and enclosing the chest cavity. The number of the true ribs reaching the sternum and of the false ones, which are either at- tached to it by cartilage or are not joined to the breast-bone at all, is subject to a great many varia- tions. In the skeletons of the Mammals there is great diversity in the structure of the limbs, and in some Whales the hinder pair is totally lacking or the bony skeleton of the animal only reveals two stunted rudiments. In the fore-limbs the shoulders and the hand show the greatest variety; the clavicle (or collar-bone) may be very strong or it may be lacking; the fingers and toes may be all there, or may be stunted, according as the hands and feet become paws, hoofs or fins; the usual number of the fingers — five — may decrease to one. The bones of the leg are also variously developed.

"The bones of the skeleton are set in motion by muscles, which in some animals are for us the most important part, as they form our daily food. These muscles, which in plain, every-day speech, we call "flesh," are attached to the bones and move them in different directions. It may be sufficient to say that the muscles are developed to a close accord- ance with the skeleton of the animal and the mode of life, which latter is closely allied to its form and general structure.

"The organs of digestion are very similar, yet they show some variations in their structure. The mouth is always furnished with soft, fleshy lips, plentifully supplied with nerves; the teeth reach their highest development in the Mammals, and are of great importance to the mode of life of the ani- mal, and of special importance to naturalists in its scientific classification.

"The mouth is connected with the oesophagus (or gullet), which never shows such a dilatation as in birds. The stomach is always more or less thin- skinned, and may be plain or show as many as three compartments. Its arrangement is quite peculiar in those animals which, when time permits, com- fortably ruminate their food and then send it to the digestive organs past the first storage receptacle.

"The chest cavity is completely closed by the diaphragm; the lungs float in it and do not com- municate with any special pneumatic cavities. The trachea, or windpipe, usually divides into two branches, and has only one larynx, which lies at the upper end of the windpipe and is formed by a vary- ing number of cartilages. A few Mammals have peculiar cavities connected with the larynx, but the vocal chords are lacking only in the Whales.

"The brain and nerves are variously developed. The former always fills its cavity in the skull, but this cavity may be very small, and the amount of brain is then accordingly slight. In no other Mam- mal does the brain so greatly exceed the spinal cord in bulk and weight as in Man, and in no other ani- mal is the cerebrum (or the higher and front portion of the brain) so developed. This alone shows the structural superiority of Man to all other animals. The organs of sense are similar in all Mammals, the Whale alone showing a marked deviation from the general rule, for although it possesses a nose its sense of smell is certainly very deficient. The organs of hearing are usually perfect, and the ear shows three labyrinths. The sense of vision is not, in Mammals, so greatly superior to the other senses as is the case with birds; the eyes are always two in

number, usually small in size and never inwardly movable, as with the birds. The sense of taste is acute in Mammals, as may be concluded from the muscular tongue well supplied with nerves. The sense of touch is highly developed and may have its seat in the nose, in the hands or in hairs on the lips. Nearly all parts of the body are sensitive.

"As a bodily covering hair prevails; yet the coat may consist of scales, bristles, horny shields, horny callosities or simply the skin, which in such cases may have its outer layer developed so as to furnish the requisite protection. The nails may be flat and thin, round and thick, straight or curved, blunt or sharp, and may be nails proper or developed into claws or hoofs."

The variety in the life of the Mammals is very great, although with most species eating and sleep- ing comprise the daily history of their lives. Yet the lively Monkeys in Africa, the still more odd swinging, prehensile-tailed Monkeys of South Amer- ica, the flitting Bats, the night-prowling beasts of prey, the diving Seals, the leaping Squirrels, the noble Horse, fleet Antelope and other animals lead lives which are peculiarly their own, differing greatly from those of other creatures and affording a most interesting subject of observation. As a rule all the senses, except that of sight, (in which the birds excel) are more completely developed in the Mam- mals than in any other class of animals. The vocal expression of mammals is sometimes remarkable for its volume but very seldom for its beauty, that of Man alone being really musical and superior to the voice of birds. The sounds made by different animals are quite varied, as is illustrated by a com- parison between the mewing of Cats, the barking of Dogs, the lowing of Oxen and braying of Asses with the dismal howls of the Jackal and Coyote and the deafening noises of the Howler Monkeys.

The varied uses to which the tail is put forms an interesting subject of observation. In Man, the Man-shaped Apes and some varieties of the Sloth, the coccyx, or vertebra? forming the rudimentary tail, curves forward and does not project externally. In the other Mammals it varies from an invisible stump to a most extensive adornment. By most long- tailed animals, the member is used as a weapon of defense against winged tormentors, and Cattle, which are especially subject to annoyance from Flies and Gnats, have a tail which is tufted at the end in such a manner as to afford an effective brush with which to fight these insects. Many South American Monkeys, some of the Marsupials, and other animals, have prehensile tails by means of which they can sustain their entire weight. To the Bats, and also to the Mammals having a membra- nous formation which enables them to flutter through the air, such as the Taguan, the Assapan and some of the pouched animals, the tail serves as a rudder to steer its wearer while progressing through the air. Others have the tail so developed as to use it as an organ of touch, while the Kangaroo utilizes its tail as a third leg, which forms, with the others, a tripod upon which it supports its body when at rest. Some tails, like those of Rats, are nearly or quite bare of hair and are covered with scales, some have a covering of short hair, others are bushy. Some bushy tails, like those of the Squirrel, are what is called distichous, that is, they are arranged or parted into two rows of long hairs and make a pretty or- nament, while the tail of the Great Ant-cater is draped into a long mane.

77//- LIFE OF ANIMALS.

In the classification of animals into species the tail is often useful, and the character of the animal's coat, especially if it be composed of spines or horny shields, or presents other peculiarities, also serves, quite often, to give a name to its wearer. The num- ber, character and arrangement of the teeth, or what is called the dentition, is the most useful of all in making a scientific arrangement of the different ani- mals into the various subdivisions. The teeth of an animal are so perfectly adapted to its mode of life that they especially serve to characterize it, and since the imperishable nature of their tissues pre- serves teeth for an indefinite time, they are particu- larly useful in affording an idea of the characters, habits and affinities of extinct species of animals.

The number of species of Mammals which now live and have their being on earth is about two thousand, but this forms only a small minority of the aggregate number of species which inhabited the globe at earlier periods of its history. The study of fossil Mammals has revealed the fact that many animals of strange forms and characteristics for- merly lived on this earth. Some were closely re- lated to living species and genera, some are espe- cially interesting because they furnish a connecting link between existing forms of animal life and structure, and some of the animals now living, like the Elephants, now represent, by a few species, families or orders of which many species are ex- tinct. In its more extended form natural history includes the study of these fossil genera, and an elaborate system of classification has been created in recent years, as a supplement to the investigations and theories expounded by Darwin, which begins at Protozoa and ascends to Man, including all the ex- tinct genera of which anything is known. This, how- ever, is a classification involving so much of a tech- nical character and for its proper appreciation re- quiring so great a degree of knowledge of compara- tive anatomy, that it is obviously not adapted for use in treating of zoology from a popular stand- point. Therefore other systems of classification are used, and that followed by Brehm in this work divides the class Mammalia into fifteen main groups or orders as follows:

i. Apes and Monkeys {Pithed).

2. Half-Monkeys or Lemuroids {Prosimii).

3. Wing-handed Animals, or Bats {Chiroptera).

4. Beasts of Prey {Candvora).

5. Seals or Fin-footed Animals {Pinnipedia)

6. Insect-eating Animals {Insectivora) .

7. Rodents or Gnawing Animals {Rodentia).

8. Toothless Animals {Edentata).

9. Proboscis Animals or Elephants {Proboscidea) .

10. Odd-toed Animals {Perissodactyta) .

11. Cloven-hoofed Animals {Artiodactyla) .

12. Sea Cows {Sirenia).

13. Whales {Cctacca).

•- 14. Pouched Animals ( Marsupialia) .

15. Egg-laying Mammals {Monotrematd).

This is a very convenient classification, agreeing in the main with the arrangement generally in use in the study of zoology, although frequently the tenth and eleventh of these orders are regarded as suborders of an order named the Hoofed Animals ( Ungulata).

Every scientific classification of the Mammals be- gins or ends with Man, for, zoologically speaking, the human being is only a Mammal: that is, a warm- blooded Vertebrate, with a four chambered-heart, nurtured in his infancy on mother's milk; and the

anatomical differences which separate him from the higher orders of Apes are less marked than those which differentiate the latter from the South Ameri- can monkeys. The first order in the classification of Linnaeus was called Primates, and included Man, all the Apes and Monkeys, the Lemurs and the Bats. Later zoologists by common consent ex- cluded the Bats and made them a distinct order, and afterward the same was done with the Lemurs, but many still classify Man and all the Monkeys together in the order of Primates, dividing them into five families: First, Men {Hominidoz) containing as a single genus Man {Homo); second, the Man-like Apes {Simiid<z)\ third, the remaining Old World Monkeys {Cercopithicidce.); fourth, the American Monkeys except the Marmosets {Ccbidaf), and fifth, the Marmosets {Hapalidce).

The anatomical distinctions between Man and the nearest Apes are, principally, the greater size of the brain and brain case, as compared with the facial portion of the skull; the smaller development of the canine teeth of the male; the more complete adapta- tion of the structure of the vertebral column to the vertical position, Man being the only Mammal who habitually walks erect; the greater length of the lower as compared with the upper extremities; and the greater length of the hallux, or great toe, with the almost complete absence of the power of bring- ing it into opposition with the other toes.

Of course the mental difference between Man and the highest of the lower animals is so great as to be immeasurable, although the latter also have many traits which may compare favorably with those of human-kind. The devoted love of the mothers of most species is a trait which they share with human- ity, and in their lives and daily doings they are also subject to many of the same physical conditions as mankind. Like us they are born, live and die; are subject to disease, to pain, to sorrow, and are capa- ble of affection, sympathy and joy. Until they be- come old and weary of life's struggle most species of them find pleasure in association with their kind, although, like Man, they have their quarrels and their bickerings.

The various orders are divided into more or less numerous families, these families into genera and each genus contains one or more species. Science has for convenience adopted a system of double names to describe each species of animals. Thus, the Tiger, which belongs to the Fourth Order or Beasts of Prey {Carnivora) is a member of the Cat Family {Fclida;) and of the genus of the Cats Proper {Felis) and the species Tiger {Tigris) the scientific name including both the generic and the specific designations, thus: Felis tigris.

Dr. Brehm, in the great work to which these re- marks are appended by way of explanatory intro- duction, has excluded Man from his consideration of the Natural History of Mammals. The book deals with the facts that pertain to the lives of the animals rather than with the anatomical details, only giving so much of the latter as is necessary to a complete portrait and biography. In the field of descriptive zoology the work is unique, and brings the various animals nearer to human comprehension and human sympathy than is possible by any other method of treatment; and for this reason this English transla- tion of the work must be regarded as a valuable acquisition to the resources of the American student of zoology.

J. W. L.

Zhc Hpes anb fllbonkqjs.

FIRST ORDER: Pitheci.

AGLER calls the Apes trans- formed Men, thereby but giving utterance to the opinion of all nations, ancient as well as modern, which have had anything to do with these strange creatures. S#j!F^7 T^ " Pretty nearly the reverse of his words would correspond to the scientific opinion of to-day ; which is that it is not the Apes that are transformed Men, but that the latter are more perfectly devel- oped cousins of the former. The Egyptians and Hindoos seem 1* to have been the only people among the ancients who exhibited any affection for this animal. The old Egyptians chis- eled the likeness of the Ape in indestructi- ble porphyry and modeled the images of their gods in its similitude, and the ancient Hindoos inaugurated the practice, which their descendants still follow, of building houses and temples for the Monkeys. Solomon imported Monkeys from Ophir, and the Romans kept them as pets, dissected them in anatomical studies, and matched them against wild beasts, but never established very friendly relations with them, and, like Solomon, never thought them to be anything else than animals. The Arabians go a little further : they think them Men who, for their sins, have been condemned by Allah to bear the form of Apes, their outward appearance seeming to them to be a curious blending of devil and Man.

Our own manner of thinking is not very different from that of the Arabians. Instead of recognizing them as our next of kin we only see in them caricatures of ourselves, and condemn them without mercy, finding only those kinds attractive that show the least likeness to a human being, while those in which the likeness is more distinct excite our disgust. Our aversion to the Apes is based as well on their physical as their mental traits. They resemble Men both too much and too little. While the human body shows perfect harmony, that of the Ape often seems a repulsive caricature. A single look at the skeletons of a Man and an Ape shows us the difference in their respective structures, though this difference is only conditional. At any rate it is wrong to term the Apes ill- shaped, as people usually do. There are beautiful Apes, and there are very ugly ones ; the same is true of Men, for an Eskimo, a Bushman or a native of New Holland by no means a model for a statue of Apollo. Apes taken by themselves are very well endowed animals ; it is only when compared with the highest developed Men that they appear to be caricatures of the superior being.

The size of the Apes differs within rather wide boundaries, the Gorilla being as large as a well-grown

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

Man, while the Silky Monkey is not larger than a Squirrel. The shape of the body differs very much, also, as the names, "Man-shaped Apes" and " Dog- shaped Monkeys," indicate better than would any long descriptions. There are bulky and slender Apes. They may be clumsy or graceful ; most of them have long tails, some have short ones, and some none at all. Their growth of hair is varied : in some it is scant, in others plentiful, being mainly of a neutral tint, but sometimes the coloring is bright and pleasing. There are even some white ones. In Siam, the country of the white Elephant, where albinos from the animal world seem to be the fashion, beautiful white monkeys are prized as pets. Anatomical There is greater similarity in the ana- Structure tomical structure of the different kinds of Apes. 0f Apes than would be supposed from their outward appearance. The skeleton has seven cervical vertebrae, from twelve to sixteen dorsal, four to nine lumbar, two to five sacral, and three to thirty- three caudal ( going to form the tail ) ; the clavicle is strong ; the bones of the forearm are separate and movable, the wrist-bones are long, while the finger bones seem stunted in their growth. The feet are supplied with a thumb. The shape of the skull differs very much, according to the greater or lesser prominence of the jaws, and the size of the brain. The arches of the eyebrows are strong and promi- nent. The teeth are composed of all the different kinds : two incisors, one canine, sometimes as large as that of a beast of prey, two or three pre-molars and three grinders or molars form each side of a jaw. Among the muscles, those of the hand attract our attention, as, in comparison with those of a hu- man hand, they seem to be so much simpler. The larynx is not capable of producing sounds that might constitute articulate speech, in our sense of the word ; but the sac-like projections of the trachea seem to favor the production of shrill, howling sounds.

Special mention must be accorded the cheek pouches, that distinguish certain Apes. These open from the cheeks by a small aperture near the corner of the mouth and serve to store away food. They are most highly developed in the Guenons, Macaques and Baboons ; they are entirely lacking in the Man- shaped Apes and in all the New World Monkeys. The Ape .Sometimes the Apes are called Quad- Compared rumana, a distinction being made be- with Man. tween them and Man. But science de- clares that the difference in the structure of the hands and feet of Men and Apes is, though remark- able, by no means fundamental. In a careful com- parison of the two it will be seen that their structure is essentially similar. The thumb put in apposition to the other fingers or toes is found in Man only in the hand, in the Arctopitheci only in the feet, while the rest of the Apes have it in both hands and feet. We are far from denying the difference of hands and feet in Man and the Apes, but we insist on this differ- ence not being sufficient to be counted as a distinctive cause for differentiating the two.

In spite of the great resemblance between Man and Ape, there are characteristic differences between them ; but no greater weight should be attached to this fact than is usually given to the comparison of other mammals. The lean body covered with hair, the thin legs devoid of calf ; the long tail possessed by many, the callosities on the hinder quarters dis- tinctive of certain species, and above all the head with its small, receding skull, and the thin lips, are distinctive features of the Apes.

Oken describes the Apes in comparison with Man in the following terms: "The Apes resemble Man in all bad moral traits ; they are malicious, treach- erous, thievish and indecent ; they learn a number of tricks, but are disobedient and often spoil their performances, behaving like awkward clowns. There is not a single virtue that could be ascribed to the Apes, and still less any use to which they might be put. They have been trained to stand guard, to wait on the table, to fetch and carry, but they do these things only in the intervals of foolish spells. They represent only the bad side of Man, in regard to his physical as well as his moral nature."

There is no denying that this description is, in the main, correct. Still we wish to give justice fair play, even in dealing with Apes, and therefore let us not forget to mention their really good traits. We can- not judge of their intellectual qualities in the aggre- gate, for the reason that the different species show so many contradictory features. Nature, Habits We must concede that the Apes are and malicious, cunning, choleric, vindictive,

Intelligence, sensual, quarrelsome, irritable and peev- ish ; on the other hand, we must take into account their cleverness, their good humor, their gentleness, their trust in, and kindness to Man, their amusing social qualities, their cheering earnestness, their courage and their readiness to stand by each other in case of need, even against superior enemies, and their inclination to play and tease. In one respect they even rise to greatness, and that is in their love for their offspring, their pity for the weak and de- fenseless, not only of their own family and kind, but even of other animals.

The intellectual development of which Apes are capable does not place them so high above all other mammals, Man excepted, neither does it place them so much below the level of Man, as is usually as- serted. The possession of a hand places the Ape in so much more advantageous a position from a me- chanical point of view than all other animals, that his accomplishments seem greater than they are. He is quick to learn, and the impulse to imitate everything, that is so strong in most of his kind, makes it easy for him to be taught certain tricks. After short practice he is able to do a great many things that can with difficulty be taught a Dog. But it must be mentioned that he always performs his tasks with a certain resistance, and never of his own accord, or with enjoyment. It is not hard to ac- custom an Ape to do certain things, but he will never be as conscientious and painstaking about it as a well-trained Dog. But it has taken several thousand years of breeding, cultivation and teach- ing to bring the Dog up to his present capabilities ; while the Apes have had no opportunity of learning from Man. The capabilities of Apes will be seen in the course of this chapter, and will tend to prove that they are the cleverest among animals. Their memory is excellent, and they profit by experience. They have a surprising talent for dissimulation, know how to escape dangers and how to take good care of their own interests. There can also be no denying that they are affectionate. They are capable of becoming attached to people, are grateful and show a certain amount of good-will to those who have done them a kindness.

It is remarkable, that in spite of their good sense, all Apes may sometimes be deceived in the silliest manner, their passions often getting the upper hand of their prudence. Once their passions are aroused

TWT? rcnRTT T A This king of the African forests is found only in the deepest fastnesses of Equatorial Afric

15 degrees so^ot the 'equator) ^nd no adult of tins family has been held in captivity, its great strength and ferocity preventing it. capture Jive Several young Gorillas have been taken but did not long survive contact with Man. The artist presents the animal la , it is seen in its native forest with its terrible face, huge canine teeth, broad shoulders, great chest and immense hands intently alert that no enemy may surprise it! and prepared for any emergency. Unarmed Man. the Leopard and the Crocodile are no match for this loadable creature, before which even the Lion might tremble. (Gorilla gini.)

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

they give no heed to anything and utterly forget safety in their eagerness to gratify their greedy ap- petites. In this way the cleverest Apes are gov- erned by their passions precisely as many people are. It is doubtful whether this gives us a right to underrate their intellect.

Where Apes In former periods of the world the are Apes inhabited a larger portion of the

Found. globe than they do at present. Now they are limited to the warm countries, a hot climate seeming to be a condition essential to them. Bab- oons are sometimes found rather high in mountains and appear to endure a lower temperature than is generally supposed ; but nearly all the rest of the Apes are extremely sensitive to cold. Each conti- nent possesses its own species, though Asia and Africa have one in common. In Europe there is only one kind, and that is limited to one troop which lives on the Rocks of Gibraltar, under the protection of the garrison. Australia has no Apes. Gibraltar is not the highest northern point where Apes are found, for a Japanese Macaque probably extends his wan- derings as far as the 37th degree of north latitude. To the south the Apes go as far as the 35th degree, but only in the Old World. In America they oc- cupy a belt of land extending as far north as Chi- huahua in Mexico, and as far south as Catamasca in the Argentine Republic, inhabiting besides Mexico the Central American states and portions of all the countries of South America except Uruguay.

The home of an individual species is usually within rather narrow boundaries, though it hap- pens that there are corresponding varieties in two countries that are far apart on the same continent.

Most of the Apes live in forests, but a few are sometimes found on rocky mountains. Their ex- tremities are adapted to climbing, and trees are naturally their favorite haunts ; the mountain Apes, however, climb trees only when compelled to do so.

Agility and Apes are doubtless the liveliest and

Predatory most agile of all mammals. While on Traits. their hunt for food, they do not know repose. The variety of their diet alone would call for great activity in the search, for almost every thing eatable comes handy to them. Fruit, onions, roots, seeds, nuts, buds, leaves and juicy plants form their staple food ; eggs and young birds are dainties not to be despised. So there is always something to be caught, or plucked, something to be smelled or tasted, enjoyed or thrown away. Such investiga- tions require a great deal of moving about. Their ideas as to personal property are extremely hazy. "We do the sowing, the Monkeys see to the reap- ing," is a common saying among the Arabians of East Soudan. Fields and gardens are regarded by them as extremely agreeable places of rest, and are pillaged to the utmost. Each Monkey destroys ten times more than he eats Neither locks nor bolts, fences nor walls, can keep these thieves out. They force the locks and climb the walls, and what cannot be eaten is taken away, including gold and jewelry. One must have seen a pillaging band of Monkeys to understand how a farmer can half die with rage over their visits, or, rather, visitations. To an onlooker a troop showing themselves at the climax of their agility during such a raid presents, indeed, a very interesting spectacle. They run, jump, climb, swing themselves, and, in case of necessity, swim. The feats' performed on trees are incredible. Only the Man-shaped Apes and the Baboons are clumsy ; all the others are perfect clowns ; they seem nearly able

to fly ; jumps of twenty-five or thirty feet are child's play to them. From the top of a tree they will jump down a distance of thirty-five feet, seize the end of a branch, which will go down with their weight ; at its rebound they will give themselves a mighty impulse, and using the tail or their hind limbs as a rudder, go flying through the air like an arrow. The minute they land somewhere, they go on, paying as much heed to the sharpest of thorns as if they were dis- porting themselves on smooth parterre. A tree is to them a most comfortable pathway. They climb up and down, under a branch or over it ; if they are thrown into a tree, they seize the first twig they can find, patiently wait till it is at rest, and then climb up on it, as if they were on terra firma. If the branch breaks, they take another ; if this also breaks, a third one does for them, and if they have a fall they are not disconcerted in the least. If they cannot reach a thing with their hands they use their feet, and the Broad Noses (American Monkeys) have recourse to their tail. The tail is always used as a rudder in long jumps, and serves a variety of other purposes besides, sometimes forming a ladder for another Monkey. With the American Monkeys the tail may be considered as the fifth, nay, the first hand. The Monkey may twist it around the bough of a tree and rock to and fro on it ; he may use it to get food out of narrow holes and crevices ; he uses it as a ladder, and lastly, this useful member serves its owner as a hammock for an after-dinner nap.

Climbing Climbing is the only movement that and shows off the agility and gracefulness

Walking. 0f the Apes. Even the Man-shaped Apes are wonderful in this respect, though their climbing is more after human fashion. Their walk is always more or less clumsy. The Guenons, Ma- caques and Marmosets walk the best of all ; the first mentioned can even run for a short time, and so fast that an ordinary Dog could not overtake them ; but even the Baboons hobble along in the funniest sort of way. The walking of the Man-shaped Apes is hardly deserving of that name. While the first walk on the soles of their feet, the latter lean on the knuckles of their hands, and bend their body over in such a way that the feet practically have their position between the hands.

Apes in Some kinds are excellent swimmers, the others sink in water like a piece of lead.

Water. Among the first are the Guenons, of which Brehm saw several specimens crossing the Blue Nile with the greatest ease ; among the last are probably the Baboons and the Howlers. Those which cannot swim are remarkably afraid of water. A family of Howlers was once found on a tree, isolated by an inundation. They were half starved, yet did not dare start out for the nearest tree, that was barely sixty feet distant. Ulloa, a writer on Brazilian animals, has invented a pretty little bridge for the poor Monkeys that cannot swim and it would be of great service to them, if only they would use it. He tells us that each Howler grasps another's tail, the whole band forming a chain. The Monkey at one end holds fast to the top of a tree at one shore, and through the combined efforts of all, the chain is swung back and forth till the last Monkey at the other end is in a position to seize the branch of a tree on the other shore. On this artificial bridge the younger and weaker ones cross first, and then the first Monkey draws the others after him. Prince Wied, a very conscientious observer, gives this story its right name, calling it " a funnv fable."

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

Social Life The social of life of the Apes. Apes is a very attractive one for every observer. There are but few kinds which live singly; the majority prefer to live in small troops or bands. Each of these latter selects a permanent home of greater or less extent. The choice as a rule falls on a country that seems favorable in all respects. There must be something to eat, or else they emigrate. In a poor country, forests near human dwellings seem to be regarded as paradisaical; the for- bidden tree does not trouble the Ape's con- science, so long as the apples on it are tooth- some. Plantations of sweet corn and sugar- cane, fields of onions, orchards and banana trees are preferable to anything else ; villages also are liked, where anybody chastising the robbers has to dread the superstition of the in- habitants. As soon as the band has come to a conclusion about a place of habitation, the real life of the Monkeys be- gins, with all its joys and sorrows, its quarrels and its cares. The oldest and strongest male is made the chief, this dignity is not conferred by universal suffrage, but by long and hard fights with the other aspirants, that is, with all the old males. The longest teeth and the strongest arm prevail. Whoever does not sub- ject himself good-nat- uredly, is brought to his senses by a few cuffs, bites and scratches, and the crown is to the strong : in his teeth is wisdom.

The language of Apes is by no means a poor one, for each Ape has the most varied sounds for his dif- fering emotions. Man soon learns to recognize the significance of these sounds.

The cry of terror, which also includes an invitation to flee, is especially expressive ; it is hard to de- scribe, and still harder to imitate ; one can only say that it consists of a succession of short, vibrating and inharmonious gurgling sounds, whose meaning

A FAMILY OF GORILLAS. This picture represents a family ot Gorillas, the month or two old baby

in the foreground, at the teet of its watchful mother, while the ever-alert fatner is keeping guard from a perch ol strong vines. The mother's face is placid, because she knows the father's ear is never closed and that his mighty arm will protect her and the helpless little one. whose dreamy face expresses entire satisfaction. It is a most graphic and faithful delineation ot a life-like scene in the great hot forest in Equatorial Africa, and portrays in pleasing measure the home life ot these creatures so greatly resembling Man. Fierce and intractable as is the Gorilla, he is kind to his wife and children, protecting them lrom all enemies and careful in providing for their comforts. (Gorilla gun I

the Monkey makes still clearer by grimaces. As

soon as this note of alarm is sounded, the whole

band starts to flee ; the mothers call their children,

and holding them fast, hurry on to the next tree or

rock. It is only when the chief recovers his spirits

that the band gathers again and returns.

Courage and The Apes undeniably have courage.

Fighting The stronger ones boldly resist the ter-

Qualities. rible beasts of pre}- and Man, and are

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

not deterred from fights whose outcome is more than doubtful from the beginning. Even the graceful Guenons fight, when driven to it. The large sized Man-shaped Apes and the Baboons are endowed with fearful weapons in their teeth, and no native will dream of attacking them without fire-arms. Against the Gorilla even fire-arms avail but little in a great many cases. At any rate the fury of the Apes, which redoubles their strength, and their agil- ity that frequently prevents their opponents from striking them a decisive blow, are greatly to be feared. They fight with their hands and teeth, striking, scratching and biting. A great many sto- ries about their other modes of defense have been disproved by careful observation. " It is said," re- marks Pechuel-Loesche, " that the Apes defend themselves with broken branches ; and it is gener- ally conceded that they throw stones, fruit and pieces of wood at their enemies, but this belief is based on inaccurate observations. The people who spread it probably saw only what they were pre- pared to see, not what really happened. Apes often break a dry branch in play, jumping on it, but they do not throw it at people standing below ; neither do they throw fruit or other things they may hap- pen to be holding, though they might drop it in their confusion when frightened. Neither do Bab- oons ever throw stones at their pursuers. Pieces of rock may crumble and fall down from the place where they sit, but that is all ; the active animals are forever rolling stones from their places, look- ing for insects under them."

Conduct In captivity nearly all Apes live in har- in mony together ; still a certain relation of Captivity, dependence soon forms itself, just as in a troop in the wild state. The strongest Ape maintains his authority and torments the weaker ones until they recognize it. To be tenderly considerate of the feelings of others is not an Ape's character, though it is true that the stronger kinds, male as well as female, always protect the weaker ones ; and strong females often go as far as to show a liking towards human babies or small, young animals, that they can carry in their arms. Badly as Apes treat other animals, they show kindness to their young and to children, naturally preferring their own to any others ; this fondness has become proverbial.

Mother Ape The female Ape usually has one young and one at a birth ; a few kinds have two.

Child. flic baby Ape is always an ugly little being, with arms and legs looking twice as long proportionately as its parents', and with a face so wrinkled and furrowed that it looks like that of an old man rather than of a child. This little monster is the mother's pet in a still higher degree than is the case with a human mother ; she fondles it and takes care of it in a manner not only touching but bordering on the ridiculous. Soon after its birth the young Ape attaches itself to its mother, putting both arms around her neck and both legs around hei hips, so as not to interfere with her in running. When it gets a little older, it sometimes jumps on the mother's back in times of danger. In the beginning the little Ape is naturally devoid of all sentiment, not appre- ciating the tenderness the mother bestows on it. She is forever playing with it ; she licks its body, she hugs it, she holds it in both hands as if she were admiring it, and rocks it to sleep in her arms. Pliny assertc that Apes sometimes hug their little ones so close as to strangle them, but his statement has not been verified by modern observers. In a

short time the young Ape begins to be independent and longs for a little freedom, which is granted it. The mother lets it play and romp with other little ones, but she does not take her eyes off from it, following its every step and permitting only as much freedom as she deems proper. At the least danger she utters her sound of warning, inviting the little one to take refuge at her breast. If it is disobedient she slaps it, sometimes giving it a box on the ears. But she seldom has to resort to this, for an Ape- child is very obedient and might serve as a model for many a human child. In captivity I have often seen Apes divide everything with their offspring ; and the death of a young one is frequently followed by the death of its mother, she dying of a broken heart. When a mother dies, leaving a child, the orphan is regularly adopted by some member of the troop, either male or female. The solicitude be- stowed upon an adopted child is nearly as great as- that of a mother Ape for her own offspring ; al- though, when an Ape takes care of other animals, as it sometimes does, it is quite different. It will look after the adopted animal, cleaning and caring for it, but usually giving it nothing to eat ; on the contrary,, the food destined for the orphan is, without a scru- ple, devoured by its nurse, who meanwhile holds the hungry little beast at arm's length.

Maturity, It is not known how many years an Health and Ape requires for its growth. The Gue- Longevity. nons and the American Monkeys prob- ably need no more than three or four years, while the Baboons might need from eight to twelve. In the wild state Monkeys seem to be subject to few" diseases. At least we do not know anything about epidemics that are said to have occurred among them. It is also uncertain how long they live, but we may accept forty years as about the average life of the larger species, such as the Gorilla and Chim- panzee. [In North America] as well as Europe those in captivity suffer from the severity of the climate. Cold depresses them physically and mentally, and, as a rule, they soon die of consumption. A sick Ape is a spectacle that would move a heart of stone. The poor fellow, but recently so full of fun, sits miserable and sad, with a plaintive, really human look. The nearer he approaches death, the gentler he gets ; the animal side of his nature is lost, and the spiritual side shines brighter. He is grateful for every little help, soon looks on the physician as his benefactor, willingly takes medicines, and even sub- mits to surgical operations without resistance. Apes that otherwise seem quite healthy, often get a disease of the tail, the end of which ulcerates and becomes gangrenous and the tail is lost by degrees. Monkeys as I do not know whether I may advise Domestic people to keep Monkeys as pets. The Pets. merry animals give much pleasure, but also a great deal of annoyance. One must always be prepared for all kinds of pranks, but if he does not wish to study the intellectual resources of the animals he will soon grow very tired of them. The larger kinds sometimes become dangerous, for they bite and scratch furiously. It is not wise to give a Monkey the freedom of the whole house, for his active spirit requires constant occupation, and when he is not provided with it he finds employment for himself, which, as a rule, does not turn out to be very profitable to his master. Some kinds are not to be tolerated on account of their indecent behavior. The life of the tame Apes, which comprised several Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Guenons and others, at the

THE GORILLA AND THE LEOPARD. The great strength of the Gorilla is clearly brought out in the abov

the manner in which it attacks the Leopard. This treacherous animal dare not assail an adult Gorilla, but will prowl when an opportunity offers, seize and run off with a young one of the family. Being more fleet of foot than the Gorilla i this case the Gorilla has come up with the predatory wretch and is making short work of h interested spectator, from her perch on the tree-bough, of the deadly struggle beneath.

(7)

asterly illustration, which depicts

und the home of the latter, and-

asily escapes with his victim. In

The mother with her darling pressed close to her breast is an

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

station of the Loango exploring party, is described by Pechuel-Loesche as follows : " Our Apes used to select some animal or thing and become sincerely attached to it. In this way several of the strangest friendships came about. It is generally known that Apes adopt young animals, care for them and cling to them even when they are dead. When our large collie, ' Trina,' gave birth to pups, and these became infested with fleas, we put the puppies in a cage with the Apes, where they were received with open arms carefully and tenderly cleaned and caressed, while the old Dog was sitting outside and attentively look- ing on. But there was always great trouble when we went to fetch the pups ; they evidently had been distributed with a view to keeping them.

" Our mischievous Dog-faced Monkey struck up a friendship with the Gorilla and the tyrant of the yard, the smooth-coated Billy Goat, Mfuka. The Baboon, Jack, had selected a fat little Pig for his particular friend and performed the strangest eques- trian feats on its back ; later, a Dog took the place of the merry little Pig, and they played together in the drollest way. Forbidding Isabella had taken a lik- ing to a parrot ; but when she one day started to pluck out his scarlet tail-feathers, one by one, this remarkable friendship came to an end."

Taking into consideration the bad habits of the Ape and the tricks he plays, his usefulness counts as nothing. It is very easy to teach him ; you show him what is required of him and beat him till he does it himself ; that is all that is necessary ! In an hour

or two he will know how to do a thing, but he has to be kept in practice, for he soon forgets. His feed- ing is no trouble, for he eats anything Man eats.

In their native countries, in places that are not very fertile but more or less thickly settled, the harm done by the Apes more than outweighs their usefulness. The flesh of some kinds is eaten, and the skins of some of the others are used for various purposes, but this little profit is as nothing com- pared with the damage they cause in the fields and orchards, and it is hard to understand how the Hin- doos can think them sacred and care for them as if they were demi-gods. Classification We divide the Apes into three classes : of The Narrow-nosed (Catarrkzni), the

Apes. Broad-nosed (Platyrrkim), and the Marmosets (Arctopithecim), The first two have nails on their fingers and toes ; the Marmosets have nails only on the thumbs of their hind limbs, while their other fingers and toes are provided with claws. The Narrow-nosed and Broad-nosed are distin- guished by a difference between their nasal septa and their teeth. The former have a narrow nasal bone, the latter a broad one, their nostrils being placed on the side. The Narrow-nosed are found only in the Eastern hemisphere. They are " Old World Apes," and are restricted, except a single species, the Barbary Ape, to Asia and Africa and the great islands of these continents. The two others are limited to Mexico and Central and South America.

Zbc IFlaiTOW^IFloseb Hpes.

FIRST FAMILY: Catarrhini.

The Narrow-nosed Apes resemble Man in the ar- rangement of their teeth and the structure of the nose. Their upper jaw shows a gap between the incisors and canines, for the accommodation of the lower canine tooth, which is very strong. Not one of the representatives of this class has a prehen- sile tail. They are subdivided into two groups, the Man-shaped Apes {Anthropomorpha), and the Dog- shaped Monkeys {Cyfwpithecim). The former step only on the extreme outer edge of the feet, the lat- ter on the entire sole. The Man-shaped Apes lack a tail and cheek-pouches, and very few of them have the callosities on their hinder quarters, that are al- ways possessed by the Dog-shaped Monkeys, which also, as a rule, often have cheek-pouches and a tail.

THE MAN-SHAPED APES.

The Man-shaped Apes {Anthropomorpha) form the highest developed group of Apes, which in the structure of their skeleton, and also in the formation and position of the eyes and ears, come nearest to Man. Their upper extremities are longer than his, their lower extremities shorter. The tail is lacking. The face and toes are not covered with hair. Of the four known species, two, the Gorilla and Chim- panzee, inhabit Africa ; the Orang-utan and Gibbon, the southeast of Asia.

Hanno Over two thousand years ago the Car- and the thagenians sent out a fleet with a view "Wild Men." 0f founding colonies on the western coast of Africa. Thousands of men and women, well provided with provisions and household articles, found room on sixty large ships. The commander of the fleet was Hanno, who left a description of his journey in a well-known work, the " Periplus Han- nonis." They founded seven colonies in the course of their voyage, but were obliged from a lack of pro- visions to return sooner than they expected. Still, when this happened, the bold seafarers had gone a little farther than Sierra Leone. A description that is of importance to us may be found in Hanno's work. It says : " On the third day after our depart- ure from that place, we crossed the Fiery Rivers and came to a bay, called the Southern Horn. In the background there was an island with a lake, in which a smaller island rose to view, peopled with wild men. The greater part of the crowd were women, who had a body all covered with hair, and the interpreters called them ' Gorillas.' We could not catch the men when we started to pursue them ; they escaped us easily, as they climbed over precipices and threw rocks at us. We caught three of the women, but could not keep them prisoners as they bit and scratched us ; so we had to kill them. We slew

THE MAX-SHAPED APES-GORILLA.

them and conveyed the skins to Carthage." Pliny tells us that these skins were kept in the temple of Juno, in the latter city.

There is scarcely any doubt that Hanno, in speak- ing of wild men covered with hair, can only mean a Man-shaped Ape, and though he might have had the Chimpanzee in view, it is now known that the greatest of the Apes is the Gorilla.

THE GORILLA.

The Gorilla, Njina, or in the language of the natives, Mpungo, {Gorilla gitui), the sole represent- ative of the family of the Gorillas, is scarcely smaller but a great deal broader in the shoulders than a full-grown Man. The height of the male reaches on an average from sixty to seventy-two inches ; the width of the shoulders thirty- eight inches. The females are smaller. The length and strength of the trunk and the upper ex- tremities, the large size of the hands and feet, the middle fingers and toes of which are joined by membranes, form the most prom- inent characteristics. The most striking features in the large head, which because of the shortness of the neck and its powerful muscles seems to be set immediately on the trunk, are the prominent

arches Of the eyebrOWS, the eyes like'mouth. the mild and gentle

lvillF deeo in their sockets the Panzee- whiIe d«'dedly unath ijiug uetp in uieu socKeib, uic Gorj„a Alld indeed the Chimp

broad, flat nose, and the large

mouth, bounded by thick lips and provided with a fearful set of teeth The hair is rather long, shaggy, of dark colors, gray, brown or reddish. The face is left free from hair to the eyebrows, as also the ears and the hands and feet laterally and at the extrem- ities.

It is still impossible to determine the native coun- try of the Gorilla exactly. It seems to be found only in a relatively limited part of western Africa, or, more definitely speaking, in Lower Guinea. It has been seen on the coast between the equator and the fifth degree of south latitude, and in the western parts of the adjoining mountains.

As it always lives in woods, it is not probable that it would be found to the south as far as the Congo or beyond the

t picture of the Chimpanzee, displaying to the greatest mountains to the east, the eye as well as the great ears for which it is noted. The large, though it mifdlt go to the

north of the Ogowe and the Gaboon country, at least as far as Cameroon, as that part of the continent has more rain, and, in consequence, abounds in woods. It is possible that the Gorilla also lives in those parts of Upper Guinea that are equally favored.

FACE OF A CHIMPANZEE.

advantage the immense frontal ridge

slit-like mouth with the extended lower lip, the length of the upper lip, the misshapen nose and the deep-set eyes

are all brought out with the most faithful exactitude.

i^

PROFILE OF

CHIMPANZEE. This picture shows to good advantage the large and slit-

and the quaintly shaped nose that are peculiarities of the Chim- ractive there is absent the ferocity that marks the countenance of the panzee has a disposition that is gentle and kind except when it has suf- fered from privation or age and infirmity overcome it.

*v-

of the chest would send awe if not terror to the bravest of Men.

ORANG-UTAN. The naturalists have given the name Satyr to this animal because ot its resemblance to man and beast, the face, head, ears, beard and

whiskers, the long arms and large hands all being wonderfully like those of a human being; while the shaggy coat of hair suggests the brute. It is not strange that the superstitious natives should think the Orang-utan a human being gone wild. The picture represents this Ape at rest in its forest home, both hands lightly holding to a vine, while the fingers of the left are laid upon the forehead. The great strength of the hands and arms, as well as of the broad shoulders, are distinctly shown and the face recalls that of human beings one has frequently seen. (Pithecus satyrus.)

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12

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

The Account Among the numerous accounts of the of Gorilla, where truth seems to be plen-

Du Chaillu. tifully mingled with exaggeration and tales of natives, the descriptions of Du Chaillu have in their time made a great deal of stir. I would have used his works extensively, if they had not at the first perusal aroused a feeling of distrust. I am decidedly of the opinion that Du Chaillu's glowing descriptions are a wonderful blending of truth and fiction. Other travelers who have explored those parts and entered into communication with the natives have arrived at the same conclusion. Like his predecessors, Du Chaillu bases his narrative on hearsay, though he gives it the interest of a personal experience. So I will give here only a few words of Du Chaillu, in relation to a young Gorilla that came into his possession, though his observations were by no means confirmed by later and better ones :

" On the fourth of May several young Negroes, whom I had sent out for a hunt, brought home a young, living Gorilla. I cannot do justice in words to the emotions that overwhelmed me, when the lit- tle monster was brought into the village. The Ape was about two or three years old and twenty-four inches high, but as ferocious and obstinate as any full-grown brother of his might be. My hunters had caught it in the country between Rembo and Cape St. Catherine. According to their story, the hunters, five of them, had been noiselessly creeping through a wood near a settlement, when suddenly they heard a growl, which they at once recognized as the call of a young Gorilla for its mother, and they decided to follow the sound. Their guns in their hands, the brave fellows crept on towards a gloomy place in the forest, thick with underbrush. They knew that the mother must be near, and expected the dreaded father to be not far away, but decided to try to get the young Ape alive at any risk. As they ap- proached a sight new even to them met their eyes. The little one sat near its mother, plucking berries, and the old one was eating of the same fruit. My hunters got ready to fire immediately, and were barely in time ; for the mother caught sight of them when they were lifting their guns. Fortunately they killed her with the first volley. The little one, frightened by the report of the guns, ran towards its mother, hugged her close and hid its face. The hunters hurried forward, but it then left the mother, ran to a small tree and climbing it with the greatest agility sat down on one of the branches and roared at its pursuerc. But the Negroes did not get scared, nor were they afraid of being bitten by the furious little beast. So they cut down the tree, and as it fell they quickly threw a cloth over the head of the little fellow, and in that way were able to master it. Still the little Ape, who as far as age went was but a young child, showed itself to be amazingly strong and anything but good-natured ; so that the men could not lead it, but had to put its head between the prongs of a pitchfork, and thus force it to be quiet. In this way he entered the village, and the news spread like wild-fire. As the prisoner was be- ing lifted out of the boat, in which it had come part of the way, it roared and barked and stared wildly around, as if it was assuring us that it would take its revenge as soon as it could get a chance. I saw that the fork had wounded its neck, and there- fore ordered a cage to be prepared for it. In two hours we had built it a strong cage of bamboo, in which we could observe it in security. It was a young male, independent enough to shift for him-

self, endowed with extraordinary strength' for his. age. His face and hands were black ; the eyes lay not quite so deep in their sockets as with the older ones ; the body was thinner ; the hair on the arms longer. The hair of the eyebrows and of the arms was of a reddish-brown color ; the upper lip was covered with short hair, the lower one with a slight beard ; light gray hair getting darker towards the shoulders covered his neck and back. I never saw so ill-natured an animal as this Ape. He raged at everybody who approached him, bit at the bamboo- palings, looked around with ferocious eyes and. showed his viciousness and ill-nature at every op- portunity."

Later Lately our information about the Gorilla Account of has been vastly increased. German ex-

Gorillas. plorers, members of the Gussfeldt Loango- expedition, have succeeded twice in capturing live young Gorillas, in 1876 and 1883, and forwarded, them to Europe, where, under the care of Director Hermes, they lived long enough in the Berlin Aqua- rium to enable scientists to settle a few complicated questions. Furthermore Hugo von Koppenfels, a passionate hunter, has made several voyages to the Gaboon and Ogowe country within the last decade, with a view of finding the Gorillas in their native forests. So far Koppenfels has been the only Euro- pean who can prove that he has observed Gorillas in the wilderness and killed them. He confirms many accounts that others have reported from hear- say, and completes them from his own stock of ex- perience :

" As incredible as it may seem, I can affirm that even of the hunting tribes, hardly a third have ever met a Gorilla in the forests. The Gorilla — with the exception of old, hypochondriac males — lives with his family, and roams from place to place, as the demand for food impels him. He spends the night where he happens to be at the approach of darkness.

" This means that he builds a new nest every even- ing, and for this purpose selects strong young trees, having a circumference not over twelve inches. The nest is built somewhat like a Stork's, out of greem twigs, in the embranchment of stronger boughs, at a height of fifteen to eighteen feet. It is used by the young ones, and if these still stand in need of warmth, also by the mother, while the father crouches down at the foot of the tree, his back against the trunk, and in this way protects his fam- ily from Leopards. In the dry season, when foodi and water begin to fail him in the inner depth of the woods, he makes raids on the plantations of the natives, where he, Ape-like, causes troublesome dev- astations.

" If let a'one, the Gorilla does not attack Men, but rather avoids them. If he is taken by surprise, he: rises, utters a series of short half roaring, half grunt- ing noises, that cannot be described ; beats his gigan- tic chest with his huge fists and shows his teeth with' an exceedingly ferocious expression on his face, while the hair on his head and on the nape of his neck stands vibratingly erect. An old Gorilla in a rage is a sight to inspire terror. Yet, if one does not irritate him and beats a cautious retreat before his fury has reached its height, I do not think he would attack anybody. But if one should have the mis- fortune to wound him slightly, then I, who it is true have not been in such a terrible plight, am positive that he would turn on the hunter, who is lost if he has not a second ball ready. Flight is impossible, as is a defence with any weapon but fire-arms."

FAMILY OF CHIMPANZEES. The great artist here represents a charming scene in the home lite of the Chimpanzee. After

having fed, the family— father, mother and child— are thirsty, and they have come to a cool and sparkling spring in the great African forest, far away from the Man-hunter, who seeks their lives. But there are Leopards and Crocodiles that are to be dreaded, and while the father slakes his thirst, the mother, with her head thrown slightly back, shades her eyes with her large hand that she may more clearly discern a possible approaching enemy. The baby impatiently observes the movements of its father, because it, too, is thirsty, and it and the mother must wait until the father is fully satisfied. When he is done he will, in turn, take the place of sentinel while they drink.

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THE APES AND MONKEYS.

Koppenfels' H. von Koppenfels killed his first Go- Gorilla rilla Christmas, 1874. He had taken Hunts. his position near an Iba tree, whose fruit is very much liked by that animal. " I had waited in vain for about an hour. Night was com- ing on ; the Mosquitoes began to annoy me and I was just going to quit, when I heard the sound of breaking twigs near the Iba tree. Peeping from be- hind my tree, I saw a whole family of Gorillas, consist- ing of the parents and two children. Taking human growth as the standard, these latter might have been six years old and one year old, respectively. The solicitude of the mother for the baby was touching, while the father seemingly cared for nothing but the gratification of his own appetite. The best fruit within reach seemed to have been consumed, for the female climbed up the tree and shook it, to make the ripe berries fall to the ground.

" At this time the male, his mouth still full, started for the river flowing near, evidently to get a drink. I did not take my eyes off him, for the stories of Du Chaillu and the fairy-tales of the natives had combined to throw me into a state of great agitation, when I first caught sight of the animals. But this gave way to a sudden calm, when the Gorilla, on his way to the river, seemed to grow distrustful and turning round, made for the tree that concealed me. It was too late — I kept track of his every movement, and had my gun in readiness. A few moments sufficed to take aim and shoot. Before the smoke cleared away I had put another cartridge in my. gun, anticipating an attack. My black com- panion stood trembling behind me, another gun in hand. The expected attack did not occur. The male Gorilla had fallen on his face, dead. The young ones, giving one scream, fled into the thicket; the mother jumped down from a considerable height and followed them. I was so excited that I forgot to shoot her. So my hunting luck had, at the same time that the Christmas candles were being lighted in Germany, given me, too, a magnificent present."

Not long after this Koppenfels shot, at a chance meeting, the strongest Gorilla it ever was his good fortune to kill Accompanied by his servants he had followed a narrow trail in the woods. " Sud- denly the Galloa nearest me screamed : ' Take care, master, a large Gorilla ! ' and the cowards threw down the things they were carrying and took to their heels. I started at the cry, and just then a terrible growl coming from the side attracted my notice, and I saw barely fifteen paces away a gigantic mass standing erect. It was the largest Gorilla I had ever seen and the only one which ever stood awaiting me. If he had profited by my confusion, I would have been lost. I did not wait, though, to see how long our staring at each other might last. As I lifted my gun his roaring took on more of a barking sound ; he beat his chest quicker, the shaggy hair on his head raised itself with a vibrating motion, and it seemed that my terrible opponent was going to attack me. If I had retreated in time, I am fully convinced that the Gorilla would not have approached me, but such was not my intention. Mastering my agi- tation, I took a steady aim at his heart, and pulled the trigger. The animal jumped high up, and spread- ing his arms, fell on his face. He had seized in fall- ing, a liana, two inches in circumference, and so pow- erful was his grasp that he tore it down along with dry and green branches from the tree. His weight seemed to be about four hundred pounds, and he was six feet high."

H. von Koppenfels' plain, unvarnished tales, based as they are on personal experience, give us a more correct idta of this curious inhabitant of the forests, and do away with a great deal of the terror with which he has inspired us. To use the words of R. Burton : " He is only a poor devil of a Monkey, and not a fiendish freak of the imagination — half man, half beast."

77,, Gorilla The attempt to import young Gorillas in to Europe had always been unsuccess-

Captiuity. fu^ until the members of the German Loango exploring party tried it. Falkenstein, '"heir physician and zoologist, by a lucky chance got hold of a young Gorilla, that was studied first in Africa and then in the Berlin Aquarium.

Director Hermes mentions the growth and further development of this Gorilla at great length in a lec- ture delivered at the meeting of German natural- ists and physicians in Hamburg : " The Aquarium of Berlin has always set great value on the posses- sion of Anthropomorphous Apes. During the last few years it has been able to procure specimens of all of the four species — the Gibbon, Chimpanzee, the Orang-utan and the Gorilla. In this way I had the best of opportunities to study them in captivity and compare them with each other.

"The chief among all the Anthropomorpha is the Gorilla. It seems as if he was born with a patent of nobility among Apes. Our Gorilla, about two years old, is nearly twenty-eight inches high. His body is covered with gray, silky hair, the head alone hav- ing a reddish color. His thick-set, robust shape, his muscular arms, his smooth, shining black face with well-shaped ears, his large, black, clever eyes — all strike one as exceedingly human. If his nose was not so broad he would look like a Negro boy. What serves to heighten this impression is his awk- wardness ; all his movements seem those of an un- gainly boy rather than an Ape. When he sits there like a Chinese pagoda, his gaze directed upon the spectators, and suddenly with a bright nod claps his hands, he has conquered all hearts at a stroke. He likes company, makes a difference between young and old, male and female. He is kind to little chil- dren, likes to kiss them, and allows them liberties, without taking advantage of his superior strength. Older children he does not treat so well, although he likes to play with them, to race around tables and chairs which he frequently upsets, playfully slaps their faces sometimes, and also thinks nothing of trying his teeth on their legs. He is fond of ladies, likes to sit in their laps and hug them, or sit still, with his head on their shoulders. He also likes to play in the common cage, but conducts him- self there as an unconditional autocrat. Even the Chimpanzee has to obey him, though the Gorilla treats him more as an equal, selecting him as his only playfellow and sometimes bestowing rather rough caresses on him, while he pays no attention to the smaller fry. Sometimes he gets hold of the Chimpanzee and rolls on the floor with him. If the Chimpanzee escapes, the Gorilla falls to the floor, on his hands, like an awkward boy. His gait resembles that of the Chimpanzee : they both walk on the soles of their feet, supporting themselves on the back of "he hands. But the Gorilla turns his toes out more, and holds his head higher, producing the impression that he belong to a better class of society. When he is in good humor — which is nearly always the case — he sticks out his red tongue, which in that

CHIMPANZEES AT SCHOOL. The artist here presents two most amiable and accomplished young Chimpanzees that enlivened the famous zoolog- ical garden at Stuttgart for some years, and performed a number of delightful pranks, which made them favorites with everybody. The picture represents them, at school, the master examining the work of one of the pupils who is, unlike some school-boys, anxious to resume the task. The smaller sketch shows them at dinner' and proves how cleverly they have mastered the accomplishments of eating and drinking like Girls and Boys. They were amiable, playful, knew- scores of entertaining tricks, would sit in chairs, sleep in beds and walk around like h'-man beings.

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16

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

black face of his, forcibly reminds one of a negro boy.

" His manner of life is just as human as his ap- pearance. At about eight o'clock in the morning he wakes up, yawns, scratches himself in various places and remains sleepy and apathetic till his glass of morning milk is brought. That rouses him. He gets up, peers around to see whether he cannot find something to destroy in the room, looks out of the window, claps his hands, and if he has no better company, tries to play with the keeper. The latter must always be with him. The moment he is left alone, he screams. At nine o'clock he is washed, a process in which he finds much pleasure, and ex- presses his satisfaction in grunts. Living with his keeper, he gets his meals at corresponding times with him. For luncheon he eats a couple of Frank- furt or Vienna sausages, or a sandwich with cheese, or smoked beef. His favorite drink is Weiss beer, and he looks remarkably funny when he tries to hold the large glass with his short, thick fingers and one foot. At one o'clock the keeper's wife brings in dinner. While he was living in. my house, last summer, he was evidently yearning for this hour. He always ran to open the door himself, when he heard the bell. As soon as the woman came in, he would investigate the dishes and sometimes help himself to a little of some dainty. She would punish him with a slap, and then he would behave and sit quietly. The first course is a cup of bouillon, which is emptied to the last drop. Then comes a dish of fice or vegetables, preferably potatoes, carrots or parsnips, cooked with meat. The woman insists on his eating properly, and he can handle a spoon quite well, but the minute he thinks he can do so unob- served, he puts his mouth in the dish. He likes a piece of roast fowl best at the end of his meal. At the conclusion of dinner he takes a nap of an hour or an hour and a half, and is then ready for new pranks. In the course of the afternoon he gets some fruit, while his evening meal consists of milk or tea with bread and butter. At nine o'clock he goes to bed. He has a nice mattress and covers himself with a blanket. The keeper stays with him till he is asleep, which does not take long. He likes best to sleep in the same bed with the keeper, hugging him and putting his head on some part of his body. He sleeps all night through and does not awaken until eight in the morning. A glass house in connection with a little conservatory adapted for palms, has been built specially for him, to take the place of the damp atmosphere of his tropical home. In this way I hope that aided by his robust nature, our Gorilla will be spared us and will long be the greatest orna- ment of our Aquarium, an honor to Germany, a joy to humanity, a glory to science."

This Gorilla died on the 13th of November, 1877, after having been watched for nine months in Africa and for fifteen months in Berlin, and having success- fully made a trip to England. The second Gorilla was taken to Europe by Pechuel-Loesche, the former .companion of Falkenstein, who arrived with him in 1883, on his return from the Congo, and was also presented to the Berlin Aquarium. He lived under the care of Director Hermes for fourteen months and died of the same disease as the first Gorilla. It is a notable fact that neither of the animals suf- fered from sea-sickness.

All other attempts to take living Gorillas to Europe and to keep them there, have been unsuccessful; [nor has one ever been brought to America.]

THE CHIMPANZEE.

Let us now consider the second species of the Antkrdpomorpha, the Chimpanzee (Simia troglodytes). He is considerably smaller than the Gorilla ; old males reach a height of sixty-four inches ; females, forty-eight inches. The skull is flatter, the arches of the eyebrows not so prominent and the expression of the face with its large, clear eyes a great deal gentler. The nose is flat, the upper lip long, arched and wrinkled ; the lower lip, prominent. Both lips are exceedingly mobile and may be projected so as to produce a snout-like impression. The ears are larger and less human than those of the Gorilla. The arms are long, reaching a little below the knee, and possess great muscular power. The thumb in the hands is thin and short ; the fingers are long, the middle finger being the longest. In the feet the large toe is separated from the others by a deep incision ; and the sole is flat. The hair of the Chim- panzee is smooth, that on the head usually showing a parting ; it is long on the back part of the head, on the cheeks, the back, arms and legs ; and shorter on the other parts of the body. The color usually is black ; but in some specimens is a dull, reddish- brown. The lower part of the face has short, whitish hair. Chimpanzees walk on all fours, resting them- selves on the calloused back of their hands. The toes of the feet are sometimes drawn in when walk- ing. There is a strong inclination in this species to show remarkably varying individual types which has led to controversies as to whether there were not several different species. The Chimpanzee As a proof that the Chimpanzee was Long and known to the ancients, mention is Weil-Known. usually made of the famous mosaic picture, which once adorned the temple of Fortuna in Prxneste, [and which is still preserved in the Barberini Palace at that place, now the town of Palestrina in Italy.] This mosaic represents, among many other animals of the Upper Nile country, what is believed to have been the Chimpanzee. This Ape is often mentioned by the authors of the past few centuries, mostly under the name of " Inseigo" or " Nschiego," a name he still bears in Central Africa. A young Chimpanzee was taken to Eu- rope in the beginning of the seventeenth century, dissected by Tulpius and Tyson and described by Dapper. He has been taken there repeatedly since and is a not infrequent feature on the European animal market. [Several have been brought to the United States and placed in museums and menag- eries.]

Formerly he was supposed to inhabit, exclusively, Upper and Lower Guinea and the country back of it, ranging from Sierra Leone to the Congo. He lives in the forests on the rivers of the coast and in the mountains. H. von Koppenfels has hunted him in the Gaboon and Ogowe country. To the south he was frequently seen by the German Loango ex- pedition near the Congo. German explorers have established the fact that he is found in central Af- rica, deep in the region of the lakes, probably going as far as the oil-palm and the gray Parrot. Heuglin says : " In the thick foliage of the forests growing along banks of rivers in the country of the Niam- Niam the Mban (more correctly Baam) has made its home, an Ape the size of a Man and of a savage character, fearlessly turning on his pursuers. He lives with his family and builds large nests in the trees, making them water-tight and proof against

FEMALE ORANG-UTAN AND CHILD. The artist here presents a home-scene in the life of the Orang-utan, a mother resting upon

a tree-branch while her grotesque-looking child plays with her long fore-arm. These interesting animals are found in the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, and are sluggish creatures, who spend their lives in the trees, but are capable of greatest activity when pursued by enemies, their arms, which are much longer, proportionally, than those of the Chimpanzee, enable them to swing prodigious distances through the air. The enor- mous length of jaws of the animal is shown in the face of the baby The striking resemblance to Man is more apparent in the benevolent face of the mother and explains why the name, satyr, "Wild man of the woods," is applied to the Orang-utan. {Pithecits satyrus.)

18

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

the rain. His hair is olive-black, his face hairless and flesh-colored, and his buttocks white."

Character- Savage, who made his observations in istic Lower Guinea, writes : " We cannot say Traits. that the Chimpanzee is a gregarious animal, as there are seldom more than five, or, at the utmost, ten living together. Relying upon trust- worthy reports, I may say, though, that they some- times gather in greater numbers for play. One of my narrators claims to have seen at one time about fifty of them which had assembled on trees and amused themselves with screaming and drumming on the tree-trunks. They avoid human habitations as much as they can. Their dwellings, which are more nest-like than hut-like, they build on trees, not at a great height from the ground. They break and twist and cross larger and smaller branches, and sup- port the whole on an embranchment, or on a strong bough. Sometimes you find such a nest at the end of a bough, twenty or thirty feet from the ground, but I have seen some that could not be less than forty feet high. They do not care for a permanent home, but change abiding places often in looking for food or for other reasons. We frequently saw them in the mountains, probably because the valleys, more favor- able to the agriculture of the natives, lacked the trees necessary for their nest-building. Two or more nests are rarely seen in the same tree or even in the same neighborhood, though five were once found together. Nests, properly so-called, consisting of interwoven branches, as Du Chaillu describes, have not been seen by any of the other narrators."

When in repose the Chimpanzee in the wild state usually assumes a sitting posture. He is often seen standing or walking, but the minute he is detected, drops on all fours and flees. As may be supposed from his nest building, the Chimpanzee is an adept at climbing. In his play he swings himself from tree to tree and jumps with amazing agility. His food probably is the same as that of the Gorilla, — fruits, nuts, buds and, perhaps, roots, forming the staple articles of diet. The C him pan- The Chimpanzee is made a captive zee in oftener than the other Man-like Apes,

Captivity. Dut unfortunately does not live over two or three years in that state, although it is said that in west Africa he has lived over twenty years in captivity. Captive Chimpanzees under obser- vation have so far always shown themselves gentle, clever and amiable. Degrandpre saw on a ship a female which performed various tasks. Button re- lates that his Chimpanzee had a sad and serious look, and moved about in a dignified manner. He had not a single one of the nasty qualities of the Baboons, neither was he so playful as the Guenons. He was very obedient, shook hands with people, ate at the table, used his napkin, poured out wine for himself, got a cup and saucer when he wanted tea, put in the sugar and always waited for the tea to get cold. He never harmed any one, but had a very modest, gentle bearing, and delighted in being petted.

Out of all the numerous stories about the Chim- panzee we select here the accounts of the celebrated painter of animals, Fr. Specht, concerning one in Nill's Zoological Garden in Stuttgart. This Chim- panzee, as Specht affirms, could laugh like a human being : " I took notice of this, for no other animal .can show its joy by loud laughter. When I would take this sympathetic fellow under the arms, throw him in the air and catch him, the cage rang with his merry peals of laughter. One day I brought a

piece of chalk along, and sat down on a chair. Jn a moment he was sitting on my knees awaiting, further developments. I put the chalk in his hand, and leading it, drew several figures on the wall, when I let go of his hand, he started to shade the drawings with such diligence that they soon dis- appeared, to the great amusement of the spectators. There are now two Chimpanzees in the Stuttgart Zoological Garden, which are the closest of friends. The female had been there before, and when the male arrived his box was put over night in her warm, roomy cage, the presentation being intended for the morrow. When the box, which, by the way, had been upholstered, was opened and the male got outr they both stood on their hind legs for a few minutes earnestly gazing at each other. Then they flew into each other's embrace and exchanged hearty and re- peated kisses ; and the female brought her blanket, spread it on the floor, sat down on it and by gestures invited the male to do likewise. It makes a charm- ing picture to see these two taking their meals at a table. They both use spoons and do not in the least interfere with each other. The female has the peculiarity of cautiously taking the male's glass and drinking a goodly portion out of that, too, after which she returns it. She evidently does not want him to drink too much. Both these animals laugh heartily when at play. , u r I •< The same fate has befallen Chimpanzees mr. oiowiey hrought t0 the United States as was met by Npid Ynrk those taken to Europe. All will readily

recall that most attractive fellow, "Mr. Crow- ley," so long the chief object of admiration in the museum of Central Park, Xew York. This Chimpanzee was greatly at- tached to his keeper and displayed a readiness and agility in performing amusing tricks that won the attention of every one. He acquired a number of accomplishments in the way of eating and drinking, and displayed, until the ravages of disease spoiled his temper, a mildness of disposition that charmed his daily visitors. "Mr. Crowley" had two attacks of pneumonia before his final, fatal illness, consumption, that nearly certain enemy of all Apes in captivity. " Miss Kitty," a less amiable, and, therefore, less attractive Chimpanzee, was his companion for awhile, but she, too, shared the same fate as the idolized " Mr. Crowley." Two Chimpanzees which kept house in a cage in the zoological gardens at Cincinnati were very accomplished. They would sit comfortably eating together in a manner similar to that of the Apes of the Stuttgart Museum as illustrated on page 15. They would also disport themselves for quite long periods by rocking themselves in chairs, human fashion, but would then show their Ape nature by clambering over the backs of the chairs with great agility, besides performing many other tricks which made them the great attraction of the pleasant and well-stocked zoological gardens in which they were kept. Death severed the pair. Barnum, the American snowman, had two Chimpanzees, " Nip " and Tuck," on exhibition in various towns and cities in this country, but they did not display the intelligence shown by "Mr. Crowley," nor did they live for a great while. Perhaps their narrow quarters in a cage and con- stant traveling combined to sour their tempers and limit their capacity for learning. Other attempts to introduce the Chim- panzee into this country have not been encouraging, lack of understanding of the habits of the animal being in some meas- ure the cause ; but it is a fact that this Ape does much better in warmer and drier climates like Paris than in that of England and the colder parts of the continent of Europe and the north- ern states of this country. The experiment of keeping one has not been tried in the South, which is to be deplored, for there are doubtless cities in the southern states where the climatic conditions would prove to be especially favorable for keeping Apes much longer than is possible in the more northern zoo- logical collections, which have never been able to keep speci- mens of the anthropomorphous Apes for any extended period.

THE ORANG-UTAN.

The most important Asiatic Man-like Ape is the Orang-utan (Man of the Woods), sometimes incor- rectly called Orang-Utang, and named Mias or Majas in Borneo [Pithecus safyrus). He is distin- guished by his disproportionately long arms, reach-

YOUNG ORANG-UTAN. -

The expression is older than a child's

-like f 3ut the features

young Drang is clearly brought out in this picture which is an exact reproduction from life.

ly identical, there being the round, prominent forehead, full, clear and fearless eyes and large

mouth and ears characteristic of the human child, and the wisp of straw held in the mouth and fingers show that like the human creature it is fond of play

- ™ug bed and sleeps restfully beneath the covers, drinks from its own cup, runs and jumps, plays all kinds of mad pranks and enjoys

:r s own baby in any one of ten thousand happy homes. {Pithecits salyrus.)

<IQ)

This Orang has its ow life fully as much as n

20

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

ing as far as his ankle joint, and by his conically shaped head and protruding jaws. He has only twelve rib-supporting vertebras. The skull of a young Orang-utan resembles that of a human child to a high degree ; but as it grows older, the animal nature is developed and this likeness almost entirely disappears.

Physical The largest male Orang-utan killed by

Character- Wallace was four feet two inches high, istics. but he could spread his arms to the width of six feet two inches. The face was thiiteen inches wide, and the circumference of the body was four feet. The abdomen of the Orang-utan pro- trudes and the hips are very wide ; the neck is short and wrinkled in front, for the animal has a large pouch at his throat, which can be inflated ; the nails are frequently lacking on the thumbs of the feet. The lips have a very unsightly appearance, for they are not only wrinkled, but also greatly swollen ; the nose is pressed flat ; the eyes and ears are small but resemble those of a human being. The canines are the most formidable among the teeth, and the lower jaw is longer than the upper. The hair is scanty on the back and breast, but is long and plentiful on the sides of the body. In the face it grows beard- like, and on the upper lip, on the chin, on the skull and on the fore-arms its position is upwards. The face and palms of the hands are bare, the breast and fingers nearly so. The color is usually red, some- times merging into brown, darker on the breast and back and lighter in the beard. The bare parts look bluish or slate-gray. Old males are distinguished from females by their larger size, longer and thicker hair, thicker beard and peculiar callosities on the cheeks, spreading from the eyes to the ears and upper jaw, and giving the face a hideous aspect. The young Apes have no beard, but their hair is darker and longer.

Early Accounts The Orang-utan has been known for of the a very long time. Pliny avers that

Orang. there were Satyrs on the East-Indian

mountains, "very ferocious animals with human faces, sometimes walking upright, sometimes on all fours, and so agile that they could be captured only in old age or when sick." His story goes on down to our own times, receiving new additions every cen- tury, until one nearly forgets that they are animals concerning which the stories are told. They get to be treated like wild Men. Exaggerations of all kinds disfigure the truth. Bontius, a physician liv- ing in the seventeenth century, speaks of his own experience. He says he has seen "the dwellers of the woods" several times, males as well as females. They sometimes walked erect and behaved like hu- man beings. One female in particular aroused his wonder. She was ashamed when strangers looked at her and covered her face with her hands ; she would sigh and weep and do everything exactly like a human being; she only lacked speech. The Japa- nese affirm that Apes could talk very well if they were so inclined, but they are dumb through fear of being made to work. It is almost needless to state that in all these stories the Orang-utans walk erect, though it is sometimes added that they are also " able " to go on all fours. In reality the narrators of all these fables are innocent of deception, only repeating what they heard from the natives.

Wallace's Owing to the excellent observations of

Account of Wallace, we know more about the life

the Orang. jn a natural state of the Orang-utan than of any other of the Man-shaped Apes. This traveler

had the best of opportunities to become acquainted with the animal and to compare his experiences with the tales of the natives. Some of his predecessors, especially Owen, Kessel and Brooke, had tried to get at the truth, and his accounts in the main go to prove their statements.

"We know," he says, "that the Orang-utan is a native of Sumatra and Borneo, and, we have cause to think, is limited to these two islands. But he seems to be much more frequent in the latter than in the former. He is found in extensive tracts of land in the southwest and southeast, northwest and northeast coasts, but occurs exclusively in marshy, low-lying woods. In Sadong he is only found in the plains covered with virgin forests and crossed by many rivers. Isolated mountains, inhabited by Dyaks and planted with fruit trees, rise here, and form a point of attraction for the Mias. They often visit them on account of the fruits, but always retire at night into their bogs. In all those parts of the country where the surface rises and is dry, the Orang-utan does not appear. An extensive plain of uninterrupted and level virgin forest seems a condi- tion essential to the welfare of this Ape. These for- ests offer to him a field for as unimpeded progress as a prairie to an Indian or the desert to an Arab. He goes from tree-top to tree-top without ever alight- ing on the ground. A high and dry country, with the trees cleared away in places and the ground cov- ered by underbush, may be better adapted for Men, but not for this Ape with its peculiar mode of loco- motion.

" It is an attractive and strange spectacle to see a Mias (Orang-utan) easily making his way through the forest. Without hurry he goes along one of the larger boughs, in a semi-erect position, which the length of his arms and the shortness of his legs ren- der obligatory; he does not use his soles, but walks on his knuckles, like so many of his cousins. He always seems to select trees whose branches inter- weave ; he stretches out his long arms, seizes the branches with both hands, seemingly trying their strength, and then deliberately launches himself for- ward upon the next tree, where he goes through the same performance. He never hops or jumps, or seems in the least to hurry, yet he proceeds on his way as quickly as anybody could run underneath." In another place Wallace says he thinks the Mias could easily cover a distance of five or six miles an hour. "His long, powerful arms are of the greatest use to him ; they enable him to climb the highest trees with ease, to pluck fruits and young leaves of thin branches that would not hold his weight, and to gather leaves and twigs for his nest." An Orang-utan wounded by this explorer revealed to him the manner of building a nest. " As soon as I had shot," says Wallace, "the Mias climbed to the top of the tree. He started to break off branches and put them down crosswise. The place had been admirably selected. With surprising quickness he reached out in every direction with his unwounded arm, breaking strong branches and crossing them, so that in a few minutes he had formed a close wall of foliage, which effectually concealed him from my sight. A similar nest is used by Orangs for their night's rest, but this is usually built on smaller trees farther down, as a rule not higher than thirty to sixty feet ; probably because it is not here so much exposed to the winds. It is said that the Mias builds a new nest every night, but I think this improbable, for, if such were the case, the renin ins

THE MAN-SHAPED APES— ORANG-UTAN.

21

WHITE-HANDED GIBBONS.— These active and prettv animals are found in Terrasserim, southwest of Burmah, and are noted for their loud voices. Troops of them will get together in the deep forests and fill the air with their not unmusical cries for hours at a time. A white band of hair encircles the entire face and the body is black, dark-brown or ochre-brown. These interesting creatures drink water from the palms of their hands, are readily tamed in India but do not long survive foreign captivity. The artist represents them in the picture mounted on a favorite tree, suspiciously regarding some approaching object. {Hylobates lar.)

of these nests would be oftener found. The Dyaks claim that in wet weather the Mias covers him- self with pandanus leaves or large ferns. Perhaps thfs is the origin of the belief that the Orang-utan builds a hut in the trees in which to live.

" The Orang-utan leaves his bed when the sun is well above the horizon and has dried the dew on the leaves. During the day he eats, but seldom visits the same tree two days in succession. As far as I could determine he feeds almost exclusively on fruit, but occasionally on leaves and buds. In very rare cases he descends to the ground ; probably only when, driven by hunger, he looks for juicy young leaves on the banks of a river ; or when in exceed-

ingly dry weather he comes down for water, which is usually supplied him sufficiently in the hollows of leaves. Only once I saw two half- grown Orangs on the ground in a dry hole. They were standing erect, holding each other's arms and playing. This Ape never walks up- right, unless he holds to the branches of trees, or is attacked. Pictures that represent him walk- ing with the help of a stick are pure inventions. " They do not seem to fear Men very much. Nearly all of those I observed stared at me for a few minutes and then deliberately repaired to a tree in the neighborhood. It frequently hap- pened when I saw one, that I had to go a thou- sand paces or more after my gun ; nevertheless I would find him on the same tree upon my return, or within a hundred feet of the spot where 1 had first seen him. I never saw two full-grown Orangs together, though males as well as females sometimes are accompanied by half-grown young ones.

" All the Dyak chiefs, who had spent theii lives in a country where the Orang abounds- assured me that no animal was strong enough to hurt one, and the only animal he fights with is the Crocodile. When the Orang runs short of fruit, he descends to the river banks to look for young shoots and fruit. Then the Crocodile tries to seize him, but the Orang jumps on it, beats it with hands and feet and kills it.

"Rarely does it happen that an Orang fights with a human being. One day several Dyaks came to tell me that one of these animals had nearly killed a companion. His house was standing on the bank of the river, and he saw an Orang-utan making a meal of the young leaves of a palm. He frightened him, and the Ape beat a retreat into the woods. A

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

number of Men armed with spears and hatchets ran to cut off his retreat, and the foremost Man tried to spear the animal, but the Mias seized him and buried its teeth in the muscles over the elbow, tearing the flesh into shreds. If the others had not come to the rescue, he would have fared still worse, but they suc- ceeded in killing the plucky beast. The wounded Man was sick for a long time, and never recovered the complete use of his arm." The truth of this story was proven by Wallace, who on the following day, visited the field of battle, and cut off the head of the Orang-utan, for an addition to his collection.

The Orang- To complete this picture so excellently Utan in represented by Wallace, we will draw

Captivity. on several of the older reports. For the first correct observations we are indebted to the Dutchman, Vosmaern, who was in possession of a tame female. She was a good-natured animal and never proved herself false or malicious. One could without fear put his hand into her mouth. Her usual expression was that of sadness and melancholy. She liked all human beings without distinction of sex, but preferred those who took care of her. Her owner kept her chained, which at times made her desperate ; she would throw herself on the floor, scream pitifully and tear all the blankets that were given to her. Once she was let loose, and imme- diately made her escape to the roof, where she climbed about with such agility that four persons spent an hour in trying to recapture her. On this same excursion she laid her hands on a bottle of Malaga wine, drew the cork and made haste to ap- propriate the contents, afterwards placing the bottle in its former position. She ate everything that was given to her, but preferred fruit and juicy plants to other food. She also liked boiled or fried meat and fish. Insects she did not hunt for, and a Sparrow that was offered her caused her great fright; still she finally killed it with a bite, pulled out a few feathers, tasted the meat and threw it away. Raw eggs she ate with pleasure, but strawberries seemed to de- light her most. Her usual beverage was water, but she liked all kinds of wine, and especially Malaga. After drinking she would wipe her mouth with her hand, and she used tooth-picks in the same manner that human beings do. She was an accomplished thief and stole candy out of people's pockets in a masterly way. Before going to sleep she always made great preparations. She shook the hay and spread it fresh, put a bundle under her head and carefully covered herself; she disliked to sleep alone, for she dreaded solitude. Sometimes she took' a nap in the day-time, but never a long one. She had been given some clothing, and this she alternately wrapped around her body and her head, without reference to the temperature of the room. When she saw the lock on her chain opened with a key, she got a little piece of wood and kept turning it in the lock. Once she was given a Kitten. While she was smelling it, Pussy scratched her arm. Then she .threw it away and never had anything more to do with Cats. She could untie the most complicated knots with her fingers or her teeth, and this seemed to afford her such pleasure, that she always untied people's shoes when she had a chance. Her hands were exceedingly strong and she could lift the heaviest burdens. She used her feet with the s.ini.' dexterity as her hands. When she could not reach an article with her hands, she threw herself on her back ami got at it with her feet. She never screamed unless left alone. At

first her screams resembled the howling of a Dog. She soon fell a prey to consumption.

An Orang- Another description comes to us from Utan on a careful observer, who had an Orang-

Shipboard. utan on a snjp for three months. As long as the ship was cruising in Asiatic waters, the animal lived on deck, selecting a sheltered place for the night. During the day-time he always was in the best of humor, played around with little Monk- eys that were on board, or disported himself in the rigging. Turning and climbing seemed to afford him especial pleasure, for he would practice it on different masts and cables His agility and mus- cular power were astonishing. Captain Smitt, the observer, had taken a few hundred cocoa-nuts along, the Orang daily receiving two He was very expert in destroying the tough outer covering of the nuts with his teeth, though it was two inches thick and the sailors had to use a hatchet for the task. He would insert his formidable teeth into the tapering end of the nut, as the shell is very uneven there ; then he would seize it with the right foot and in this way tear the tough covering to pieces. Then he would pierce one of the natural apertures of the nut with his finger, drink the milk, break the shell on some hard object and eat the kernel.

Besides the cocoa-nuts he liked salt meat, flour,, tapioca, etc., and resorted to a great many tricks to get the greatest possible amount of meat at every meal. What he once procured he never released even though he was beaten for his obstinacy. The flour he daily received in the kitchen, and when the cook was absent, he never failed to open the flour- bin, take out a good handful and then wipe his hand on his head, so that he often appeared on deck pow- dered. Every Tuesday and Friday he unfailingly made the sailors a visit when the dinner-bell rang, for on these days they had tapioca with sugar and cinnamon. Just as regularly he would make his ap- pearance in the cabin at two o'clock, to get his share of the meal served at that hour. He was very quiet at meals, and, unlike other Apes, clean, though he never could be taught the proper use of the spoon. He put his plate to his mouth and simply drank the soup, without spilling a drop. He was very fond of spirits, and always received a glass of wine at dinner, which he emptied in a peculiar manner. He could project his lower lip in such a way as to form a cup three inches long and nearly as wide, and capable of holding a tumblerful of water. Into this curious cup he poured the wine, and never drank otherwise. After having carefully smelled of the wine, he pro- jected his lip, poured the liquid in, and then pro- ceeded to suck it in between his teeth, deliberately and slowly, as if he intended to make the pleasure as lasting as possible. Then he reached out his glass for more. He never broke a dish, thereby dif- fering from the other Apes, who, as everybody knows, usually break everything.

He was never heard to make but two different sounds ; a feeble, piping one, designed to express agitation, and a dreadful roar, resembling the lowing of a Cow, and denoting fear. Once he uttered the latter at sight of a Whale swimming near the vessel, and again when he caught sight of several Water- Snakes that Iiis owner brought from Java. The ex- pression of his face never changed. Unfortunately an accident, resulting from his love of liquor, ended his life before he reached Germany, which was his destination. lie stole a bottle of rum, nearly emp- tied it, became sick and died on the fourteenth day-

THE MAN-SHAPED APES— GIBBON.

23

THE GIBBON.

No other Apes show such a development of the tipper extremities as the Gibbons or Long-armed Apes {Hylobatcs). They perfectly justify their name, for when they stand erect their fingers touch the ground. This one trait would suffice to distin- guish the Long-armed Apes from all others of their class.

The Gibbons form the most numerous tribe of the Man-shaped Apes, there being about seven different kinds of these animals. They are all inhabitants of Asia, being found in East India and the adjoining great islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Thcy attain a considerable size, though none of them ex- ceed three feet, four inches in height. The body appears very slen- der in spite of the highly developed chest, for the hips are very narrow, re- minding one of a Grey- hound; the lower extrem- ities are very much longer than the upper, and the elongated hands in some species show the forefin- ger to be connected with the middle finger by means of a membrane. The head is small and egg-shaped, the face very human, the callosities on the hind quarters are small and the tail not vis- ible. Their fur is plenti- ful and sometimes silky ; the coloring may be black, brown, brownish- gray or cream. All the Gibbons are gifted with an exceedingly strong voice, which they use a great deal in the morning hours.

Leading The most Varieties of remarkable the Gibbon, of the Long- armed Apes are : the Sia- mang {Hylobatcs syndac- tylits), the Hoolock {Hylobatcs hoolock), the Lar or White-handed Gibbon (Hylobatcs lar), the Ungko (Hylobatcs raf- flesii) and the Wau-wau or Oa {Hylobatcs variegatus). The largest of the tribe is the Siamang, which pos- sesses a soft black coat of fur, and a pouch at the throat, which he inflates in screaming, to strengthen his voice. His native country is Sumatra. The Hoo- look, a trifle smaller than the Siamang, is usually black with the exception of a white band on the forehead ; although there are several lighter kinds. He has no pouch and inhabits India. The Ungko, which has his home in Sumatra and is a rarer animal, shows still greater varieties of coloring. He, as well as the Siamang, is found sometimes as high as three thousand feet above sea-level in the mountain-forests. The Wau-wau has a face of a bluish-black hue, the

THE WAU-WAU. Native of the great Asiatic islands, and is also

known as the Silvery Gibbon, from the coloring of its fur. It is among the most agile of all its group and can easily swing through the air from tree- branch to tree-branch, a distance of fifty feet or more. The deepness of the chin and the two prominent ridges on the forehead give to the face a rather unpleasant appearance, but in captivity it is amiable and readily attaches itself to its master. (Hylobates variegatus.)

Astonishing Agility of Gibbons.

head, the breast, and the inner sides of the arms and legs being dark brown, the rest of the body lighter. He inhabits the Malay Peninsula, together with the Lar, but is also found in Sumatra and Borneo. The frame of the Long-armed Apes is especially adapted for climbing. They are possessed of every qualifica- tion necessary for rapid, protracted and agile climb- ing and jumping. The large chest is endowed with capacious lungs, which do not tire or give out when the blood circulates faster during active exercise, the strong lower extremities give the necessary im- petus for long leaps, the long arms lend security in the seizing of a branch destined to be the next point of support, and which might easily be missed with shorter arms. How long these arms are proportionately is best seen by comparison with Man. The latter, extend- ing his arms, takes in a width equal to his length; the Gibbon, double his length. A Man standing erect, touches the middle of his thigh ; a Gibbon, his ankle-joint. Of course these arms are no fit instruments for walk- ing ; they are only in- tended for climbing. Therefore, the walk of a Long-armed Ape is but an awkward balancing of the hind legs, a clumsy waddling, while its move- ments in climbing and dancing among the branches- are full of life and grace, seemingly knowing no bounds and ignoring the laws of grav- ity. On the ground the Gibbons are slow and ex- tremely clumsy. There they are awkward and out of place ; in the trees they are swift as birds. All narrators are unani- mous in their admiration of the climbing accom- plishments of the Long- armed Apes, in which they excel every other species. Duvaucel relates with what incredible rapidity and assurance the Wau-wau climbs a bamboo-cane, a tree top or a branch, swings to and fro on it, and then flings him- self through space, covering distances of forty to fifty feet with the greatest ease, flying like an arrow or a bird It looks as if the consciousness of this incom- parable agility gives him great pleasure, for he takes immense leaps that he could easily avoid ; sometimes changing his direction in the air, hanging on to the nearest branch and throwing himself forward again. It really produces the impression of magic, as if he could fly without wings, and lived more in the air than in the trees. What could such a being do on the ground ? He is a stranger there, and only visits

24

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

of a Turkey. He made cries denoting joy as well as anger. The female Ungko in London sometimes cried in a peculiarly harmonious manner. She began with Et ascending and descending a full octave in chromatics. In ascending the notes became slower and slower ; in descending they followed in quick succession, the finale being a piercing yell. The regularity, assurance and rapidity of this perform- ance invariably excited the enthusiastic admiration

of the audience. Opinions of ob- servers as to the intellectual quali- ties of the Long- armed Apes are divided. Duvau- cel calls the Siamang slow, stupid, awkward, lazy, cowardly and uninteresting, indifferent toward his keepers, and incapable of af- fection as well as revenge. Forbes, on the contra.)', i\ praises his tame- \l ness and familiar- ity: "The pretty, caressing way he had of encircling my neck with his long arms and leaning his head on my breast, emitting a satis- fied little grunt, was very prepos- sessing." Ben- nett also judges him in a more favorable light.

URSINE COLOBUS AND BLACK COLOBUS. — Th.sr monkeys are found in the deep woods c. & .

of Africa. The Bear-like appearance gave to the Ursine Colohus its name. The cheek bones and biamang nearly

chin art- covered with long, while hair which stands outward or downward as shown in the picture, as far as Europe

It is very timid and flees at the approach of Man. Tin- HI. u-k Colohus. like the Ursine, has stunted an(J says that in

thumbs and the fur is thick, long and black, (See chapter on " Dog-shaped Monkeys.'!) short time he

it to allay his thirst. His home is in the air, where he enjoys peace and security, easily escapes every enemy and, of a verity, lives and luxuriates in the enjoyment of motion.

The Natural Study of these animals in the wild state Traits is extremely difficult, as they are very

of Gibbons. shy and seldom leave the depths of their native forests. Only a good telescope — an in- strument indispensable to the observer of all of the more timid ani- mals-enables one to see a little of their life. In this way it has been discovered that the mothers carry their little ones to the river, where, in spite of great screaming, they proceed to wash and afterwards dry them, taking ^ as much pains in the whole process as we might de- sire to be lavished on some human children.

At sunrise and sunset they usual- ly join their loud voices in such a concert as to deafen a near- by observer, and frighten any one not used to this curious music. They are the alarm clocks of the Malay moun- taineers, and the greatest annoy- ance of the town inhabitants, whose suburban summer life they manage to spoil.

It is said that their cries are heard a mile away. Captive Long-armed Apes both with and without the cheek-pouches have been heard to utter very loud shrieks.

Bennett, a careful observer, had a living Siamang in his possession, and noticed that when he was excited he projected his lips like a funnel, inflated his pouches and made a sound resembling the gobble

made his way into the affections of all his fellow- travelers. He died before they reached England and was mourned by the entire crew. Gibbons are rarely seen in captivity, even in their native country. They cannot bear the loss of freedom, and when deprived of it they constantly long for their native forests and their plays and become more and more quiet and sad, until finally the)- die.

Hoonuman Monkey

Gbe 1Warrow*mo0^ Hpcs— Continued.

■i

7^

THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS.

The second group of the Narrow-nosed Apes consists of the Dog- shaped Monkeys {Cynopithecim). Their distinguishing features are the forward projection of the snout, especially noticeable in the lower tribes, the shorter arms, the frequent occurrence of a tail and cheek-pouches, and the regular existence of callosities on the hinder quarters. In other respects they show a great variety of structure, ranging from the elon- gated shape of the Slender Monkeys to the bulky form of the Baboons. Where Dog- They are natives of the warm countries of the Old World, Shaped especially India, from the Himalaya Mountains south, Monkeys Liue. Cochin China, the Malay Archipelago, Southern Arabia and the whole of Africa, with the exception of the Eastern Sahara country. They are the most active of their family, clever, but in the majority of cases malicious and indecent. They do a great deal of damage, plundering plantations and orchards in the boldest manner, and sometimes exciting general fear by their malicious propensities. By the people of some of the countries which they inhabit they are looked upon with the greatest contempt, while among others religious superstition invests them with the attributes of sanctity.

SLENDER OR SACRED MONKEYS.

Among the Dog-shaped Monkeys we will first turn to the Slender or

Sacred Monkeys (Semrwpiihecus) , which are, as their name indicates,

•a R ty inches in length its color gUg^iy Dujit ancj are endowed with lonp, fine extremities and a very

• / \J is a deep gray, with tinges & / ' • , r i • 1 i

to, and its lips, chin long tail, a small, high head, a face devoid of hair, and a short snout, pro- St&"di^s^sW^uEr,SeiS videdwith small cheek-pouches. Their callosities are very small. The and easily escapes pursuit. (Semnopithecus last molar tooth in the lower jaw is furnished with five cusps. Their

skeleton in its slenderness reminds one of that of the Gibbons. The hands have long fingers, but the thumbs are short or very little developed, and not adapted for grasping. The hair is wonderfully fine, its coloring agreeable, and in one tribe peculiar; and the hair of the head is sometimes considerably longer than that of the body.

They are found in the southern part of the continent of Asia, Ceylon and the islands of the Indian Ocean. Here they live in more or less numerous troops in the forests, preferring the banks of a river or the neighborhood of villages or plantations, and being universally protected by the natives they lead an exceedingly enjoyable life.

The foremost place among the Slender or Sacred Monkeys belongs to the Hoonuman, or Hulman, the Sacred Monkey of the Hindoos {Semiwpithccus entellus), which is the most common of all the Ape species

(25)

'JL

THE PRIAMUS MONKEY. — A native of Ceylon, very active and intel- ligent, and is about sixteen inches long, with a tail twen- ty inches in length Its color is a deep gray, with tinges

26

THE APES AXD MONKEYS.

in the greater portion of India. He continues to spread, as he is not only protected and petted, but is also imported into various parts of that country in order to perpetuate his species. His length is from three to four feet, and his tail is as long, or even longer, than this. The fur is cream-colored and the naked parts have a dark violet tint. The face, hands and feet — as much of them as is covered with hair — and a stiff crest of hair over the eyes, are black, while the short beard is creamy.

The Hoonuman The Hoonuman occupies a very high in Hindoo place among the innumerable deities Mythology. 0f the Hindoos, and has enjoyed this honor since time immemorial. Tradition holds that the giant Rama carried off Sita, the wife of Thri-Rama, and brought her to the Island of Ceylon; but a Monkey rescued 'the lady and brought her back to her husband, and ever since he has been considered a hero. There are a great many stories afloat concerning his remarkable intellect and his swiftness. For one of their most valued fruits, the man- go, the Hindoos are in- debted to him, as he stole it from the giant's garden. For this theft he was con- demned to be burned alive — we are not informed by whom — but he extinguished the fire, badly burning his hands and face, which have ever since been black. These are the reasons as- signed by the Brahmins for adoring him.

Hoonuman This Monkey

Protected by has been stud- Natives. ,ecj for a great many years in his native country, and that is the rea- son why we came to make his acquaintance so late. Every person who visited India thought that so com- mon an animal must cer- tainly have been often taken to Europe[or America],and therefore each one neg- lected to stuff him and send him over. Besides, it is dangerous to kill this sacred animal ; for only the Mah- rattas, among Hindoos, hold it in low esteem ; all the other Hindoos caring for and protecting it wherever they can. An European who dares attack a Hoonu- man imperils his life, if he is the only foreigner in a Hindoo crowd, for the Monkey is sacred. A reign- ing family boasts descent from it, and its members style themselves " Tailed Ranas," as they maintain that their ancestor was endowed with this, to us, seemingly unnecessary appendage.

A High-Priced A Portuguese viceroy of India, Con-

Monkey's stantino de Braganza, had in his pos-

Tooth. session a Monkey's tooth, taken in

war from the treasures of a prince of Ceylon ; and a

^m

^f^W^rr^m

BUDENG OR NEGRO MONKEY. Lives in large troops in

the forests of Java and is hunted vigorously by the natives for its beautiful, long and silky black fur. which is used by the armies of Europe for decorating purposes. The Budengs build rude nests in the tops of the trees and live upon fruits and buds. The mop of hair surrounding the face gives them a peculiar expression. The care and affection of the mother for her young is shown by the art- ist in the picture. The length of a full-grown Budeng is about five feet, the tail coming in for more than half of the measurements. (Semnopithccus maurus.)

special embassy of the king of Pegu came to offer him 300,000 cruzados for the valuable jewel. So' high a price was probably never before or since offered for a tooth. The more astonishing is it to know that the Europeans did not accept it. The viceroy held a meeting of his counselors ; the lay- members of the council tried to persuade him to accept so great a sum, but a priest protested against it. He claimed that such a barter would promote heathen superstition, and his opinion prevailed. This might have been of no importance to us, if the tooth had not been destroyed on this occasion and thereby lost a valuable clue to Indian theology and to natural science. This one tooth might have served very well for the classification of the Monkey to which it once belonged. Hindoo Vener- The sacred an- ationforthe imal is held in Hoonuman. as high esteem to-day as in by-gone times. The Hindoos complacently look on when the impudent fellows plunder their gar- dens and rob their homes and regard with disfavor every one who dares to in- sult a Monkey. Tavernier relates how a young Dutch- man, recently arrived from Europe, shot one of these animals from a window; whereupon there was a frightful commotion among the natives, which was with the greatest difficulty allayed. The servants at once handed in their res- ignations, being fully con- vinced that the foreigner would be killed and they probably along with him. Duvaucel also says that in the beginning it was very hard for him to kill one of these Monkeys, as the na- tives always contrived to prevent it. Forbes assures us that in Duboy there are as many Monkeys as there are people. These creat- ures inhabit the top story of the houses and make life a burden to foreigners. When a native has a grudge against his neighbor, he puts some rice or corn on his en- emy's roof, selecting the ap- proach of the rainy season, when it is incumbent on ever)' landlord to repair his housetop. As soon as the Monkeys see the prepared food, they not only eat what is within easy reach, but also tear up the tiles to get at the grains that have fallen into the crevices. As at this time of the year the roofers are in great demand, it is next to impossible to procure one, so the house stands open to the rain and the furniture is spoiled.

Hospital Not only the well Monkeys but also

for Sick the sick ones are cared for in that coun-

Monkeys. try. Tavernier found a hospital for

Monkevs, Oxen, Cows, etc., in Ahmadabad. All the

THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS— SLENDER OR SACRED.

27

balconies are strewn from time to time with rice, millet, dates, fruits and sugar-cane — all for the Monkeys. These latter are so bold that they not only pillage the gardens, but sometimes enter the houses at meal-time and take the food out of peo- ple's hands. A missionary declared that only by constant watchfulness was he able to protect his clothing and other belongings from these thieves. It is verv probable that the sacred character

The Budeng or This group has yet other remarkable Negro Monkey members. The Budeng or Negro of Java. Monkey of the Javanese (Semno-

pitheais mcturus) is a beautiful animal. In mature age he is black and glossy, his face and hands being like velvet, his back like silk. The head is covered by a peculiar cap of hair falling on the forehead and encircling the cheeks. New-born Monkeys of this are of a cream color, and only the ends of

HOONUMAN MONKEYS. The mc

sacred of all the sacred Monkeys of Ind Here are portrayed a troop of Hoonumans their arboreal home in the hot lowlands of the Upper Ganges. The full-grown H from three to four feet in length, with a tail still longer than the body. It is a handsome creature, the fur being cream-colored, except parts of the head and the extremities of the

Monkeys is connected in some way with the belief in the transmigration of souls. It seems that the Hin- doos think that after death their souls, as well as that of their king, enter the body of some Monkey. Notwithstanding their impudence these animals are attractive and handsome creatures. The missionary, John, says that he never saw more beautiful Monk- eys than the Hoonumans. Their friendliness towards each other and their enormous leaps attract the atten- tion of every observer.

limbs, which are black, while the bare portions are of a deep violet hue. It is protected on account of its supposed sanctity, for the na- tives dare not molest it. It is one of the great- est thieves in the world, robbing shops, houses and fields and standing in no dread of Man, whom it seems to regard as a sort of servant to provide for its greedy wants. (Semnopithe- cits eniellus.)

the hairs on the lower part of the back, the upper part of the tail and its tuft take a darker tinge. Soon the dark color begins to spread, and in a few months the hands, the head and the tuft of the tail are black, and then the whole coat gradually as- sumes the color of mature age. The length of this handsome creature is about five feet, the tail coming in for more than half of this measurement.

" The Budeng," says Horsfield, " is found in con- siderable numbers in the extensive forests of Java.

28

THE APES AXD MONKEYS.

One sees whole companies on the tree-tops, a single troop sometimes numbering more than fifty. It is best to study these troops at a distance. At the approach of .Man they raise a terrible noise, jump- ing furiously from branch to branch, thereby often breaking strong boughs, which 'they throw down at the pursuer." I ? i

The Budeng A captive Budeng is a quiet, gentle, in patient creature. In Antwerp a Bu-

Captivity. deng lived among Macaques and other little Monkeys, which were forever teasing and tor- menting him, and he never thought of retaliating. The scene was very grotesque when a Guenon, barely a year old, compelled the big Monkey to attend him, and brought him to order by pitilessly boxing his ears and pinching him. One cannot doubt that good-nature is the essential quality of the Budeng mind, and very nearly misses that spirit of mischief and malice that appertains to all others of the Monkey tribe. The Budeng also seems to suffer much from a foreign climate. In captivity abroad he enjoys every glimpse of the sun, and is happy when he can bask but for a few moments in the rays of that life-giving orb, whose glow bestows on his native country all the splendor of the tropics.

The Long-Nosed There is another tribe that is now Monkey of separated from the Slender Monkeys Borneo. proper, the Long-nosed or Proboscis

Monkey, or Kahau ( Nasalis larvatus). In general this Monkey has the structure of the Slender or Sa- cred Monkeys ; but the long nose, which is movable in every direction and capable of being projected or drawn in, lends his countenance a highly peculiar aspect. The body is slender, the tail very long, the extremities are nearly of equal length, the cheek- pouches are lacking. The nose forms a hook-like projection over the upper lip, is rather broad in its middle part, pointed at the end and shows a slight furrow in the median line ; the nostrils are very large and can be considerably dilated. In the young animal this organ is small and blunt, and reaches its full size only in the adult Monkey. According to C. Bock, it is a peculiarity distinguishing only the adult male, and lacking in the female. The fur is thick and soft ; the hair is short on the parting, longer on the back of the head and sides of the face, and on the neck it goes to form a collar. The color of this Monkey is red. The extreme length of the Long- nosed Monkey is five feet. The females are smaller, but are said to be capable of reproduction before they have attained their complete growth. They live in bands in Borneo. Their life in the wild state is very little known. According to Wurmb, they assemble together in large troops at mornings and evenings and howl, the cry bearing some resem- blance to the word " Kahau," whence they derive their name. Although at first glance the Kahau's nose looks like a burlesque of the same organ in Man, the real resemblance is slight, for the nostrils are at the extremity of the nose.

THE THUMBLESS MONKEYS.

The African relatives of the Slender Monkeys, the Thumbless Monkeys (Colobits), are striking animals, distinguished by their peculiar color, and queer but beautiful manes. India shows more life and color than arid Africa, and so the Slender Monkeys are of a lighter and brighter hue than the Thumbless Monk- eys, though one cannot say that the latter are less pleasing to the eye than the former. On the whole,

the differences between the two groups are but slight. The Thumbless Monkeys are mainly distinguished from the Slender Monkeys in having the thumbs on the two fore-limbs docked or stunted. Their body is slender and graceful, the snout is short, the tail very long and the limbs also long and slight ; the cheek- pouches are lacking.

Guereza, Among these animals we ought to con-

Handsomest sider the Guereza ( Colobus guereza) first.

of Monkeys. He is indisputably the handsomesi of all Monkeys. His color is exceedingly prettv, and his hair as peculiar and, at the same time, striking in appearance as that of any other animal in the Monkey family. The merit of discovery of this beautiful crea- ture belongs to the distinguished German, Ruppell, who found it on his Abyssinian tour, in the province of Godsham, and gave it the same scientific name as that employed by the natives. This Monkey was previously very little known. Hiob Ludolf men- tioned it in his valuable work on Ethiopia. Ruppell saw a living Guereza and so could write about it from his own experience. After him several other natural- ists have observed it. I found the skin of a Guereza on the lower White Nile, in the possession of a Has- sanie, who used it as a tobacco-pouch, and who told me that farther south the Guereza was by no means a rarity. Heuglin also saw it frequently in Abyssinia and along the White Nile, and had reliable reports concerning the Monkey's existence in quite different parts of Central Africa ; hence we may conclude that the animal ranges over a larger area than is com- monly supposed. Thompson found it in the Massai country, and, according to Johnston, Hans Meyer saw it on the Kilima Ndjaro, at a height of three thousand feet above sea level, and also farther to the south in the Kahe country.

The Guereza is indeed a magnificent animal. On a beautiful black velvet bod)', a white head-band, a white neck, chin, throat, belt or mane, and tail-tuft stand out in magnificent relief. But each white hair has also brown ringlets on it, and this produces a silver-gray impression of the whole. The mane, if I may so call his side-belt, hangs on both sides like a beautiful Bedouin cape and serves as an indescribably handsome adornment.

Hunting The hunting of the Guereza is attended the with a great many difficulties. He is nearly

Guereza. secure from all dangers in his favorite haunts, the tops of high trees. A rifle in the hands of a native is a comparatively harmless thing, and it is lucky that such is the case ; for if the Abys- sinians knew how to handle a rifle, they probably would have already exterminated this fine animal. In former times he was much persecuted, for a shield covered with a Guereza skin was a thing much valued and consequently much sought after. The shields of the Abyssinians and of the other East African tribes were of oblong shape and were made of the hides of Antelopes or Hippopotami ; and these were covered with the side and back skin of the Guereza and in this way showed the entire mane as their chief ornament.

In Gondar, the capital of Abyssinia, a Guereza skin used to command the price of one dollar, a sum which might have bought half a dozen fat sheep. Now their value has fallen, for fortunately the shields are no longer in use. I say fortunately, for in this way the attractive creature will be spared and escape the mania of persecution, which man everywhere exhibits against " his first-born brothers." So far as I know living Guerezas have onlv twice

LONG-NOSED MONKEYS. — These grotesque looking Monkeys are natives of Borneo, and are sometimes called the Proboscis Monkeys, the organ from which this name is derived. being large and long and movable in every direction. This illustration is taken from life and shows them as they appear in the zoological gardens in Batavia, the Capital of Dutch India, where they thrive as well as in their native forests. In their wild state, troops of these Monkeys assemble together mornings and evenings, and in this sketch they are apparently following the same custom. (Nasalis larertus.)

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30 *

THE APRS AXD MONKEYS.

been taken to Europe [and none have ever reached .America].

Other Further members of this group, of which Thumb/ess there are eleven in all, are the Ursine Monkeys. Colobus (Colobus ursinus) and the Black Colobus ( Colobus Satanas). The first differs from the Guereza in the absence of the white mane, in longer hair and a nearly tuftless tail. He is a native of Upper Guinea and Fernando Po. The Black Colo- bus is uniformly black and is confined mainly to Fernando Po.

THE GUENONS.

Africa harbors not only the largest, the cleverest, and the ugliest of the Apes of the Old World, but also the most beautiful and the most sympathetic. To the latter undoubtedly belong the Guenons. ( Cercopithecus ) . We see this or that member of the family in every zoological garden, in every wander- ing collection of Monk- eys and frequently as merry companions of people who are fond of animal pets.

Home Habits The native and Characteris- countrv of tics of Guenons. th js group is the torrid zone of Af- rica, but they are never found on the islands of this continent. Wherever there are virgin forests, the Guenons are sure to be found in great num- bers. Several species are found as well in the east as the west and the cen- ter of the continent, but the majority come from the west; although a great many have their home in Abyssinia and the Upper Nile country.

They are small, grace- ful creatures, have short, fine hands with long thumbs, a long tail devoid of tuft, capacious cheek- pouches and large callos- ities. Their coloring is usually bright. There are about twenty different

kinds in this group. In the Nile countrv they go as far north as the 16th degree of latitude ; in the west and east they are found nearly as far as the sea- shore. They always prefer damp' woods, traversed by rivers, to the dry, mountainous regions. They also show a decided predilection for the neighbor- hood of cultivated fields. One may unfailingly count on finding Guenons where there' are Parrots, and may also look for the latter when these little Monk- eys are around.

Merry and The Guenons are among the most

Sociable Traits sociable, lively, merrv and good- of Guenons. humored of the Monkeys. They nearly always live in rather large troops; single fam- ilies bring seldom encountered. It is really amus- ing to fall in with a troop of these animals in a for- est. The life, the noise, the fights, the quarrels, the

jumping and running, thieving and pilfering, the faces and contortions are a sight to see. They have a government of their own, and the strongest of their own kind is the only master they acknowledge ; no right is lawful but the one pertaining to the old Monkey patriarch, by virtue of his sharp teeth and strong hands. There is no danger from which they deem escape impossible. They make the best of every situation, never fear hunger or privation, and spend their life in perennial contentment and joy. They are possessed of an unlimited carelessness and a grotesque seriousness. No goal seems out of their reach, no tree-top too high for them and no treasure is secure in their presence, for they recognize 'no right of property. It is, therefore, not astonishing that the natives of East Soudan should refer to them with the greatest scorn and anger ; neither is it sur- prising that outsiders think them the most amusing little creatures in the world.

It is impossible to miss a troop of Guenons in the forest. F.v e n if one should not hear the vary- ing call of the chief, he soon detects the noise produced by the running and jumping society in the trees, and if one should escape that, he is sure to see them run, jump, bask in the sun and seek each other's fleas. for they never so much as think of hiding them- selves. They are not met with on the ground unless something to eat is to be found there; they live in the trees and make their way from one branch to the other. Should their road lead through the thickest and sharpest of thorns, it is a matter of perfect indifference to them.

Guenons It is very on a Stealing interesting Expedition, to the ob- server to watch a troop

DIANA MONKEYS. These handsome creatures are found

Guinea coast, the banks of the Congo and the Island of Fernando J"... They

are named for Diana, goddess of the moon, because of the white crescent on

the forehead. Little is known of the Diana Monkey in its wild state, on account

ol its KR-.it agility and its fear "t Man, but it is fn q and studied in

captivity where the disposition varii - being gay bent on a stealing expe'-

and amiable, while others are cross and sullen. K Cercoptthecus aiana.) . » "

dition. I he boldness with which they proceed always charmed me as much as it disgusted the natives. An old, experienced male Monkey assumes the leadership and shows the way to the corn-field ; the females with children carry them upon their backs, the little ones hooking their diminutive tails around the tails of their par- ents. In the beginning a great deal of caution is ob- served, and they use the tree-tops as far as possible. The old gentleman is always first, and the crowd fol- lows step by step, selecting not only the same trees, but even the same branches as he. From time to time the wise leader climbs to the extreme top of a tree and surveys the neighborhood. If the sight that meets his eye is favorable, he utters a few assur- ing, gurgling sounds , if not, he gives a note of alarm. The Monkeys alight from the tree nearest the clioseu field and scamper to their paradise. The activity

GUEREZA MONKEYS. The most beautiful type of all the Monkey tribes and are natives of Abyssinia. Nature has given the Guerezas a most

magnificent covering of soft and beautiful fur, the black and white markings of which as well as the black tail with white tuft are faithfully brought out in this picture. This pair of strikingly handsome Guerezas are represented securely perched in their forest home, where most of their time is spent, and where .they are able to enjoy practical security from the natives, who are poor marksmen. {Colobus guereza.)

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32

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

they display on their arrival is unparalleled. Rap- idly they go to work, tear off ears of corn or durra, shell them and fill their cheek-pouches to the utmost. Then they begin to be more fastidious in their choice. All the ears and cobs are first carefully smelled, and if they do not come up to their standard, which happens rather often, they are thrown away, and the waste- fulness that is a characteristic of all Monkeys is ex- ercised to the highest degree. It may be estimated that out of ten ears one is eaten. As a rule, they take but a few grains from each ear and throw the remainder away. This is just what excites the wrath of the natives. If they feel themselves secure, the mothers let their children play with each other, with- out relaxing the extreme watchfulness they are ac- customed to bestow upon their pets ; not one thinks of looking out for danger that might befall the whole band, for all place implicit confidence in their leader. From time to time he stops in his meal, stands upright like a man, and surveys the ground. After each of these inspections one hears his as- suring, gurgling sounds, if he has seen nothing that threatens. If he scents danger, he utters an inde- scribable, trembling note of warning. Immediately his subjects rally, each mother snatches up her child, and every one tries to grasp as much as he can in a hurry. I have seen a single Monkey bearing as many as five large ears of corn along, two being held in the right fore-arm and the others in the hands and feet, and the corn touching the ground as the Monkey ran along. If the danger becomes pressing, the load is thrown down with a wry face, though the last ear is kept until the pursuer is very near and they need both hands and feet for climbing.

Boldness Their way lies to the nearest tree. I of the have seen them climb up an isolated

Guenons. tree, and then descend from it and pro- ceed on their way upon the ground when I pressed them hard. Once they reach the forest they are secure from all pursuit, for their agility in climbing is nearly as great as that of the Long-armed Apes. There seems to be no obstacle that can stop them ; not even thorns and hedges, nor long distances be- tween trees. They are equal to anything. It is very astonishing, for we do not know of a single ani- mal in our own temperate climate that could do anything approximating the feats which they easily perform. The leader is always in front, making the whole troop slacken or increase speed by his gur- gling sounds. Fleeing Monkeys never show the slightest fear or discomfiture ; and their presence of mind is really remarkable. One might say with- out exaggeration, that if they wish it, danger does not exist for them. Only Man with his long range rifles can overcome them ; escape from beasts of prey is easy, and they know how to defend them- selves from birds of prey.

Hunting In East Soudan the Guenons are not the hunted, but are caught in traps, consist-

Guenon. mg 0f ncts enclosing some dainty Eood, The Monkeys try to take the bait and entangle themselves in the nets, so that they cannot get away. Europeans have no difficult)' in shooting them, as they think of flight only after a number of their troop have been killed. ' They fear Men very little, or not at all. I have often seen them look very coolly at people on foot or on horseback, and at Horses or Camels, while they would utter their cry of danger as soon as a Dog came in sight.

I experienced what a "great many others do on a Monkey hunt, and became thoroughly disgusted

with it. I once shot a Guenon that was looking at me ; it fell off the tree and sat on the ground, calmly, almost humanly wiping the blood from its face with one hand, and the impression it made on me was so- painful that I ran towards it and stabbed it twice with my hunting-knife, to relieve it from its suffer- ing. Since then I never have shot another small Monkey, and advise nobody else to do so, unless it be for scientific research. I felt as if I had murdered a human being, and the face of the dying Monkey has haunted me ever since.

Guenons These Monkeys have little to fear Dread Nothing from beasts of prey. They are but Reptiles. much too quick for them ; only the Leopard can sometimes overtake an incautious young Monkey. As to birds of prey, the Monk- eys ward them off by their united efforts.

They have a great horror of everything that creeps, and especially of Snakes. I have forgotten to mention that these Monkeys ruthlessly destroy all birds' nests and are passionately fond of eggs and young birds. When they purpose robbing the nest of one of those birds that breed in caverns or hollows, they proceed with the utmost caution, for Snakes are extremely likely to sleep in such a nest. I hn e often seen them carefully investigate a hollow tree, to see if a Snake was, perchance, in hiding there. First, they looked in as far as possible, then they listened, and then hesitatingly put in an arm. A Monkey never yet made a bold plunge in such a case, but he inserts his arm by degrees, all the time watching and listening, and dreading the appearance of a Serpent.

The time of reproduction seems not to be limited to a particular season witli the Guenons. In every troop one sees infants at the breast, children and half-grown Monkeys no longer in need of maternal supervision. Guenons reproduce well and thrive in zoological gardens | in Europe or America] if they are well taken care of, though they are not as hardy as the Macaques and Baboons. The Guenon During my stay in Africa, which lasted in several years, I always kept a great

Captiuity. many Monkeys, and among them' sev- eral Guenons ; and I may say that every one of them had an individuality of its own, and was an attract- ive and interesting object for investigation. ( >ne Monkey would be quarrelsome and bite at every provocation ; a second Would be gentle and tame ; a third might be peevish, a fourth always cheerful. One had a quiet and harmless disposition, while another was cunning, scheming and forever plotting some nasty tricks. Hut they all had this in common, th.it they liked to play practical jokes on larger ani- mals, while they protected and eared for little ones. They knew how to make the most of every situa- tion. Daily they gave me proofs of good common sense and of cunning reflection, but also of great good-nature and the tenderest solicitude for weak or helpless animals, and several of them gained my sincere affection. Several groups among the Guenons are very sympathetic.

The Green One of the best known species, ranging Monkey of from Abyssinia to the sources of the Abyssinia. Nile, is the Green Monkey {Cercopitk* ecus sadaeus), called Abulandj by the Arabs and by others the Beautiful Haired. He is four feet long, the tail being more than half of this length. The hair on the upper part of the body is of .1 gray-green tint ; the arms, legs and tail are gray : the short beard and the under and inner surface of the leirs are

GREEN MONKEYS. The artist has put life and action into the above picture, which shows a troop of Green Monkeys fleeing from a

field of gram they have been robbing, a species of thievery of which these monkeys are very fond. The knave in the foreground has an ear of corn in his left foot as well as in his left hand, and while making rapid progress is tenaciously holding on to his booty. Just behind him a mother is reaching out for her young one ; and on the fence an old male stands guard, while the other members of the troop are escaping for their lives. The Green Monkeys are natives of Senegal and jealously protect their territory from other monkeys. Some of this family are said to have been brought over to the Island of St. Kitts, where they thrive, being the only Old World Monkeys living in a wild state in America. They are also sometimes called Beautiful Haired Monkeys, because of the delicate marking ot each separate hair of their fur. The under portion of the body and limbs is nearly white, the outer part ot the limbs is of a grayish shading, while the hair on the side of the face is a golden yellow. Many Green Monkeys have been taken to Europe and brought to the United States. [Cercopitkecus sabaeus.)

34

Till: A PUS AND MONKEYS.

whitish ; the nose, mouth and eyebrows are black, while the face is of a light brown color.

The Diana Among the prettiest and most grace- Monkey of ful of the Guenons is the Diana

Western Africa. Monkey ( Cercopithecus diana) whose color is slate-gray, merging into auburn on the back, while the ui*der surface of the body and the beard are pure white. He is a native of Western Africa. The name is due to a crescent-shaped white band of long hair stretching across the forehead. The length of its body is about eighteen inches, while its tail is longer. It is found in Guinea and Fernando Po.

The Blue-Faced The Blue-faced Guenon ( Cercopith- G ue no n of ecus cephus), called Muido by the na- West Africa. t;ves 0f Loango, is an inhabitant of western Africa. He is of the same size as the Green Monkey, but his coloring is more vivid and pleasing. The back, upper part of the head and neck and the outer sides of the limbs are of an olive-green tint, here and there showing a golden gleam, while the under surface of the bodv and the inner side of the

RED, OR PATAS MONKEY. Native of West Africa, and its color is mainly a delicate yellowish red and

its face is decidedly humanlike. It has a mustache and full whiskers and is a verj pretty animal. Bruce, who studied it in its wild state, declares that a troop "t Red Monkeys \\ :i t ■ hed, from their home in the trees, while his boats were passing up the river, aii' 1 tli.it they finally became enraged and pelted the voyagers with bits of wood. He adds that whet uttered the most frightful cries but continued the fight, even after several of their

comrades were slain. i< ruber.)

limbs are bluish-gray. The face is of a beautiful did she torment them, blue, showing a white spot on the upper lip, and en- circled by a beard of flaming yellow, separated from the olive hair on the head by a black stripe. The tail is red from the tip nearly to its root. Robust, healthy .Monkeys of this tribe, without distinction of sex, show this striking variety of color in as perfect a manner as if they had been p. tinted or stained.

The_\' are plentifully found in Lower Guinea, and south from Yumba to the Congo, and are more numerous than any other species. Their favorite haunts are the forests along the coast and deeper in the continent in the damp forests of the moun- tains.

The Blue-Faced I'echuel-Loesche, who studied this Guenon species, as well as a great many

Domesticated, others both in the wild state and iii captivity, gives it as his opinion, that no oth r

species of Guenon is so well fitted for domestication. " One Guenon that we called by the native name for the whole species, Muido, a female, lived in my pos- session for five years. She was very young when I got her, and I took good care to keep her in perfect health. In this Monkey I distinctly saw what an effect experienced care and kind treatment, prac- ticed from earliest youth, have on the Monkey mind and how much ill-nature may be traced to thoughtless teasing and rude jokes. One w7ould have much less cause for complaint of the malice and vio- lence of Monkeys, if they were properly cared for during their childhood.

"Our .Monkey, whose childhood had been care- fully guarded from all pernicious influences, had the freedom of the whole house in Europe. She roamed through all rooms and went over tables and cup- boards, but so cautiously that she never broke any- thing. She climbed out of the windows, performed gymnastics on the porch, ran over the whole roof, ami was free to go into the yard and the garden. She followed us like a dog on our walks in the woods and meadows, catching Spiders, Butterflies and Grasshoppers (her favorite kinds of diet), and romped to her heart's content. Her health was evidently much benefited by it, and her con- stitution became so hardy that she could roll about in freshly fallen snow without catching cold. On our walks she liked to invite atten- tion to herself, and she had her likes and dislikes. She never harmed airs-body, but delighted to hide in hedges at the approach of some un- suspecting farmer, and then suddenly appear and startle him. She was fond of little Dogs, but avoided large ones ; yet, if they growled at her, she fearlessly jumped on their backs, boxed their ears, and bit and scratched to such good purpose that they hurriedly made their escape. She did not fear Frogs or Lizards, neither If she soiled her hands, she tried to clean then), and if she did not succeed, came to us with a human-like request to perform that office for her. Amusing Traits " The only thing we could not teach of the Blue- her was to be clean about the Faced Guenon. house. In everything else she was obedient ; she went to sleep in her basket, closed the door of her cage herself, and even when too noisy, would quiet down at a single 'hush!' from us. She was fond of playing with dolls, balls, corks, little pieces of wood, etc. For a long time, she always took one little stick into her basket for the night, putting others carefully away under cup- boards, in the draperies, etc., and regarding them as her personal property, which nobody had any right to touch. She used her roomy cheek-pouches as a store-room tor a great many trinkets. For several little articles she showedagre.it predilei tion,

THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS— GUENONS.

35

and if we missed them, we knew where they could be found. My wife early began the practice of emptying Muido's cheek-pouches every night. At the beginning, the Monkey resisted these opera- tions but it was not long till she learned to dis- gorge these hidden treasures herself, as soon as my wife took her in her lap. Little stones, peas, coins, beans, nails, corks, thimbles, glass-stoppers and other things were brought to light, and the articles we did not immediately need we gave back, for she never lost anything. She took a great deal of pleasure in looking at pictures, especially colored ones, and attentively watched me turn the leaves. She would swoop down quick as a flash on the

SOOTY MANGABEY. This Monkey received its name from its color, and the mistaken notion that it

came from Madagascar, where there are no true Monkeys It is a native of West Africa and, like all the class it represents, has the upper eyelid white, in strong contrast with its sooty color. This Mangabey is easily tamed, and, being the finest acrobat in the world, affords endless amusement to those who have the good fortune to observe it. Besides it has a fashion of raising its upper lip and showing its teeth, at the same time twisting its face into the most quaint of grimaces. It is fond of carrying its tail in the manner indicated in the picture, and also of sit- ting with its eyelids half closed, in the most affected manner possible. (Cercopithecus fiiliginosits.)

picture of a Spider or Grasshopper, but soon came to know that they were not edible. She would not show any fear at the pictures of Snakes, but knew them for what they were, as we could see by the expression of her face and voice.

" Her food consisted of everything that came on our table, except milk and sandwiches, for which she had a decided contempt. She also liked ink and she would take the pen out of the inkstand, lick it and carefully put it aside ; then she would dip her finger into the ink and lick that until she was satisfied. She was fond of wine and beer, but never drank too much, and gave the preference to beer-foam. Fruits of all kinds were welcome, especially currants, straw-

berries and gooseberries. She did not care for eggs, and never destroyed a nest. A couple of little birds had their nest on our porch, and she was on quite intimate terms with them, as well as with several others, among which was a Woodpecker, to which we threw crumbs every day, so as to entice it into the room. Her day's work always began at the breakfast-table. As soon as she awoke she threw aside the warm blankets, and hurried to the table, to be in time for the lighting of the lamp under the coffee-pot, and she always received the lighted match and extinguished it with her hands. Then she would warm herself before the coffee-pot, and look at the blue flame of the alcohol, whose flicker- ing fascinated her just as much as the boiling and singing of the water. Af- ter breakfast her mistress brushed her from head to foot, and this operation was so thoroughly agreea- ble to her that she took all the necessary positions herself. The daily bath- ing of the face was liked much less, and the weekly bath, with its soap and scrubbing, was held in detestation.

Muido's Judg- " She was ment of invariably

Human Nature, affected with predilection or antip- athy on first meeting a stranger, never changing the attitude thus assumed, and she always recognized him at subsequent meet- ings. Those that she liked she invited to play with her by gestures, sounds, or by touching their clothing; she would sit in their laps and take delight in being petted. Those that she disliked she treated with indifference ; if they persisted in occupying themselves with her, she at first declined their at- tentions by violent gest- ures ; if that was not suf- ficient, she would lie down, open her mouth wide, show her teeth, grunt and assume threat- ening positions. Then it became necessary to check her, lest she go farther and bite. It seemed that she formed her opinion of people from their appearance ; a kindly face, a pleasant voice, calm, aristocratic manners, gained her heart forthwith ; violent gestures, cold looks and a loud, harsh voice were repulsive to her. As to chil- dren, she liked them all without exception. She romped and played with them, and when they be- came too wild she quietly retired. She never bit or scratched a single child ; they were all as personal friends to her.

" Her affection for my wife was really touching. She regarded herself as my wife's natural protector, and whoever approached the latter or shook hands

36

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

with her always found the little Monkey ready to defend her in case of need, sitting on her shoulder cfr in her lap. Once her mistress was very sick, and the animal became sad and melancholy and would sit for hours at the door of the sick-room, demand- ing admission. After several weeks she was let in, when she immediately jumped on the bed, put her arms around my wife's neck, uttering a plaintive little sound, and could not be taken away again. Muido's Vocal " This little Monkey had a very wide Accomplish- range of vocal sounds. We distin- ments. guished thirteen different sounds, or groups of sounds, that she could utter, ranging from a low, musical chirping or purring, expressive of

■Y?SS5^

BONNET MONKEY. Found in the hot regions of Asia and Alma, and is quite common in captivity, its

amusing tricks making it very popular in museums and zoological gardens. It has very large cheek-pouches and stows away in them the greatest possible number of nuts. It is fond of hugging and nursing other animals and of searching their bodies for vermin. Its color is an olive-gray and the hair of the head is parted in the middle. [Maca* cus sinicu r.)

contentment or of a request for some favor, to the yelling and shrieking of anger ; from a softly uttered ' took took,' when she was alone in a dark room, and slightly nervous, to a loud ' teck ' that came with a violent fright. There were all kinds of cry- ing, gurgling, screaming, grunting, each expressing different stages and kinds of excitement. The most wonderful of all was what \vc used to call her ' greet- ing to the sun.' When the sun shone bright in the morning, she would look up a specially luminous spot on the table or on the floor, make strange gestures, lift her arms with a slightly swinging mo- tion, and then, addressing the sun, would give us in a loud, deep tone something like the greater half of a chromatic scale, always ending with a deep, long-

drawn ' o.' They were the strangest of sounds, and I never heard the like from any other Monkey." [Other well-known members of the Guenon group are the Mona, Talapoin and Red-bellied Monkeys, all of which are distinguished for the beauty of their fur and their striking appearance.]

MACAQUES.

A great variety of Monkeys are comprised in the genus Macaque (Macaats) in Western Africa, but scientifically speaking there are only a few kinds having a right to this name, and they, with one ex- ception, inhabit southeastern Asia. In general the Macaques have the following distinguishing traits : they are of sturdy build ; the limbs are of moderate length ; the snout pro- jects about as much as that of the Guenons; and the tail may be as long as the body, or quite stunted. The cheek- pouches and callosities are well developed. A further peculiarity of these animals is, that the hair on the head of some shows a decided parting, while in others it assumes the shape of a huge wrig, and the beard, lacking in some, is of unrivalled growth in others.

In former ages they ranged over a great part of Europe, and even now they l;o farther north than other Monkeys. The short-tailed species in- habit the north of Africa, China and Japan; the long-tailed breeds are na- tives of the East Indies. The}' resemble both the Guenons and the Bab- oons, and live sometimes in forests like the former, sometimes on rocks like the latter. As to charac- ter, they seem to possess the impudence of both ; in youth they are playful and good-natured like the Guenons ; in old age they are crabbed and cross like the Baboons. The Common The best known of this group is the Macaque of Common Macaque or Monjet ( Maca- Jaua. clls cynomolgus) , a native of Java. He attains a length of three and a half feet, the tail being about twenty inches long. The hair on the head of the male is pressed down flat, while that of the female forms a crest. Their color is brownish- green in the upper part, grayish-white in the lower ; the hands, feet and tail are black. This animal is a native of Eastern Asia, especially of the great Sunda Islands. Nearly every ship that reaches Europe from the East Indies has a number of these Monk- eys on board, as they can be purchased very reason- ably from the natives[and many of them find their way to America]. The Monkey cages in zoological

COMMON MACAQUE. This picture illustrates in a striking manner the impudence that is so strong a characterist

Macaques as of many other species of Monkeys. The Crocodiles shown in the stream are the most feared of all the enemies of the Monkey tribes. But the mischievous troop in the trees know that they are beyond the reach of the reptiles, and they are having some fun with them — the oldest and boldest males just out of reach, tne others at safer distance, but all evidently deriding their aquatic enemies with chattering glee. The Common Macaques are natives of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Batchian. They are great thieves, going out in large parties for the purpose of robbing fields of grain. They have very large shoulders and are clumsy animals. (Macacus cynomolgus.)

38

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

gardens are, therefore, mainly dependent on this species for representing the group. He resembles the Guenon in shape as well as behavior. He is easy to feed in captivity, capable of reproduction, and is often used in Monkey theatres, being easily in- structed and of a cheerful disposition ; generally playing the part of waiter or servant of some kind. The Bhunder, The Bhunder or Rhesus Monkey, also an Indian called the Markat (Macaczts rhesus), is Macaque. sajrj to be held sacred in his native country. Captain Johnson says : " A man on whose veracity I can rely, tells me that the reverence shown this Monkey is nearly as great as that which the Hoonuman (Semnopithecus entellus) inspires. The natives of Baka leave one-tenth of their harvests piled in heaps for the Monkeys, which come down

impression on them, and if one does them real injury, he endangers his own life.

Lady Barker's The story of Lady Barker's great din- Feast ner in Simla, shows how peculiarly civ- Demolished. jlized pleasures may sometimes run their course in India. Lady Barker had everything prepared for the reception of a great number of guests. She had herself decorated the table with flowers, and the choicest delicacies to be found in India and Europe were disposed about the table. When the time for dinner drew near, she retired to dress, while the servants, instead of watching the rooms, amused themselves more congenially. When she again descended, and went to cast a last glance at her work of art, she found the dining-room full of guests, but unfortunately not of the expected

BHUNDER, OR RHESUS MONKEY. This picture presents a very contented tamily of Bhunder or Rhesus Monkeys, which are

natives of British India, where, in many localities, they arc held in greatest reverence. On account of the protection thus afforded they are out- rageous thieves and have not the slightest fear of Man. The mothers are at great pains to teach their young how to steal successfully and the pupils are very apt indeed. The Bhunders, like the Sacred Monkeys, often crowd into villages, where nothing that is edible is safe from their pilfering fingers. When detected they escape punishment, because the poor natives dare not whip a creature that, in their belief, is favored of

their gods. {Macacus rhesus.)

from the hills in a large body and gather tribute."

Every Hindoo willingly gives his share

their kind. A band of Monkeys had effected an entrance through the windows and were hugely enjoying and themselves at the table. One may imagine the feel-

hereby shows a gentleness of spirit and goodness ings of the hostess, who could offer her guests noth

of heart which, though bordering on the ridiculous does him so much honor, that we might well con- form ourselves to his standard. Neither can I see anything grotesque in their protection of the ani- mals from foreigners ; I have always thought it but just that men should protect animal's. Of course the Hindoos go too far in this. It is hard for a foreigner to live with these Monkeys without waging war on

ng but the soiled remnants of a splendid feast. It was probably the same troop of Monkeys that played another trick on Lady Barker. Her Lap-Dog, "Fury," waged a continuous war on the creatures and never missed an opportunity to drive them away. Out of revenge one of the unbidden guests took the poor thing along to its tree-top. There the pitifully- howling little Dog went from hand to hand, shaken

them. It is scarcely possible to have a plantation or and tormented by all the Monkeys, and, at last, was

a garden ; for the protected rascals devastate it the most relentless manner. If one puts out guards, they are of no avail, for driven away from one side, the Monkeys make their appearance at the other; burning fires, scare-crows and such things make no

dropped into a precipice. So " Fury " met with an untimely death, and the Monkeys were avenged,

The Bhunder reaches a length of about twenty inches, its tail measuring ten inches. He is of strong, sturdy build ; the color of the fur is greenish or

THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS— MACAQUES.

39

gray in the upper part, with a yellowish tinge over the hips and buttocks ; the lower part is white, the tail greenish above, gray below. The face, ears and

*s -e gy v^w»l-u,aufc|sy^^

PIG-TAILED MACAQUES. Natives of Sumatra, Borneo, and the M

"Climbers of Palms,'' by the natives, on account of their fondness for the fruit easily domesticated. The artist has sketched them with their favorite food, comfortably upon it. (Macacus nemestrinus.)

hands are of a light copper color ; the callosities of a vivid red. The female lets her tail hang down, while the male curves his laterally and inwardly. The Magot, or The most important of all Macaques in

"Barbary a certain respect is the Magot, Barbary APe-" Ape, or Tailless Ape {Macacos syl- vanus, or Inuus ecaudatus) the only Monkey living in the wild state in Europe. As he possesses no tail, he has lately been considered as a representative of a different species, but usually he is known as the Turkish or Barbary Ape. His frame is slight, his limbs slender, his fur and beard thick. The wrin- kled face, the ears, hands and feet are flesh-colored, the callosities bright red and the body is of a red- dish-olive hue. The under surface of the body and the inner sides of the limbs are lighter and grayish. The length of a Magot is about thirty inches.

There is no doubt that this Monkey was known to the ancient Greeks under the name of Pithecus. Pliny tells us that it imitated everything, could be taught to play certain games, liked to be petted, and propagated in captivity, etc.

The Magot is a native of northwestern Africa. It would appear that the animal lives gregariously, in large troops, following the leadership of old ex- perienced males. It is very clever, cunning and scheming, agile and strong, and, in case of emer- gency, defends itself excellently with its splendid set of teeth. When the creature is excited it dis- torts its face more than any other Monkey, moving the lips in all directions and chattering with the teeth. When it is frightened it utters a short, loud scream. Desire and delight, horror and anger, are only shown by grimaces and chattering of teeth. When it is angry, it moves the wrinkled skin on the

forehead up and down, puts the snout forward, and presses the lips together in such a way as to form a small and perfectly round hole. The Magot inhab- its mountainous regions, and is as much at home on rocks as on trees. It is said that it feeds on in- sects and worms like the Baboon, and therefore keeps lifting up stones, which occasionally roll down hill and endanger the safety of passers-by. It is also thought to be very fond of Scorpions ; very adroitly twisting off their poisonous tails, and eat- ing them greedily. But it is also satisfied with small- er insects and worms, and the smaller the game the more zealously it is hunted, and the more voraciously it is eaten. The prey is carefully taken up, gazed upon with a satisfied chuckle, and speedily de- voured.

The Troop of The Magot

Magots at is the only

Gibraltar. Monkey

that inhabits Europe in a

wild state. I was told

ilay Peninsula, and are called Bruh. or u„n ] v1VJtPH the south of these trees. They are harmless and wnen \ \ lbliea Uie SOUtn the hand of one of the animals resting of Spain, that the band of

these Monkeys at Gibral- tar was rather numerous, but did not often show itself. One could see the animals looking for in-

BLACK BABOON. This picture presents the Black Baboon when

in motion upon the ground and shows its Dog-like action, a characteristic of its family. The thumbs spread out when it is walking or running and the crest and stubby tail are shaken when it is angered. (Cynocephalus niger.)

sects under stones, from the fortress, if he had a good telescope or field glass. They hardly ever

40

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

came into the gardens. Even the Spaniards do not know whether the animals originally were natives oi Europe, or whether they were imported from Africa. A. G. Smith's account of his personal experiences in this respect is very interesting. In the first place, he says that the existence of Monkeys in Europe had so often been doubted, treated as a silly story and denied by captains of ships frequenting Gibral- tar, that he himself had lost all confidence in the reports. But he came to know better, when one day he made the ascent of the rock, to the flag-pole, to enjoy the magnificent view. The sentinel guard of the flag, in the course of conversation, chanced to remark that "the Monkeys were moving." This led to a careful questioning about them and he learned the following particulars :

MAGOT, BARBARY, OR TAILLESS APE. This is the onlj membei oi the Monkej familj that lives in

Europe in the wild state, a colony of them being dwellers upon the Rock ol Gibraltar. It is about the size of a Setter Dog and a very robust animal. It is also found in the Barbary States, always living in the hilly or mountainous coun- try. In the Atlas Mountains these Monkey- are known as great thieves, making raids upon fields ol grain, where they destroy far more than they eat or take away with them, [fnuus ecaudatus.)

" The Monkeys gained a foothold on these rocks a great many centuries ago ; how and when they crossed the water is not easily determined, and the Moorish story that to this day they pass to and fro between Gibraltar and Morocco, through a sub- marine passage, is a little too much for the credulity of any one. It is a fact, though, that they live upon the rocky elevation, although greatly reduced in numbers. For a long time there were but four of them. They are seldom seen, except when the wind changes and they move to other quarters. They are not very hardy animals and dread every change of temperature, especially the shifting of the wind from east to west and vice versa, and try to shelter themselves from it behind the rocks. They are active to a degree and preferably dwell on steep,

rocky walls, where they are the sole occupants of the many holes and uneven places in the loose ground. It does not seem that they have to work very hard for their living, for they look quite slick and well-fed. They are commonly supposed to be very shy and to flee at the slightest noise ; but the sentinel denied this, and showed me a few rocks from which they had stared at him that very morn- ing, without being in the least disconcerted by his English uniform and soldierly gaze. They remained for quite a little while at the distance of twenty or thirty yards and then retired very deliberately. Yet, as one sees them so little, chiefly when they are moving, it may be concluded that the}' are of a shy, unsociable nature, for nobody ever pursues them ; they are carefully guarded from all intruders.''

Posselt's Account A year

of Gibraltar later Pos-

Monheys. Se»t says

about the same Monk- eys: "On my passage Erom Cadiz to Gibraltar I had inquired after the Monkeys and an English- man residing in Cadiz told me there were not any. Arrived in town, I learned that there were from three to fifteen Monkeys yet in exist- ence; nobody knew the exact number, as they were shy and kept to the steepest and most inaccessible parts of the rocks. Without a guide, I slowly ascended the main road leading to the signal station, and after having gone about two- thirds of the way, I took to the left and made for the highest point on the northern peak. The mag- nificent view that spread out before my eyes quite engrossed my atten- tion, and I forgot all about the Monkeys, until a sound resembling the distant yelping of a little Dog startled me. About two hundred paces in front of me was the first battery with its huge can- non pointing at Spain. On the brick platform of the battery an animal, about the size of a Scotch Terrier, was slowly running aw'ay from me, and from it the sound had come. I stopped and saw that it was a Monkey which had probably been standing guard ; for on the farther end of the platform, nearer the Mediterranean, two others were lying, lazily basking in the sunshine. Step by step I cautiously approached the interesting group, which drew to- gether and attentively looked at me. At a distance of about one hundred paces I stopped, and they soon regained their composure. They resumed their former occupation, and then started to play. They hugged each other, ran around, and, sometimes, one would enter the mouth of a cannon and come out again. In a word, they seemed thoroughly tame,

THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS— BABOON.

41

and bent on enjoying the beautiful, warm sunshine." The Tribe My brother requested the com- Protected by the mander of the fortress himself to Government. set us right in regard to these Monkeys and we received the following report from him : " The number of Monkeys at present inhabit- ing our mountain is eleven. As we have found t,hat they have no trouble in finding sufficient nourish- ment on the rocks, we do not feed them, but leave them entirely alone. The guard of the signals as well as the detectives watch over them, and see that they are in no way molested or hunted. The guard

of them, but last summer I saw as many as twenty- five together, and I think that we may safely claim as many as thirty. At this season they are not fre- quently seen, -for food and water can be found in plenty on the top of the hills. During the hot summer lack of provision compels them to come farther down, and then they cause considerable damage in the gardens. In June or July of last year there were about half a dozen young ones. The adult male is of considerable size, being about three feet high ; the largest females are also of good size, but more slenderly built, and not so strong. The

COMMON BABOON. The group of animals here depicted are often seen in captivity in Europe and the United States. They are true

Dog-headed Baboons, and their home is in the West Coast of Africa, Abyssinia and the Nile farther northward, and in eastern Equatorial Africa. They are large, and have hair of a uniform yellowish olive-green. This species is very strong and fierce when attacked, but the young

are amiable and full of pleasing tricks. The playfulness of the little or that are older. {Cyiwcephalus babitin.)

keeps an account of them and as they always keep together, he is soon made aware of an increase or a death in the family.

" Nobody knows how and when they got on the rocks, and the most divergent opinions prevail about it. Six or seven years ago their number was re- duced to three ; then Sir William Codrington, fear- ing they might die out, imported three or four from Tangier, and since then they have increased to the number named."

Lately this number has more than doubled itself. We wrote a letter of inquiry, addressed to some officer of the English garrison of Gibraltar, and Captain C. S. Shepard was kind enough to answer us, on the 18th of March, 1889, as follows :

" It is hard to determine exactly the number of our Monkeys. Day before yesterday I saw a dozen

5 indicated in the picture, as well as the teasing propensities of those

strongest male usually keeps a little aloof from the band." According to these latest reports we may rest assured that Europe's last Monkeys are not going to die out just yet.

THE BABOONS.

The Baboons (Cynocepkalics) are one of the most remarkable groups of the Monkey family, but are by no means an attractive or pleasing one. We find its members to be the ugliest, rudest, coarsest and most repulsive representatives of the Monkey tribe. We may say that the Baboon stands in the lowest degree of development of the entire Monkey world. All the nobler shapes are effaced, and all the nobler qualities of the mind are drowned in the grossest passions.

42

THE APES AND MONKEYS.

Like Aristotle, we call the Baboons Dog-headed Monkeys, for the shape of their heads resembles that of a rude, fierce Dog a little more than that of Man. In reality the resemblance between the two animals is but a superficial and unsatisfactory one, the head of a Baboon being as much a caricature of a Dog's head as the head of a Gorilla is a caricature of a Man's. But in comparison with the other Monkeys his snout is peculiar, and, therefore, we may safely leave the designation which old Aristotle gave to these animals.

Physical The Dog-headed Monkeys are the Characteristics largest in size, after the Man-shaped of Baboons. Apes. Their body is of a strong, bulky make and their muscular power is enormous. Their thick head is provided with a large, long muzzle abruptly cut off at its end, often swollen or furrowed, and endowed with a prominent, blunt nose ; the teeth resemble those of a beast of prey on account of the formidable ca- nines, which on their inner side are fur- nished with sharp edges. The lips are very mobile, the ears small, the eyes lie deep in their sockets and their expression fully reflects the Monkey's character in its true light ; it is cunning and brutal to the extreme. The limbs are short and stout, the fore-paws having five toes ; the tail may be long or short, smooth-coated !g or provided with a tuft; the cheek- pouches are large, the callosities are hid- eous and of an enor- mous size, and of a very vivid color. The long hair is some- times developed into a mane and is gener-

,, r A f. A is Possesse<:1 ot great strength. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, where its ferocity

ally Ot an Undefined brings terror to the Dogs, whom it does not hesitate to attack and frequently kill. It lives

CHACMA BABOON. Is very large, being about the size of an English Mastiff, and

is possessed of great strength. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, where its ferocity

and in their greed of animal food also attack larger animals. According to Fisher, the Baboons in east Africa not only steal chickens, but kill the small Antelopes and even the larger Bosch-boks. In plantations, and especially vineyards, Baboons cause the greatest damage ; they are even said to under- take their raids in an orderly, deliberate, and nearly military manner.

More than any other Monkeys, Baboons show, by their gait, that they are really quadrupeds. Their whole frame is adapted for progression on all fours. They resemble awkward Dogs in their gait, and even when they do stand erect they like to lean on one hand. When not hurried their walk is slow and lumbering ; as soon as they are pursued, they fall into a singular sort of gallop, which includes the most peculiar movements of the body. Their walk is distinguished by a certain bold swagger, that has to be seen to be appreciated.

Moral Their moral Traits of traits do not Baboons, contradict their exterior in the least. We will begin a description of them in Scheitlin's words : "The Baboons are all more or less bad fel- lows, always savage, fierce, impudent and malicious; their muz- zle is a coarse imita- tion of a Dog's, their face a distortion of a Dog's face. Their look is cunning, their mind wicked. They are more open to in- struction than the smaller Monkeys and have more common sense. Their imita- tive nature seems such, that they barely escape being human. They easily perceive traps and dangers, and defend them- selves with courage

earthy Or rockv Color' in hilly places, and when not engaged in making forays upon

gray, gray-green, yd- much of its time sleePine in its hiding-place : low or brownish-green.

Homes and The Baboons are found widely spread

Habits of about in Africa, Arabia and India. Dif- Baboons. ferent countries possess their individual species, but they may be common to several tracts of country.

The Baboons are, in the main, mountain Monkeys, but undoubtedly several kinds also live in forests and are better tree-climbers than one might suppose, seeing them in a country devoid of trees. In the mountains they go as high as 9,000 to 13,000 feet above the sea-level, sometimes reaching the snow- region ; but they seem to give the preference to countries having an elevation of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. The oldest travelers assure us that mountainous regions are their true home.

The food of the Baboons consists principally of onions, tubers, grass, fruit, eggs and insects of all kinds. But we may safely assume that these strong and agile fellows are not satisfied with small fry,

neighboring field, passes and bravery. As bad

the rocks. (Cynocefhalus Porcarius.) ^ y^y m&y ^ they

still are capable of being tamed in youth ; but when they become old, their gentle nature disappears, and they become disobedient ; they grin, scratch and bite. Education does not go deep enough with them. It is said that in the wild state they are more clever ; while in captivity they are gentler. Their family name is 'Dog-headed Monkeys'; if they only had the Dog's soul along with his head ! "

One cannot contradict Scheitlin ; the picture he draws is correct. The mind of the Baboon seems to be the Monkey mind in its highest development, but more in the bad than the good sense. We can- not deny that they have a few excellent qualities ; they are very fond of each other and their children ; they also become attached to their keeper and make themselves useful to him. But these good qualities are in no way sufficient to counterbalance their bad habits and passions. Cunning and malice are com- mon traits of all Baboons, and a blind rage is their chief characteristic. Their anger is as easily aroused

THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS— BABOON.

43

as a straw fire is kindled ; but it passes away by no means as quickly. A single word, a mocking smile, even a cross look, will sometimes throw the Bab- oon into a rage, in which he loses all self-control. Therefore these animals are always dangerous, as their brutality may break out at any moment. As enemies they are really terrible.

Baboons The Baboons shun Man, but in case of and their necessity they enter into combat with

Enemies. him as they do with a beast of prey. The Leopard seems to be their chief enemy, though he oftener attacks the little ones, having reasons for considering whether his fangs and claws are strong enough to cope with the teeth and hands of an adult

Africa they are said to be made use of in searching for water in the desert. They are tamed and taken along into those arid regions, where even the Bush- men only know how to get water by drops. When the supply of the liquid is running low, the Baboon is given some food containing salt and a few hours later he is turned loose at the end of a line. The poor animal, crazed with thirst, runs hither and thither, sniffs the air, tears out plants and examines them, and finally either finds a place at which to begin digging for hidden water, or hurries forward to where he is sure of finding a running stream.

The first animal that we will consider in connec- tion with this group, is a Monkey that by some is counted among the Bab- oons, by others among the Macaques. In his habits he is a true Baboon, but in his structure he dif- fers from it considerably, and this is what gave rise to the difference of opin- ion among naturalists. We must consider him as a connecting link, possess- ing the peculiarities of both species. Those who count him among the Mac- aques cannot be accused of error ; while those who believe him to be a Baboon are also in the right. The Black The Black Bab- Baboon oon ( Cynoccpha- Described. /us niger) dif- fers from the others in having only the rudi- ment of a tail and also in his muzzle. His snout is broad, flat, and short, and the nose does not project over the upper lip, Baboon- fashion, but ends about I half way back on the up- 1 per part of the snout. For these reasons this Monkey is considered the repre- sentative of a special kind, the Dog-headed Monkeys proper (Cynocephalus). Face and buttocks are de- of Abyssinia, and a void of fur, while the rest of the body is covered by

SACRED BABOON, OR HAMADRYAS. The sacred Ape of the Egyptians. Nativ

most extraordinary looking animal, with its curious adornment of hair, the head, neck, shoulders and all the for parts of the body being covered with a long and shaggy coat ; that of the back of the head and neck being more tha i foot in length. It is about the size of a Pointer Dog and the jaws are possessed of great strength. (Cynocefhalus long, WOolly hair, which is

the longest on the head,

xdryc

Baboon. Dogs, as a rule, cannot successfully fight with the Baboons, and yet these noble and brave animals know of no greater treat than a Baboon- hunt. With the exception of the Dog, the Leopard and the Lion, the Baboon has no enemies that -are very dangerous to him ; still it is to be sup- posed that his tribe have had some very disagree- able experiences in connection with the poisonous tooth of Serpents. A Baboon never rolls away a stone or investigates a bush without first making sure that no Snake is lurking there. Scorpions they do not fear, as they break off their poisonous tails with great skill and enjoy eating them as much as they do any other insect or Spider.

The usefulness of the Baboons is very slight. They are taught a great many tricks, and in South

and so arranged as to form a crest. The color of the fur and face is black, while the callosities are red. In size this Monkey is inferior to all his rela- tives. His length is only about twenty-five inches, the tail being a little over an inch long.

He is a native of the Celebes, and though he is found there in numbers, his life in the wild state is very little known.

Lately he has been shipped to Europe [and Amer- ica] and has lived for a considerable time in cap- tivity. The Black Baboon which I saw in the Amsterdam Zoological Garden seemed to enjoy life very much. He was daily brought over to the Gue- nons ; if these latter had been timid creatures, the imperious and haughty black Monkey would have tyrannized over them, but the agile crowd of Guenons

44

THE APES AXD MONKEYS.

was too quick for him. He seemed to be on friendly terms with the Macaques, and sustained very intimate relations with a female Baboon ; at least, he was very attentive to the beauty, and, in return, allowed her to look over his fur.

According to Brockmann, no other Monkey is so eligible to membership in a Monkey theatre as the Black Baboon. He learns his part in play, retains what he has learned, and " works " with real pleas- ure. Yet he is not a regular member of the stage, as he is a rare and expensive Monkey, especially if one considers his frail health when in captivity.

The Common Among the Baboons proper, the Baboon, Chacma, Common Baboon ( Cynoceplialus bab-

and Sphinx. /a/l ) ;s the best known to me, though only in captivity. He is not easily taken for the Black Baboon, nor for other Monkeys that are pro-

GELADA BABOON. With its

sents a formidable appearance, and its loo creatures encounters a body of Hamadryas battle. The legs of the Gelada are black and the

Sphinx is