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AUSTRALIAN ` ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE

| Edited by M. S. Moulds

VOLUME 7, PART 1 AUGUST, 1980

Australian Entomological Magazine is an illustrated journal devoted principally to entomology in the Australian region, including New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. It is designed for both amateur and profession? entomologists and is published bimonthly. Six parts comprise each volume

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COVER

Illustrated by Alan E. Westcott.

Depicts the citrus longicorn, Skeletodes tetrops Newman, the larvae 0 which are commonly found in decaying citrus wood in eastern New Sou Wales. Eggs are laid in dead bark, usually after damage by other longicor? species, and the larvae make shallow tunnels packed with flour-like frass: The species is not considered to be economically significant.

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Phone: 43-3972

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Magazine

Aust. ent. Mag.

Volume 7, Part 1 August, 1980

CROP EVERSION IN CHAOBORID LARVAE (DIPTERA)

By D. H. Colless CSIRO, Division of Entomology, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City, 2601

Abstract

perh On the available evidence it seems likely that the larva of Chaoborus normally, but

Ed Optionally, voids tne remains of its prey by everting the crop. For other chaoborid

only 4 the evidence is less convincing, and crop eversion, as seen in specimens, may ‘be ап artefact of preservation.

(th With one known exception, the larvae of Chaoboridae are aquatic predators 1977. “eption is the filter-feeding Australomochlonyx nitidus Freeman; Colless ined However, the way that they consume their prey seems unique amongst Seach Mature chaoborid larvae prey mainly on small crustaceans (copepods, ihe and cladocerans); but larger creatures, such as mosquito larvae or © chaoborids, may sometimes be taken (Edwards 1932, Wesenberg-Lund Tha’ Deonier 1943, James 1957, O'Connor 1959. Swift and l'edorenko 1975). Y is swallowed whole into a long, distensible, muscular crop that К erates Posteriorly at a sphincter that may bear spines or plates, forming т ae Strong contractions of the crop squeeze the prey and expressed body 105 are filtered at the sphincter while being pumped to the midgut. According ack р adsky (1945) digestion, too, occurs іп the crop, by enzymes pumped Tom the midgut.

осс So much seems well established, as is, too, the fact that larvae are only ty seen with prey in the crop. It follows that the pellet of compressed ans is voided from time to time, and that it must be voided through the

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2 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 198!

mouth, since the pellet could not pass the sphincter; but the question remain precisely how is it ejected? |

The question would be pretty trivial were it not for a striking al! unusual feature of chaoborid larvae: preserved specimens often have the cro completely prolapsed through the mouth opening. Edwards (1932) describe! this as a feature of all genera of Chaoboridae with the possible exception o Corethrella; and І can now report having observed it іп a specimen of # undescribed Australian species in that genus. The fact that eversion of the cr tends to be uniformly present or absent in a given batch of specimens shoW that the phenomenon, as seen, is an artefact of preservation. No doubt it! caused by a sudden increase in blood pressure through diffusion of fixati“ or muscular contraction; Deonier (1943) reports eversion following lig! pressure with a needle. Nonetheless, if the crop is so easily everted, it mig! perhaps occur naturally as a means of ejecting the remains of the prey. Af that would add yet another distinctive feature to a most unusual kind of feedin! behaviour.

Two authors have asserted that in Chaoborus eversion is in fact a norm feature of behaviour (Herms 1937, for C. astictopus Dyar and Shannon; ай Montshadsky 1945, for C. crystallinus de Geer). Herms was retailing observa! ions by a trusted field officer, R. W. Burgess, who had abundant opportuni to study live material; and Montshadsky leaves no doubt that he actuall observed prolapse of the crop. In addition James (1957) states that in Mochion)’ velutinus (Кийе) remains of the prey are ‘ejected by the eversible crop’; 0 it is not clear whether he actually observed eversion to occur.

On the other hand Deonier (1943), also studying C. astictopus, found th! the crop was emptied simply by reverse peristalsis. He saw eversion ‘only Í injured specimens’. Likewise O’Connor (1959) observed only ‘regurgitation "ў Mochlonyx cinctipes (Сод.). І сап add to these my own observation of a sin case of reverse peristalsis (and none of eversion) in larvae of an Australi? species of Chaoborus (“Ingham species”, undescribed). It is extremely difficu to catch a larva at the precise moment of clearing its crop; but if eversion W regularly practised by larvae in the batch that I watched, then retraction m" have been very rapid.

The simplest interpretation of these conflicting reports would be th! both forms of behaviour occur. However, most folk would, I think, гета! suspicious of the: eversion story without additional supporting evidence. Аз! happens, this can be easily. found in the case of Chaoborus. Measurements 0 two Australian species and on Figure За in Herms (1937) show that the cr constitutes about one quarter of the total length of the gut. If, then, a larva? regularly and suddenly to protrude through its mouth such a substantial p? of its viscera, we might expect to find correlated adaptations that act " minimise traumatic side effects. And such a feature is plainly evident in th posterior segment of the oesophagus. This segment is about as long as the cr but much narrower, with a fine lumen and walls of compact muscle that inclu? conspicuous longitudinal members. It should therefore serve admirably as ®

E

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980 3

elastic device to absorb both shock and displacement if the crop were suddenly everted. Indeed, it is hard to imagine what other function it could serve.

I therefore find it quite credible that Chaoborus larvae have eversion ¢ Crop as a normal, but optional feature of behaviour. The option might e exercised only when the fully compressed prey still distends the crop past some limiting volume, through capture of an unusually large creature or several Smaller ones in quick succession. Such distension could be expected to increase

e larva’s blood pressure so as to assist, if not by itself to meditate, eversion Of the crop.

On the other hand, there is little to suggest that such behaviour occurs normally in other chaoborid genera. My own observation of Australomochlonyx, omochlonyx, Mochlonyx (M. culiformis de Geer), Eucorethra and Corethrella unnamed species) show that all have the crop connected to the midgut by a Short and unremarkable segment of oesophagus. It is therefore hard to believe that in these genera frequent and total eversion of the crop would not be damaging to the rest of the gut. It might, of course, occur occasionally as an Unfortunate addicent, of a kind that the highly specialised Chaoborus has turned to its benefit.

A final question: how is the prolapsed crop retracted? According to Montshadsky (1945) it is "swallowed with the help of the mouthparts and the antennae”. In fact, it is a fair conjecture that the protruding crop is perceived 3$ prey and eaten in the normal fashion. So it may be no coincidence that, as

dis noted by Montshadsky, Chaoborus does little physical damage to its prey ile Swallowing it!

of th

References

Colless, p, H., 1977. A possibly unique feeding mechanism in a dipterous larva (Diptera: Deonje, Culicidae: Chaoborinae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 16: 335-339. Somers Gi C., 1943. Biology of the immature stages of the Clear Lake Gnat (Diptera, Culicidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 36: 383-388. > F. W., 1932, Diptera. Fam. Culicidae. Genera Insect. fasc. 194. ] > №. B., 1937. The Clear Lake Gnat. Bull. Calif. Agric. Exp. Stn. 607: 1-22. ames, H, G., 1957. Mochlonyx velutinus (Ruthe) (Diptera: Culicidae), an occasional Predator of mosquito larvae. Can. Ent. 89: 470-480. Г - Sky, A., 1945. О mechanizme pishchevareniia y lichinok Chaoborus (Diptera, ос Culicidae). Zool. Zh, 24: 90-97. И н 1 - Оппог, С. T., 1959. The life history of Mochlonyx cinctipes (Coquillet) (Diptera: . Culicidae). Алп. ent. Soc. Am. 52: 519-523. Swift, M. C. and Fedorenko, A. Y., 1975. Some aspects of prey capture by Chaoborus We larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 418-425. Senberg-Lund, C., 1943. Biologie der Stisswasserinsecten. Gyldendal, Copenhagen.

Montshad

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SEXTIUS VIRESCENS (FAIRMAIRE! (HOMOPTERA, MEMBRACIDAE) ON ACAC/A IN VICTORIA

By L. Cookson and T. R. New Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083.

Abstract

Sextius virescens is univoltine near Melbourne, Victoria, with eggs being the major overwintering stage. Adults may live for more than 30 weeks. Host range, reproductive and defensive behaviour are briefly described, and notes given on insect predators and parasites: Records of Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae and Pipunculidae are the first from an Austral

jan membracid. Introduction | The green membracid Sextius virescens (Fairmaire) is one of the more common insects on acacias in south-eastern Australia (Froggatt, 1902), but. little information has been published on its biology and life history. Kitching (1974) described and differentiated the early stages of S. virescens, and Kitching | and Filshie (1974) used S. virescens for their study of the anal apparatus of. membracid nymphs. Virtually no biological information is available for othe! Australian Membracidae, although a number of host records were summarised by Evans (1966). А one year study of S. virescens near Melbourne, Victoria, augmented by observations over several years, has enabled some clarification of its life history |

to be made, and has yielded preliminary data on its insect parasites and predators | in this area.

- Methods

Direct total counts of adults and nymphs were made, and the incidence of eggs noted at weekly or fortnightly intervals from February 1978 to February 1979 on 93 Acacia trees (all < 3 years old and mostly ca. 1 m in height) representing 18 species (Appendix 1) on the La Trobe University campus. Additional larger trees in the same area were used as the source of laboratory | material and membracids were maintained in the laboratory on potted seedlings: mainly of A. decurrens. Terminal branch lengths were cut and brought to the.

laboratory for examination for eggs, and possible predators were collected by. direct searching (small trees) or beating (larger trees). |

Life History |

The months in which eggs, nymphs and adults were found are shown in

Fig. 1, which clearly shows that S. virescens is univoltine. Adults first appeared | in December, and were abundant from January until March. Thereafter, there was a progressive decline in adult numbers, although a few persisted | through the winter until late September and early October. Oviposition | commenced about one month after appearance of the first adults, and healthy. unhatched eggs were present until the following November, although many

hatched in October. During most of November and December only nymphs were present, and a few late instar nymphs occurred until April (on three of 93 trees). Most became adult within about two months of eclosion.

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980 5

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Fig. 1. Summary of periods of occurrence of eggs, nymphs. and adults of S. virescens on Acacia near Melbourne, 1977-78 (width of bar proportional to abundance, months denoted by initial letter from July to June).

The egg is thus the major overwintering stage, and eggs remain unhatched for eight to nine months. In 1978 most hatched during the latter half of October. П а sample taken on October 19 most eggs were unhatched but showed the SYespots characteristic of advanced embryos and on October 31 large numbers 9f first and second instar nymphs and few unhatched eggs were found. This relatively short hatching period is suggestive of an egg diapause. Early instar nymphs were scarce after late November.

Marking, using coloured nail polish, and subsequent release of field-

Collected adults showed that longevity could be as long as 33 weeks or more. Onitoring of marked adults also showed that an individual may occur on more ап one host species, and that adults from the same original host may disperse

to several different hosts.

Many adults undergo a progressive colour change with age, changing from tight green to dull yellow. Yellowing starts in the region of the suprahumeral Orns, and progresses posteriorly. It does not occur in all individuals, however,

‘nd thus differs from the more general colour change associated with maturity

In Some other membracids (Wood, 1975).

Mating

р S. virescens does not show any elaborate female display such as, for Xample, that recorded in Umbonia crassicornis Amyot and Serville by Wood (1974), Before mating, S. virescens males initially either stopped beside, or Walked behind, a female. The male then sits on the female, usually directly К Ove her, with his head at or behind the level of her suprahumeral horns for im 9r two days. Up to three males were seen sitting on one female, even if on tended females were near. Copulation occurs with the partners facing in PPosite directions which is the usual membracid position.

6 ; Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980

Oviposition

Eggs are laid in a single row in slits cut through the bark of young Асасй branches (Froggatt, 1902). The eggs are deposited between the bark and underlying cortex.

Initially the ovipositor is lowered at right angles to the branch and tht substrate palpated repeatedly until a site for commencement of cutting has been selected. The tip of the ovipositor is then forced into the bark, and thé female moves progressively backwards, opening a narrow vertical slit. After û short period of rest, during which the ovipositor is sheathed, the abdomen ii arched forwards and the ovipositor used to cut deeper and push laterally int part of the slit, broadening the cut from about 0.1 mm to about 0.3 mm wide: After cutting in this manner for a single arching of the abdomen, an egg Ё inserted into the slit. The ovipositor is withdrawn, sheathed, and the proces repeated after several minutes until a row of eggs has been laid. One femal? observed took an hour to lay eight eggs.

Slit lengths and numbers of eggs per slit found in field-collected samples from three Acacia species are shown in Table 1. Slits in А. decurrens wer usually slightly longer than on the other two tree species, and the difference may reflect structural feartures of the different hosts. In particular, A.verticillati has whorls of phyllodes separated by only short lengths of stem.

TABLE 1 Oviposition slit lengths of Sextius virescens, and numbers of eggs contained in slits, on three Acacia species (bulked samples, 1978)

Host No. of slits Slit length Egg number examined (mm, mean + s.d., range) (mean + s.d., range A. decurrens 75 9.21 + 2.0 (2.5-16.5) 13.9 + 4.3 (0-25) A. verticillata 25 7.18 + 1.5 (4.5-10.0) 12.2 + 3.5 (6-19) A. acinacea 25 7.40 + 1.6 (3.0-11.0) 12.0 + 3.2 (5-16)

In some instances, slits were not completely filled with eggs, and several empty slits were found. These may reflect females being distracted durin oviposition. More rarely-the females make individual slits for each of several eggs

Dissection of females throughout their period of occurrence gave al overall average (n = 160) of 16.2 + 6.3 fully developed (chorionated) eggs; ? figure slightly higher than the average number contained in a single slit. Th? greatest number of developed ovarian eggs was 35, strongly suggesting thd! a single female may sometimes make more than one slit at oviposition. Clos synchronisation of eclosion of nymphs from adjacent slits may also sugges! this. Newly adult females had a mean ovarian count of only 0.4 eggs, and females taken from precopulatory pairs contained a mean of 5.1 eggs (N = 1 in each case).

Females appear to be considerably more abundant than males. Overal sex ratio for samples examined was 21% males (N = 978), with several sma populations containing only females. No samples from any individual tree wert

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Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980 7

found with more males than females (maximum 46.4% males, N = 181). In general, the proportion of males was higher in close aggregations than in more dispersed 'groups', possibly reflecting a greater tendency for males to disperse.

Natural enemies

i There appear to be no records of natural enemies of Australian Membrac- idae and, in general, the family has few parasites and predators recorded from elsewhere in the world (Funkhouser, 1950). Wood (1975) discussed predation Y lizards on several new world Membracidae, and Hinton (1976) noted the Possible defensive function of aggregation. Hinton commented that ‘the mere Presence of the adult above a batch of eggs may ensure their greater survival Simply by blocking the approach of casual predators and parasites’.

All Stages of S. virescens were examined for the incidence of insect Parasites and several possible arthropod predators were tested against them artificial conditions to determine whether they could utilise them as prey. ttebrate predators of Sextius were observed.

P Arasites

O Ve

One (possibly two) species of Mymaridae and one of Trichogrammatidae reared from S. virescens eggs, and four adult Sextius were found parasitised Y a Pipunculid fly. No parasites were found in Sextius nymphs. The Mymaridae are two of three known species (all undescribed) which Че apparently referable to а new genus of Anagrini, near Stethynium Enoch, (New, unpublished). The trichogrammatid is represented only by four somewhat damaged Specimens. The pipunculid was determined as Pipunculus sp. by Dr D.H. oll Ss (CSIRO). Specimens of all will ultimately be deposited in the Australian ational Insect Collection, Canberra. Comments on the individual species follow.

One species of mymarid was common. Fifty egg slits (total 677 eggs) n overall level of parasitism of 39.4%. Thirty eight of these slits contained © parasitised eggs, but only in seven were all eggs parasitised. The wasp in У Oviposits in S. virescens eggs before winter, and its pupae were found ang йө Ый eggs in late winter. Parasites emerged mainly during September E Were found walking on infested branches in the field at that time. They DUE to attack mainly eggs that were at least partially exposed. Eggs x closed completely by the slit, or by encrusted dried sap or debris were only “ely parasitised.

T A Single specimen of a second mymarid species was found in a box Ontaining S. virescens eggs in the laboratory in August 1978. The association

A Not been confirmed, but there did not appear to be any other possible St in the container.

Were

Save а

А Тһе trichogrammatid is known from one clear incidence. An egg slit on ovi “currens examined on October 19 contained an adult wasp in the act of m eee Wasps subsequently emerged from several other eggs in the same

` “1 contrast to many other egg parasites, which normally attack before

8 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 198

appreciable development of the host embryo has occurred, this species cil successfully attack well-developed eggs.

The fully developed pipunculid larva broke out of the adult Sextius Y the junction of the thorax and abdomen. The larvae pupated on the cage flo% about a day later, and the two adults reared emerged after about three weeks The parasitised adults were field-collected, but it is likely that the fly attack later nymphs, a habit common in Pipunculidae reared from other hosts

It thus appears that the greatest parasite mortality is inflicted йшй the egg stage, predominantly by one species of mymarid.

Predators

Adults and nymphs of the mantis Orthodera ministralis (F) were observé feeding on adult Sextius in the field. In the laboratory, adult O. ministrall could eat up to seven adults a day. First instar Orthodera were unable !' handle S. virescens larger than third instar, but readily fed on young nymphs Adult earwigs (Forficula auricularia L), and last instar larvae of ChrysoP! edwardsi Banks also fed readily on nymphs of S. virescens under confine! conditions, but could not capture adults. Several spiders were seen feeding 0 adult membracids on Acacia trees, and a species of Thomisidae ate up to tw! adults a day in the laboratory.

Discussion А

S. virescens was by far the most abundant membracid found in Acal during this study. It is univoltine, with eggs comprising the major ov! wintering stage, and the level of egg parasitism is high. Balduf (1928) show! (for parasitism of Ceresa bubalus eggs by Polynema Striaticorne Girault) thi avoidance of synchronous parasitism of all eggs could be important in епѕшій the continuity. of the parasite, as growth or shifting of bark could influen? egg availability. This may possibly occur in S. virescens, as the long period © egg incubation and rapid growth of young Acacia branches could combine " affect egg position. Maternal brooding and such devices as a ‘froth cove! (Wood and Patton, 1971: Enchenopa binotata Say) are not available f? protection of S. virescens eggs, and egg insertion into plant tissue is thus th major ‘protective mechanism’ available. It is not known whether the level ? parasitism found reflects only one generation or several compounded generatio? of the parasite over the period: laboratory emergences strongly suggest only! single parasite generation, as most parasites emerged over a very short perio In contrast to eggs, the nymphs and adults have only low levels © parasitism. The incidence of Pipunculus (although low) is of considerab! interest in documenting an unusual host record, as these flies are more usual! associated with other groups of Homoptera. Most of the few host records 0 Australian Pipunculidae are of species from leaf hoppers (Hardy, 1964), and C? (1966) indicated that each pipunculid genus is usually limited to one ho% family, e.g. Pipunculus to Cicadellidae. | No evidence was found of egg predation, but several predators of Jat stages are recorded. Both mantids and spiders were listed amongst predato

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9 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980

of membracids by Funkhouser (1917), and these were the only field records of predators during our work. Chrysopa edwardsi is the most abundant chrysopid Оп Acacia in southern Victoria and, as larvae readily ate membracids when Confined, this may reflect a regular feeding association.

Kitching and Filshie (1974) suggested that the anal whip of S. virescens nymphs might act as a defense against natural enemies, believing that the whip (which is extruded and ‘whipped’ when nymphs are physically disturbed) might Make it difficult for predators to manouvre to grasp the prey. Against the above-mentioned predators, however, the whip was used only after the nymph ha already been gripped or picked up, and its action did not then cause the Predators to release their prey. We suggest that the anal whip could also be a useful adaptation to a sedentary existence. Nymphs of both S. virescens and

ebes transiens (Walker) were seen on many occasions with small drops of Oneydew dispersed on the substrate in a semicircle around the abdomen at a Stance approximating the length of the extended anal whip. It is well known that body contamination with honeydew is deleterious to some Homoptera ау, 1963), and S. virescens nymphs with honeydew on their bodies appeared d be agitated and often to have their movement substantially impaired. inton (1976) showed that gregarious Membracidae (which are usually ant- Nded) often have shorter anal tubes than solitary species. However, some More Solitary Species (such as C. transiens) and individuals (many Sextius) are Often only irregularly ant-attended, and removal of honeydew may become relatively important.

Other membracids found on Acacia during this work were Ceraon vitta (Walker) (on 4. decurrens, A. pycnantha, A. retinodes), Cebes transiens (Walker) decurrens) and Acanthucus trispinifer (Fairmaire) (4. decurrens). Host "cords for the latter two species have apparently not been previously published, ` bitta was recorded from A. decurrens by Goding (1903), who also recorded Pogonella bispinus (Stal) from this host. Evans (1966) commented that Several species are known to live on acacias, which he noted as being hosts S4 very few Australian cicadellids. However, little is known of the hostplant relations of most Australian Membracidae and speculation that they may Specialise On acacias is premature. Clearly S. virescens utilises host species rom severa] sections of the genus Acacia, but is known only from Acacia, and ere is no evidence of transfer between Acacia and herbaceous plants as Balduf (1928) found for Ceresa bubalus (F). Although there were marked differences A numbers of individuals on different Acacia species, there was also considerable Variation in numbers between plants of the same species. It is, therefore, difficult О Suggest Whether particular host species are ‘preferred’ by S. virescens as differences in numbers may merely reflect differences in individual tree condition. “ndency to form aggregations introduces a further bias into such estimations ased on numbers alone. Although S. virescens is noted as being ‘subsocial’ by Tn (1976) [apparently extrapolating from a comment by Kitching (1974) at "all Stages may be found together on the same plant], this behaviour is Much legs Pronounced than in some other membracids (Hinton, 1976), and Secondary’ aggregations are formed by adults becoming grouped.

| ERA A

10 Aust. ent. Мад. 7(1), August, 1980

Acknowledgements This paper includes data from a thesis submitted for the B.Sc. Honour degree at La Trobe University by L.C. Additional data were obtained with thé technical assistance of Mrs J. TenBerge and Miss P. Fischer. We also thank D! D. H. Colless for his identification of the pipunculid parasite.

Appendix 1 List of Acacia species on which S. virescens were found, 1978.

A. acinacea Lindl. А. mucronata Willd.

A. armata R.Br., A. obliquinervia M. Tindale.

A. botrycephala (Vent.) Desf. A. podalyriifolia A. Cunn.

A. buxifolia A. Cunn. A. pravissima F. Muell.

A. decurrens (J. Wendl.) Willd. A. pycnantha Benth.

A. floribunda (Vent.) Willd. A. retinodes Schlecht.

A. hakeoides A. Cunn. A. stricta (Andr.) Willd.

А. mearnsii Willd. A. suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.

A. melanoxylon R.Br. A. verticillata (L'Herit.) Willd. References

Balduf, W. V., 1928. Observations on the buffalo tree hopper, Ceresa bubalus Fabr. (Ment bracidae, Homoptera) and the bionomics of an egg parasite, Polynema striaticorn? Girault (Mymaridae, Hymenoptera). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 21: 419-435.

Coe, R. L., 1966. Diptera: Pipunculidae. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 10(2c): 1-83.

Evans, J. W., 1966. The leafhoppers and froghoppers of Australia and New Zealand (Hort optera: Cicadelloidea and Cercopoidea). Мет. Aust. Mus. 12: 1-347.

Froggatt, W. W., 1902. Insects of the wattle trees. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 13: 701-720.

Funkhouser, W. D., 1917. Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Men Cornell. Univ. agric. Exp. Stn. 11: 177-445.

Funkhouser, W. D., 1950. Homoptera, fam. Membracidae. Genera Insectorum 208: 1-383:

Goding, F. W., 1903. A monograph of the Australian Membracidae. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 28: 2-41.

Hardy, D. E., 1964. A re-study of the Perkins types of Australian Pipunculidae (Diptera) and the type of Pipunculus vitiensis Muir from Fiji. Aust. J. Zool. 12: 84-125

Hinton, Н. E., 1976. Subsocial behaviour and biology of some Mexican membracid bugs Ecol. Entomol. 2: 61-79.

Kitching, R. L., 1974. The immature stages of Sextius virescens (Fairmaire) (Homopter?' Membracidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 13: 55-60.

Kitching, R. L. and Filshie, B. K., 1974. The morphology and mode of action of the anal apparatus of membracid nymphs with special reference to Sextius virescel (Fairmaire) (Homoptera). J. Entomol. (A)49: 81-88.

Way, M. J., 1963. Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing Homoptera. Ал! Rev. Entomol. 8: 307-344.

Wood, T. K., 1974. Aggregating behaviour of Umbonia crassicornis (Homoptera: Membra” idae). Can. Ent. 106: 169-173.

Wood, T. K., 1975. Defense іп two pre-social membracids (Homoptera: Membracidae) Can. Ent. 107: 1227-1231.

Wood, T. К. and Patton, К. L., 1971. Egg froth distribution and deposition by Enchenop! binotata (Homoptera: Membracidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 64: 1190-1191.

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Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980 11

SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON GRAPHIUM FELIXI (JOICEY AND NOAKES) (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

By D. L. Hancock Department of Entomology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 40671

Abstract The systematic position of Graphium felixi (Joicey & Noakes) is examined. Currently

NUM as a form of С. thule (Wallace), it is here placed as a subspecies of G. deucalion Oisduval) (stat. nov.).

Introduction

(hi In May and June, 1914, A. C. and F. Pratt collected on the island of Biak Пап Jaya) a small series of a butterfly subsequently described by Joicey and P (1915) as Papilio felixi. Although Joicey and Noakes stated that their a Species was close to, but distinct from, Р. thule Wallace, the taxon is Fae treated as Graphium thule form felixi. D’Abrera (1971) noted that X7 is restricted to Biak, whereas the other described forms of thule, f. princeps DSL f. leuthe Grose-Smith and f. thule, occur throughout the species’ nam Furthermore, the behaviour of felixi differs from that of thule (R. Taatman, pers, comm.). Examination of the male genitalia also suggests that

Se two taxa are not conspecific.

Systematic relationships

uy The male genitalia of eight of the twelve species in the Graphium macareus vill [encelades (Boisduval), xenocles (Doubleday), delessertii (Guérin-Méne- 2» 'amaceus (Westwood), macareus (Godart), megarus (Westwood), deucalion Sisduval) and thule] were dissected and compared with those of felixi (Fig. 1). ma eight species only two, deucalion (Fig. 2) and thule (Fig. 3), have the of 5 Spiny process of the valva deeply emarginate and “finger-like”. The valva hule differs from that of deucalion and felixi in being distally emarginate tes aving the row of spines on this edge much reduced. In pattern also felixi

embles deucalion, being distinct from thule.

3

a and clasper of: (1) Graphium deucalion felixi; (2) G. deucalion deucalion;

Figs 1-3. Valv (3) с. thule.

Pre, Sent address; Plant Protection Res. Inst., P.O. Box 8100, Causeway, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

EE.

12 Aust. ent. Мад. 7(1), August, 198

Graphium felixi should therefore be removed from the thule complex and the question now arises as to whether it should be given species status 0 associated with deucalion, which is comprised of two subspecies, typicd deucalion in Sulawesi and subspecies leucadion in the Northern Moluccas Evidence of a faunal affinity between Biak, the Moluccas and Sulawesi is seen й other organisms: the owl Otus manadensis Quoy & Gaimard occurs as separat subspecies in Sulawesi and the Lesser Sundas, in the Moluccas and on Biak, уй is absent from the mainland of New Guinea and other associated islands such ® Waigeu and Mefor (Hekstra, 1973). Similarities in dispersal patterns betwee! butterflies and birds have been demonstrated by Holloway and Jardine (1968) and felixi is thus associated with deucalion.

The classification of deucalion and thule should therefore be amended as follows:— Graphium deucalion G. d. deucalion (Boisduval) [Sulawesi] С. а. leucadion (Staudinger) [N. Moluccas] С. d. felixi (Joicey and Noakes) stat. nov. [Biak] Graphium thule G. thule f. thule (Wallace) [New Guinea] G. thule f. princeps (Weymer) [New Guinea] G. thule f. leuthe (Grose-Smith) [New Guinea]

Graphium stratocles (C. & R. Felder), from the Philippines, is probably most closely allied to these two species, all three having the pale scales of th? fore wing upperside narrow and hair-like.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Dr I. F. B. Common (ANIC, Canberra), Mr E. С. Dahm’ (Queensland Museum) and Mr T. L. Fenner (DPI, Port Moresby) for the loaf of specimens used in this study, Mr Ray Straatman for his comments on th? behaviour of felixi and Dr T. E. Woodward for his supervision of the projet of which this paper is a part. I also wish to thank Mr R. I. Vane-Wright and Mrs R. Arora of the British Museum (Natural History) for providing a detailed figure of the male genitalia of felixi.

References

D’Abrera, B., 1971. Butterflies of the Australian region. Lansdowne, Melbourne. 415 pP [Text relating to G. felixi repeated verbatum in second edition, 1978.]

Hekstra, G. P., 1973. Scops and screech owls (Otus, Lophostrix). Chapter 6 in Burton, J. А (ed.), Owls of the world—their evolution, structure and ecology. Peter Lowe Netherlands. 216 pp.

Holloway, J. D. and Jardine, N., 1968. Two approaches to zoogeography: a study based 0! the distributions of butterflies, birds and bats in the Indo-Australian area. Pro’ Linn. Soc. Lond. 179: 153-188.

Joicey, J. J. and Noakes, A., 1915. New butterflies and a moth from Biak. Trans. ent Soc. Lond. 1915: 177-197.

, mal

Aust. ent. Mag, 7(1), August, 1980 13

THECLINESTHES MISKINI (T. P. LUCAS) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM NORTH-WESTERN IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA

By A. Sibatani 30 Owen Street, Lindfield, N.S.W. 2070

Abstract Theclinesthes miskini (T. P. Lucas) is recorded for the first time from the Vogelkop

a of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Though somewhat different, the population is tentatively ced as subsp. feminalba Sibatani and Grund.

Introduction In the Irian Jaya (Indonesia)/Papua New Guinea region Theclinesthes miskini (T. P. IS represented by three subspecies: arnoldi (Fruhstorfer), 1916, with usually blue an апа which is widely distributed in the Bismarck Archipelago and southern half of [om New Guinea; feminalba Sibatani and Grund, 1978, with darker males and whitish Isl ds found on the eastern end of the north coast of Irian Jaya and on Manam and Karkar ‘nds, Papua New Guinea; and brandti Sibatani and Grund, 1978, with sparsely blue-scaled

Lucas) Males д

ales and greyish-blue females from the Admiralty Islands, Papua New Guinea. the Here I record a population of this species from the Vogelkop area of Irian Jaya where e CIS has so far been unknown. It does not agree with any known subspecies exactly, cause of the very small number of available specimens I place it tentatively as

a pecies feminalba. Below 1 describe the two sexes following the convention of Sibatani nd Grund (1978).

Theclinestes miskini feminalba Sibatani and Grund, 1978 Vogelkop population MATE (Figs 1, 2) 150-6 RIAL EXAMINED: INDONESIA: Irian Jaya, north of Arfak Mountains, Warumare m, 1 6, 1 9, 28.1.1974 (T. Nishizawa) in collection of A. Sibatani. ma Male 13 mm (Fig. 1). Above dark brown; blue areas without violet tinge and limited , Caudal half of proximal part of both wings; subterminal lunules in caudal half of hind

wi y ili 1 t 5 H . Ê white on fore wing, chequered on hind wing; otherwise similar to feminalba. pe.

dull Female 13 mm (Fig. 2). Above ground colour somewhat paler than in male; proximally E: EE blue in caudal half of both wings; blue area distad extending beyond discocellular (aot fore Wing, limited as in male on hind wing; cilia white, slightly dark at veins on fore

More clearly chequered on hind wing; otherwise as in feminalba.

Wing,

BZ Theclinestes miskini feminalba Sibatani and Grund, Vogelkop population; upper- Side (left), underside (right). (1) д, (2) 9. Scale: 1 cm.

14 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980

COMMENTS :

The male differs from any known subspecies of miskini in its very restricted plu areas above. The dull blue colour of the famale is rather similar to, but less extensive thal that of the female of subspecies brandti.

Acknowledgements

I thank Mr T. Nishizawa, Tokyo, for his generous gift of the specimens and Mr D. P. Sands for critical reading of the manuscript.

Reference Sibatani A. and Grund, R. B., 1978. A revision of the Theclinesthes onycha compl? (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Туб to Ga (Transactions of the Lepidopterologicl Society of Japan) 29(1): 1-34.

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The attention of readers is drawn to the existence of a Register ol Bibliographies in Progress maintained at La Trobe University Library on beh of the Australian Advisory Council on Bibliographical Services (AACOBS).

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LIST OF ENTOMOLOGISTS AND RELATED SPECIALISTS

Data are being assembled on the entomologists of the world: authors collectors, dealers, acarologists, and related specialists. These data will be таё available for use in data retrieval systems. The purpose is to establish а dat? bank for working with entomology and related fields (mathematics, biometry: colour, etc). No attempt has been made to be exclusive; the list is to be inclusive If you would like your name to be included write to: Dr Kent H. Wilson, P.O. Box 1097, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034, U.S.A.

RESEARCH WORKERS ON HOMOPTERA: AUCHENORRHYNCHA

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| ' |

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(1), August, 1980 15

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. Moulds ATKINS, Andrew b М 1978. А collecting trip to Western Australia: a list of butterflies captured and some biological notes. Victorian Ent. June, 1978: 25-29. ANONYMOUS 1977. The European wasp—a new threat to W.A. W. Aust. J. Agric. 18(3): 106-108, illustr. 1 Hymenoptera: Vespula (Paravespula) germanica, Polistes variabilis 978. Why the wasps wing in. Sci. Aust. 2(6): 39, illustr. 1 Hymenoptera: Sirex noctilio 978. Black cockatoos and fallen trees. Ecos 17: 25-27, illustr. 19 Lepidoptera: Cossidae: Xy/eutes boisduvali 78. лыла war against lucerne aphids. Jn Research news. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 89(1): -51, illustr. 1978. Lucerne seed wasp control for researches. Jn Research news. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. B 89(1): 49. [Discusses work of E. L. Jones.] AIN, John 1979. The Australian longhorns Aridaeus thoracicus and Didymocantha obliqua (Col- B €optera: Cerambycidae) established in New Zealand. N.Z. Ent. 7(1): 49-51, 1 fig. ATEMAN, M. A. 1978. Chemical methods for suppression or eradication of fruit fly populations. Jn: Drew, R. A. L, Hooper, G. H. S. and Bateman, M. A., Economic fruit flies of the BRO South Pacific region. Oriental Fruit Fly Worker’s Party, Brisbane. Pp. 112-125. TANE? Robert S. 979. Some Observations on the behaviour of the red-and-black spider, Nicodamus BU bicolor (Theriidae). West. Aust. Nat. 14(5): 121-123. RNS) Gordon 978. Dent neglect the fluorescent light. Victorian Ent. June, 1978: 30. Oleoptera: 26 species listed from Mornington, Victoria. CLAUSEN, Philip J. 977. д revision of the Nearctic, neotropical, and Palearctic species of the genus Ochthera, including one Ethiopian species, and one new species from India. Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 103: 451-529. чалу 5 Ochthera pilimana

Cn oan Insecticides can kill bees. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(4): 45, illustr. 1978. A revision of Acrometopia Schiner and closely related genera. Beitr. Ent., Berlin Co 28(2): 223-250, text-figs 1-67. LLESS, р. H. 79. Homologies in elements of the larval labrum in Chaoboridae and Culicidae DALE (Diptera). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 21-24, text-figs 1 & 2. 1974 B., FORRESTER, №. W., HOLLAND, J. Е. and SUTHERLAND, S. J. M. 9. Success with dryland grain sorghum. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(5): 18-21 illustr. Dy Diptera: Contarinia sorghicola CE, A. L. 1979, Culicoides radicitus Delfinado: a synonym of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 52. FORRESTER, NW. ronides) s

КАР: Insects reduce oil quality in sunflowers. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(3): 44-45, illustr.

97 e and DOMROW, Robert - The family Hypoderidae (Acari) in Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 103(1): FLET 43-46, text-figs 1-5. O MER, Brian S. 79. The overwintering survival of adults of the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni, under natural conditions. Aust. J. Zool. 27(3): 403-411, tables 1-3, text-fig. 1.

1

16 Aust. ent. Мад. 7(1), August, 1980

McEVEY Shane 1979. No title. Jn Exhibits. Victorian Ent. 9(3): 21. Lepid.: Jalmenus icilius from Laharum, Grampians; Anisynta spp from W. Gipsland. MAIN, Barbara York 1979. An unusual method of spoil disposal during burrow excavation by the trapdoo! spider Anidiops villosus (Rainbow). West. Aust. Nat. 14(5): 115-117, text-figs 14 2, pl. 1. [Note: Incorrect spelling of “soil” in title.] MARKS, Elizabeth N. 1978. Mosquitoes (Culicidae) of Fraser Island—II. Qd Nat. 22(1-4): 12-14. 1978. Some mosquitoes (Culicidae) and other biting flies from Hinchinbrook Island. Q4 Nat. 22(1-4): 51-52. MONTEITH, G. B. 1978. Some insects from Hinchinbrook Island, Queensland. Qd Nat. 22(1-4): 53-51. Lists species of Blattodea, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Arachnidé MORIMOTO, Katsura . 1978. On the genera of Oriental Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Esakil 11: 121-143, text-figs 1-62. O'FLYNN, M. A. and MOORHOUSE, D. E. 1979. Species of Chrysomya as primary flies in carrion. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 3! 32, 1 table. PARSONS, P. A. 1979. Larval reactions to possible resources in three species of Drosophila as indicato! of ecological diversity. Aust. J. Zool. 27(3): 413-419, table 1, text-fig. 1. PARSONS, Р. A., STANLEY, Suzanne М. and SPENCE, G. E. 1979. Environmental ethanol at low concentrations: longevity and development in th? sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Aust. J. Zool. 270) 747-754, table 1, text-figs 1-3. PERRY, D. A. 1979. Effective flystrike control at minimum cost. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(3): 7-8, illust* PICKETT, K. A. 1979. Continuous breeding of Persectania ewingii (Westwood) (Lepidoptera—Noctuidad on artificial diet. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 19-20, 1 text-fig. RADFORD, B. J., RHODES, J. W. and NEILSEN, R. J. H. 1979. Populations of honeybees pollinating sunflower crops on the Central Darlin? Downs, Queensland. Aust. J. exp. Agric. anim. Husb. 19: 716-718, tables 1 82 RAVEN, R. J. | 1979. Systematics of the mygalomorph spider genus Masteria (Masteriinae: Diplurida’ Arachnida). Aust. J. Zool. 27(4): 623-636, table 1, text-figs 1-29. | REEVES, Deniss M. 1978. Dragonflies and butterflies from Hinchinbrook Island. Qd Nat. 22(1-4): 50-51: RIBI, Willi A. 1978. Ultrastructure and migration of screening pigments in the retina of Pieris rapae L (Lepidoptera, Pieridae}. Cell Tiss. Res. 191: 57-73, text-figs 1-9. ROBERTSON, G. A. 1978. Ord River cropping progress. J. Agric. West. Aust. 18(4): 136-140, illustr. Lepidoptera: Heliothis armigera Hymenoptera: Trichogramma sp., Trissolcus sp. Hemiptera: Nezara viridula ROHLFIEN, Klaus and EWALD, Birgit 1979. Katalog der in den Sammlungen der Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten dé Institutes fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung, Bereich Eberswalde (ehemals Deutsch Entomologisches Institut), aufbewahrten Typen-XVIII. (Diptera: Brachycera) Beitr. Ent., Berlin 29(1): 201-247. WILTON-SMITH, P. D. | 1978. Two haematophagous species of Clerada (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) inhabiting thi nest of the ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 17) 1-4, text-figs 1-6.

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Bibliography

Australian Butterflies

' 239 pages with over 2,000 references and abstracts This bibliography attempts to list all publications concerning Australian butterflies that appeared up to and including 1973. Species mentioned in smaller works are listed and bibliographical notes concerning dates of publication, notes on voyages and other Points of interest are given. All those seriously interested in Australian butterflies, both amateur and professional, will find this comprehensive text of considerable value.

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CONTENTS се COLLESS, О. Н. Crop eversion іп chaoborid larvae (Diptera) A

COOKSON, L. and NEW, T. R. Observations on the biology of Sextius virescens (Fairmaire) (Homoptera, Membracidae) on Acacia in

Cto N еу CAMA А а Жум ty ЛА. 4 HANCOCK, D. L. Systematic notes on Graphium felixi (Joicey and Noakes) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) ..................... 1]

idae) from north-western Irian Jaya, Indonesia REGISTER of bibliographies in progress

SIBATANI, A. Theclinesthes miskini (T. P. Lucas) (Lepidoptera: Lycaen- |

LIST OF ENTOMOLOGISTS and related Specialist ep 14 RESEARCH WORKERS on Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha.......... 14 RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology. Compiled by M. S. Moulds..................- 15 ENTOMOROGICATANONICES у... inside back covel

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VOLUME 7, PART 2 SEPTEMBER, 1980

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Aust. ent. Mag.

Volume 7, Part 2 September, 1980

THE EARLY STAGES OF ADALUMA URUMELIA TINDALE AND CANDALIDES GEMINUS EDWARDS AND KERR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

By E. D. Edwards CSIRO Division of Entomology, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601.

Abstract eid The early stages of Adaluma urumelia and Candalides geminus are briefly described the generic relationships of the former discussed.

Adaluma urumelia Tindale (Figs 1, 2,4, 5)

. Egg. Pale green; slightly flatter than hemispherical, with a depressed Micropylar area; surface a complex pattern of pits and ridges with truncate Projections where ridges intersect. Diameter 0.6 mm, height 0.3 mm. Two eggs Preserved in the Australian National Insect Collection, tube No. 2879.

di Final instar larva (Figs 1, 2). Head pale brownish green; thoracic and a Ominal segments pale green, dorsal line darker green, three subdorsal lines SOT upper two angled laterally towards rear of each segment, lateral line d am; spiracles cream. Prothoracic and anal plates pale green, flattened and ensely covered with short secondary setae. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of thorax = abdomen covered with short, colourless secondary setae; primary setae E Ourless, longer. Dorsal gland on abdominal segment 7 well developed, resembl- 8 a transverse line. Abdominal segment 8 with slightly raised projections Caring eversible organs. Length 14 mm. Two final instar larvae preserved in * Australian National Insect Collection, tube No. 2879.

18 Aust. ent. Мад. 7(2), September, 1980

Pupa (Figs 4, 5). Head, thorax and abdomen pale green or brown mottled with dark brown; spiracles pale brown. Head and abdomen flattened, with prominent lateral flanges; middorsal line raised, two short dorsal projections on thorax; surface of cuticle roughened and covered with minute raised dots. Attached to silken pad by anal hooks and central girdle. Length 11 mm, width 6 mm. Three pupae preserved in the Australian National Insect Collection, tube Nos. 2822 and 2881.

Food plant. Boronia lanceolata F. Muell. (Rutaceae).

COMMENTS

The early stages were collected in broken sandstone country at Nourlangie Creek, 8 km E of Mt Cahill, Northern Territory (coordinates 12°52'S, 132°47'E) in November 1972 and May 1973. Adults were collected at many sites within the catchments of the South and East Alligator Rivers in October, November, March, May and June and also near McArthur River Homestead, N.T. in October. Adults were probably present throughout the wet season (October to May).

Eggs were laid singly on the undersides of mature leaves, or on the petioles, of the food plant. Larvae rested and fed on the undersides of the leaves. Small black ants of the genus Monomorium attended the larvae but bushes invaded by green tree-ants [Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius)] lacked larvae. In May very pale empty pupal cases were plentiful, and a few green pupae were found on the undersides of mature leaves of the food plant. These were not found in the previous November which suggests that the pupal duration of these green pupae during the wet season was quite short. Larvae collected in late May and pupating in plastic bags in semi-darkness produced brown, mottled pupae. The pupal durations of two of these pupae were 220 and 310 days in the laboratory. It is possible that some, or all, larvae that become adults during the same wet season | produce green pupae and pupate beneath living leaves on the food plant, while at the end of the wet season larvae pupate in sheltered situations off the food plant and adults do not emerge until the following wet season, from October onwards.

The larvae are more elongate than those of Candalides xanthospilos (Hübner) and similar in shape to those of Nesolycaena albosericea (Miskin) although less brightly coloured. The pupa is also very similar in shape to that of N. albosericea and both are slightly less flattened dorsoventrally than that of С. xanthospilos. The larvae of both Adaluma and Nesolycaena also feed on Boronia. The similarities in larval and pupal shape and in larval food plant support the close relationship of these two genera suggested by Sands (1971) and the form of the pupae clearly shows that they belong to the tribe Candalidini. However, it, does not seem necessary to synonymise Adaluma and Nesolycaena if the division of Candalides sens. lat. into five genera by Tite (1963) is accepted. If, however, the genus Candalides is maintained in its broad sense the early stages and the larval food plant provide evidence that Adaluma should be synonymised with Nesolycaena. Nevertheless, as Nesolycaena was not studied by Tite (1963), a thorough evaluation of adult characters should be undertaken before reaching a decision.

ASA ee C

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 19

4 5mm 5

E; '98 1-5, (1, 2) dorsolateral and lateral views of final instar larva of Adaluma urumelia Tindale; (3) final instar larva of Candalides geminus Edwards and Kerr; (4, 5)

dorsal and lateral views of pupa of Adaluma urumelia Tindale.

Candalides geminus Edwards and Kerr (Fig. 3) 4 Egg. Pale green when laid, soon becoming paler; dull white shortly before wie Bence. Flatter than hemispherical, with micropylar area depressed; surface ith Pattern of wide pits and ridges, slightly raised where ridges intersect. lameter 0.7 mm, height 0.4 mm. One egg preserved in the Australian National ‘sect Collection, tube No. 2937.

th First instar larva. Uniformly pale reddish brown. Head hidden by prothorax; Oax and abdomen with prominent primary setae.

Final instar larva (Fig. 3). Head green; thorax and abdomen green; dorsal - dark green; raised dorsal red spots on abdominal segments 1 and 6 У metimes absent on 1); pale yellow subdorsal line on thoracic segments and nal segments 7 to 10, prominent on abdominal segments 1 to 6, white abd yellow towards rear of each segment; subdorsal line bordered laterally on . -ominal segments 1 to 6 by deep purple line (red in preserved larvae); lateral flat pale yellow or absent; spiracles yellow. Prothoracic and anal plates green, Seta ened, covered with short secondary setae. Thorax and abdomen with primary ер Short, brown on dorsal surface, colourless laterally; secondary setae colour-

` Dorsal gland on abdominal segment 7 well developed, oval in shape. Areas

line

20 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980

bearing eversible organs on abdominal segment 8 not raised. Length 15 mm. One larva preserved in the Australian National Insect Collection, tube No. 2938.

Pupa. Pale brownish yellow with scattered brown dots coalescing on dorsal line and wing margins to form dark markings; spiracles pale brown. Head and abdomen flattened and with prominent lateral flanges; middorsal line on head and abdomen raised; two short dorsal projections on thorax; surface of cuticle roughened and covered with minute raised dots. Attached to silken pad by anal hooks and central girdle. Length 13 mm, width 6 mm. One pupa preserved in the Australian National Insect Collection, tube No. 2938.

Food plant. Cassytha paniculata R.Br. (Cassythaceae).

COMMENTS Larvae were reared from eggs collected 40 km ENE of Coonabarabran, N.S.W. (coordinates 31%07'S, 149%40'E) in October 1977.

Eggs were laid singly on the flower buds of the food plant. Ants were not present but may well attend the larvae. The larvae probably feed openly on the food plant during the day and pupate in sheltered situations nearby as do closely related species. They change colour to brown or reddish brown prior to pupation. Several eggs were parasitised by a wasp of the family Scelionidae. In the laboratory, at about 22°C, eggs hatched after approximately 10 days, the larval stage lasted 22 days and the pupal stage 13 days. The species probably has a rapid succession of generations during the spring, summer and autumn in the southern parts of its range.

The larva is very similar in shape to that of Candalides hyacinthinus (Semper) and С. erinus (Fabricius) but is more brightly coloured than is usual in these species. The pupa is very similar in shape to that of С. erinus.

Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Mr L. G. Adams and Mrs E. D’Arnay for identifying the food plants, Miss J. C. Cardale for identifying the parasite, Dr R. W. Taylor for identifying the ant and Mr J. P. Green for making black and white prints from colour transparencies and the photographs of the pupa.

References Sands, D. P., 1971. The life history and taxonomic relationships of Nesolycaena alboser- icea (Miskin) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 10: 290-292. Tite, С. E., 1963. A revision of the genus Candalides and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 14(5): 197-259, 4 pls., 119 text- figs.

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 21

REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN GENERA EURYPHANTIA KIRKALDY AND THANATOCHLAMYS KIRKALDY (HOMOPTERA, FULGOROIDEA, FLATIDAE)

By M. J. Fletcher Biological and Chemical Research Institute, P.M.B. 10, Rydalmere, N.S.W., 2116.

Abstract Thanatochlamys Kirkaldy is synonymized with Euryphantia Kirkaldy on the basis extreme similarity between their two type species. The species are separable only дә; Mparison of male genitalia and, apparently, by their allopatric distributions. £. iito TD Kirk. is widespread in Queensland and Northern Territory but does not extend € eastern coast of Cape York Peninsula to which area E. tristis (Kirk.) is restricted. * male genitalia of both species are described and figured.

Of the Y co

Introduction 1 Euryphantia Kirkaldy (1906) and Thanatochlamys Kirkaldy (1907) were ach erected to contain a single species. No further species have been added to either genus, The genitalia of 39 males of what was thought to be Furyphantia d ascens Kirkaldy, were examined and found to exist in two forms. The Stributionsof these two forms revealed that one form was restricted to the ans district and eastern coast of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, whereas © other form was found in the Brisbane area, at Bundaberg, Palm Island near ine and Carnarvon Gorge, all in Queensland, and near Mudginbarry HS 18% | Northern Territory. This second form has not been recorded north of m latitude in Queensland, although two specimens were collected at 12?31'S tude in the Northern Territory. Sn Despite extensive investigation no consistent morphological difference, Сері in the male genitalia, has been found between the two groups.

ant the females can be identified only by reference to their collection ity.

Cinerg

The male holotype of Thanatochlamys tristis Kirkaldy from Cairns was пей and proved to be identical to the form from North Queensland. The ype of E. cinerascens is a female from Bundaberg, Queensland. This ty places it well outside the range of the species in north Queensland.

fo Hence the northern Queensland form is 7. tristis and the more widespread en E. cinerascens. Since the two species are separated reliably only on male Mtalia they are certainly congeneric. The two genera are here synonymised,

“"Yphantia Kirkaldy having priority.

exami olot Ocali

rhe Euryphantia (Kirkaldy) 1906

Т, таа Kirkaldy (1906). Bull. Haw. Sug. Pl. Ass. Div. Ent. 1(9): 456.

уре $ "amys Kirkaldy (1907). Bull. Haw. Sug. РЇ. Ass. Div. Ent. 3: 101. New synonym. Pecies by monotypy, Е. cinerascens Kirkaldy.

The genus was adequately characterised in the original description, the

Cters of principal importance being the three sharp frontal carinae meeting

e sharp apex of the frons, the flat vertex with angulate front margin and

AE eee a ee

Chara att

22 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980

median longitudinal carina which continues through the pronotum and meso- notum. The presence of only one forked longitudinal vein in the basal half of the tegmen, this being the cubital, was pointed out by Kirkaldy, but several specimens have other longitudinal veins forking at or slightly distal to the midlength of the tegmen. The brown colouration would also appear to bé of generic significance since all species of related genera such as Euphanta Melichar, are basically green.

Euryphantia cinerascens Kirkaldy 1906 Type: Holotype 9 (seen), Bundaberg, Queensland, June 1904. Type location: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Known distribution: NORTHERN TERRITORY: 9 km N by E of Mudginbarry HS; Groote Eylandt. QUEENSLAND: Albert River; Carnarvon Gorge; Mt. Edwards; Brisbane metropolitan area; Gatton; Bundamba; Dalby; Palm Island; Bundaberg.

Description: See Kirkaldy (1906: 456) and Figs 1-8. Table 1 lists measurements of females and Table 2 of males.

Male genitalia: Pygofer with broad rounded lateral lobe from posterior margin. Anal segment short, not reaching as far posteriorly as subgenital plates, emarginate distally and produced ventrally short distance at base. Subgenita plates broad, convex, rounded posteriorly and ventrally, truncate posterodorsally with short broad point at dorsal corner. Aedeagus very broad with four sets of appendages; one near base on dorsal side, short, curved anteriorly and pointed, second set at apex of dorsal edge, also curved anteriorly and sharply pointed, third set midway between these curving dorsally and fourth set large:

Figs 1-3. E. cinerascens, head and pronotum. (1) frontal view; (2) lateral view; (3) dorsal view. Specimen illustrated: б from Bundaberg, Qld.

ae ee AL ee ae

23 Aust. ent Мад. 7(2), September, 1980

from lateral part of conjunctiva near apex, curving ventrally and АСУ recurved towards posteriorly end and clubbed. In addition, a short clubbe Projection extends posteriorly from near base of this fourth set of SR MEE Пе lengths and proportions of these various sets of appendages varies slightly | cality but the basic arrangement remains ће same.

With lo

Fi j . . par) Bag, E: Cinerascens. (4) tegmen; (5) hind wing. Specimen illustrated: d from Virginia, near Brisbane, Old.

شآ

24 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980

Euryphantia tristis (Kirkaldy) 1907, new combination Thanatochlamys tristis Kirkaldy (1907). Bull. Haw. Sug. Pl. Ass. Div. Ent. 3: 1-186. Type: Holotype д (seen), Cairns, Queensland, July 1904. Type location: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Known distribution: NORTH QUEENSLAND: Rocky River;Kuranda-Mareeba road; Gordonvale; Meringa.

Description: See Kirkaldy (1907: 101) and Figs 9-11. The morphology of tlie head is not sufficiently different to that of E. cinerascens to warrant illustration. Table 1 lists measurements of females and Table 2 of males.

TABLE 1

Measurements (range and mean) of adult females of E. cinerascens and E. tristis

E. cinerascens

Northern Territory

(n= 8)

E. cinerascens Queensland (n = 12)

E. cinerascens All areas (n = 20)

E. tristis All areas (n= 3)

A A Ааа eee nc i i

tegmen length clávus length costal cell length costal area width costal cell width vertex length vertex width pronotum length mesonotum length mesonotum width frons length

frons width

fore tibia length mid tibia length hind tibia length

7.27-8.15 (7.65) 4.65-5.15 (4.89) 4.09-4.80 (4.47) 0.44-0.53 (0.48) 0.53-0.62 (0.59) 0.28-0.32 (0.30) 0.89-0.97 (0.92) 0.50-0.53 (0.52) 1.62-1.78 (1.69) 1.41-1.58 (1.52) 1.25-1.37 (1.31) 1.00-1.10 (1.05) 1.17-1.29 (1.22) 1.21-1.37 (1.29) 1.66-2.02 (1.84)

7.27-8.08 (7.75) 4.75-5.25 (5.03) 4.14-4.80 (4.47) 0.48-0.61 (0.55) 0.53-0.65 (0.60) 0.32-0.44 (0.37) 0.89-0.97 (0.93) 0.44-0.61 (0.53) 1.58-1.78 (1.69) 1.41-1.70 (1.59) 1.29-1.50 (1.41) 1.01-1.16 (1.06) 1.13-1.33 (1.27) 1.21-1.41 (1.30) 1.78-2.22 (1.93)

TABLE 2

7.27-8.15 (7.71) 4.65-5.25 (4.97) 4.09-4.80 (4.47) 0.44-0.61 (0.53) 0.53-0.65 (0.59) 0.28-0.44 (0.34) 0.89-0.97 (0.93) 0.44-0.61 (0.53) 1.58-1.78 (1.69) 1.41-1.70 (1.56) 1.25-1.50 (1.37) 1.00-1.16 (1.06) 1.13-1.33 (1.25) 1.21-1.41 (1.30) 1.66-2.22 (1.90)

Measurements (range and mean) of adult males of E. cinerascens and E. tristis

Е. cinerascens (n = 20)

7.58-7.73 (7.66) 4.85-5.05 (4.95) 4.24-4.65 (4.48) 0.48-0.53 (0.51) 0.57-0.63 (0.59) 0.32-0.36 (0.33) 0.87-0.93 (0.90) 0.44-0.53 (0.49) 1.64-1.70 (1.66) 1.45-1.62 (1.52) 1.37-1.39 (1.38) 1.01-1.13 (1.08) 1.21-1.29 (1.25) 1.21-1.29 (1.25) 1.90-1.94 (1.91)

E. tristis (n= 5)

6.26-7.27 (6.74)

tegmen length clavus length costal cell length costal area width costal cell width vertex length vertex width pronotum length mesonotum length mesonotum width frons length

frons width

fore tibia length mid tibia length

4.14-4.80 (4.42) 4.24-5.00 (4.53) 0.40-0.61 (0.50) 0.46-0.59 (0.54) 0.16-0.32 (0.25) 0.71-0.89 (0.80) 0.40-0.55 (0.48) 1.33-1.68 (1.51) 1.29-1.56 (1.44) 1.21-1.37 (1.29) 0.91-1.05 (0.98) 1.09-1.29 (1.20) 1.17-1.33 (1.24)

5.96-6.57 (6.35) 3.84-4.55 (4.21) 4.04-4.65 (4.32) 0.38-0.53 (0.44) 0.51-0.61 (0.54) 0.24-0.32 (0.30) 0.79-0.85 (0.82) 0.40-0.46 (0.44) 1.41-1.58 (1.48) 1.21-1.33 (1.28) 1.21-1.29 (1.26) 0.91-1.01 (0.96) 1.03-1.21 (1.14) 1.09-1.29 (1.21)

1.58-1.86 (1.66)

hind tibia length

1.62-1.90 (1.74)

|

Aust. ent. Мад. 7(2), September, 1980 25

Ei igs 6-11. d genitalia. (6-8) Е. cinerascens, д from Bundaberg, Qld.: (6) lateral external view;

(7) aedeagus, lateral view; (8) aedeagus, antero-dorsal view. (9-11) Е. tristis, д from Junction of Goldmine and Davies Cks, Kuranda-Mareeba rd, N. Qld.: (9) lateral external view; (10) aedeagus, lateral view; (11) aedeagus, antero-dorsal view.

26 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980

Male genitalia: Pygofer, anal segment and subgenital plates similar to those of E. cinerascens. Aedeagus similar to that of E. cinerascens except for the following points. Second pair of processes, from apex of dorsal edge, long, reaching to level of third pair which curve antero-dorsally rather than dorsally. First pair slightly sinuate towards apex. Fourth pair lacking clubbed posterior projection from near base.

Discussion The differences between the various lists in Table 1 imply that the sizes of the individuals making up the various populations are environmentally rather than genetically controlled. This is indicated by the fact that the two forms of E. cinerascens from Northern Territory and Queensland differ as much from each other in size as they do from E. tristis.

As is the case with many other fulgoroid groups (see Kramer 1976, 1977, Evans 1966) the two species of Euryphantia are reliably differentiated only by reference to the male genitalia. Since the two species have allopatric distributions it is also possible to ally specimens with one or other of the species if the collection data are known. Females can only be identified by reference to their collection locality.

Kirkaldy obviously considered the possibility of the synonymy since one specimen from Gordonvale, North Queensland (E. tristis according to this locality) in the Bishop Museum collection is labelled, in Kirkaldy's handwriting, “Euryphantia cinerascens Kirk. = Thanatochlamys tristis Kirk." (J. T. Medler, pers. comm.). Due to the choice of material Kirkaldy used for the original description the two species are valid despite the generic synonymy.

Acknowledgements I thank Dr G. M. Nishida, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, for the loans of the types of the two species and Dr J. T. Medler of the same Museum for pointing out Kirkaldy's apparent realization of the synonymy. I also thank Dr D. К. McAlpine (Australian Museum, Sydney), Mr T. С. Weir (A.N.I.C., Canberra), Dr T. E. Woodward (University of Queensland) and Dr G. B. Monteith (Queensland Museum) for the loan of specimens used in this study.

References

Evans, J. W., 1966. The leafhoppers and froghoppers of Australia and New Zealand (Hom- optera: Cicadelloidea and Cercopoidea). Mem. Aust. Mus. 12: 1-347.

Kirkaldy, С. W., 1906. Leafhoppers and their natural enemies. Part IX, leafhoppers, Hemiptera. Bull. Haw. Sug. Pl. Ass. Div. Ent. 1(9): 271-479.

Kirkaldy, С. W., 1907. Leafhoppers — Supplement (Hemiptera). Bull. Haw. Sug. Pl. Ass. Div. Ent. 3: 1-186.

Kramer, J. P., 1976. Revision of the Neotropical planthoppers of the genus Bladina (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Nogodinidae). Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 102: 1-40.

Kramer, J. P., 1977.. Taxonomic study of the planthopper genus Oecleus in the United States (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Cixiidae). Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 103: 379-449.

Aust. ent Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 27

THE STATUS OF THE GENERA ATROPHANEURA REAKIRT AND PACHLIOPTA REAKIRT (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

By D. L. Hancock Department of Entomology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4067*

Abstract

an The Pachliopta polydorus group of swallowtails is shown to be closely related to the of "t haneura coon group. The relationship between these two groups and other species resulta o aneura is such that recognition of Pachliopta and Atrophaneura as separate genera At In a paraphyletic classification. Pachliopta Reakirt is thus reinstated as a synonym of

Tophaneura Reakirt. Atrophaneura is shown to be distinct from Parides Hübner at the

8eneric leve].

Introduction M Since Munroe (1961) published his classification of the Papilionidae, eos generic names have been applied to the polydorus group of Indo- Ustralian, Aristolochia-feeding swallowtails. The oldest of these, Polydorus Wainson, 1833, is a junior homonym of Polydorus Blainville, 1826, and is erefore unavailable. Atrophaneura Reakirt, 1865, placed as a subgenus of TRAC Hübner, 1819 by Munroe, and Pachliopta Reakirt, 1865, separated (as 4chlioptera) by Munroe from his Parides-A trophaneura assemblage, have both ne Widely used. As currently recognised, Pachliopta is restricted to the an dorus group, whilst Atrophaneura comprises the antenor, latreillei, nox Coon groups. The status of these two generic names is discussed below.

Materials

Of the 43 species currently placed in the genera Atrophaneura and Pachliopta, 17 Xamined in the present study. Of these, 12 were dissected for male genitalic characters, ` û. alcinous, A. dasarada, A. polyeuctes, A. priapus, A. horishanus, A. aidoneus, A. nox, furth on, Р. hector, P. polyphontes, P. aristolochiae and P. polydorus. Male genitalia of a

er 14 species were examined from püblished illustrations (Corbet, 1948; Jordan, 1915, n addition, 24 species of Parides were examined. Nine of these, encompassing all €cies groups, were dissected.

Were e

three Sp

Pachliopta Reakirt Discussion Unroe (1961) separated this genus from Atrophaneura largely on the f differences in the genitalia. As Munroe noted, in Pachliopta the female bursae is heavily sclerotized whilst in the male the valve is greatly = and the socii and tegumen hypertrophied and heavily sclerotized. a (cree these characteristics merely represent specializations at the group level, Hn that can be appreciated when the male genitalia of species in the polydorus D are compared with various species of Atrophaneura (Figs 1-9). The

€Yolu+; š 0 lution of these genitalic characteristics can be traced as follows:— ve

basis 0 uctus reduced

In Somewn SO

228

Primitive groups, such as antenor and latreillei (Fig. 1) the valve is entire and at ovate. In the nox group (Figs 2-4) the valve is dorso-apically emarginate; there 2 tendency towards a dorso-basal reduction. In the coon group (Е ig. 5) the valve is there js Darginate, both dorsally and, to a lesser extent, distally. Unlike the nox group, No dorso-basal reduction and the emarginations in these two groups appear to have

nt address: Plant Protection Res. Inst., P.O. Box 8100, Causeway, Salisbury, Rhodesia.

TA AAA

*Prese

28 Aust. ent. Маў. 7(2), September, 198

evolved separately. In the polydorus group (Figs 6-9) the trend seen in coon is taken furth? with a great reduction of the valve. The extent of this reduction varies; in polyphonté existance of the dorsal emargination is shown by retention of the dorso-basal part of th valve, as seen in coon; in aristolochiae and polydorus this dorso-basal portion is absen! in hector the valve is further reduced to a small basal part only. clasper

In the antenor, latreillei and nox groups (Figs 1-4) the clasper is broad and eith' smooth, serrate or toothed. In the coon group (Fig. 5) the clasper is reduced to a narrow elongate and pointed structure. In the polydorus group (Figs 6-9) the clasper is also паго! and pointed, although much shorter than in coon; it is longest in hector and short? in aristolochiae and polydorus. aedeagus

In antenor the aedeagus is long, slender and straight. In the latreillei and nox grou? (Figs 1-4) it is short, thick and strongly curved. In the coon group (Fig. 5) it is lot slender and weakly curved. In the polydorus group (Figs 6-9) the aedeagus is again lot slender and weakly curved, especially so in hector. tegumen and socii {

In the antenor, latreillei, nox and coon groups (Figs 1-5) the tegumen and so? are unmodified. In the polydorus group (Figs 6-9) these structures are greatly enlarg and heavily sclerotized. This modification becomes progressively greater from hector polyphontes to aristolochiae and polydarus. pseuduncus and 8th tergite i

In antenor the pseuduncus is absent. In the latreillei and nox groups (Figs 1-4) | is separated from a narrow 8th tergite by a complete suture, this suture extending fot distance down the mid-line of the pseuduncus. In the coon group (Fig. 5) the pseuduno!' is separated from a relatively broad 8th tergite by an incomplete suture, being fus? medially. In the polydorus group (Figs 6-9) the pseuduncus is either separated from! broad (hector) to very broad (polyphontes) 8th tergite by an incomplete suture, реш fused medially as in coon, or is fused completely to a very broad 8th tergite (aristolochit^ polydorus).

Munroe (1961) also indicated that the immature stages served to diff erentiate Pachliopta from Atrophaneura. However, this is not the case. Th! larva is similar in all groups, when mature being dark with rows of dorsal af lateral tubercles, these often red or red-tipped, or with some of the tuberclé white. Mature larvae in the latreillei, nox and coon groups have a whit transverse band on abdominal segments 3-4 (band absent in some nox gro species, e.g. semperi, kuehni). In the polydorus group this band is reduced. Û hector it is present as a series of spots on segments 3-4; in most (e.g. jopho!! polyphontes, mariae, phegeus, aristolochiae) it is present as a band confint to segment 3; in others (e.g. liris, polydorus) it is absent. The pupa is als similar in all groups, having well developed lateral carinae and paired, dors’ lobe-like processes on abdominal segments 4 to 7 (Mell, 1938; Talbot, 193) Straatman and Nieuwenhuis, 1961; Igarashi, 1966; Jumalon, 1968; Ѕігааітай 1968; Munshi and Moiz, 1968, 1969; D'Abrera, 1971; Common and Waterhous 1972).

Thus characters of the male genitalia and immature stages do not ser"! to distinguish the polydorus group from other species of Atrophaneura at th! generic level. On characters of the valve, clasper, aedeagus and pseuduncus/8 tergite the affinities of the polydorus group are clearly with the Atrophaneul! coon group. Specialised characters such as the hypertrophied socii and іерите!

А

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 29

8 | 9 rào 10 24 12 13

E

85 1-13, Male and female genitalia. (1-9) male genitalia of Atrophaneura: lateral view

(with left valve removed) and dorsal view of pseuduncus: (1) A. e/cinous; (2) A.

Priapus; (3) A. horishanus; (4) A. nox; (5) A. coon; (6) A. hector; (7) A. poly-

Phontes; (8) A. aristolochiae; (9) A. polydorus. (10) dorsal view of pseuduncus

Of Parides. (11-13) female bursa and signum of: (11) Parides aglaope; (12) Atrophaneura polydorus; (13) Troides priamus euphorion.

and the

Broup Je

о

Sclerotised female ductus bursae serve to separate these taxa at the vel only. The coon and polydorus groups form a pair of sister-groups, clas the latreillei and nox groups, the latter united by the nature of the um. aedeagus and pseuduncus/8th tergite. А. antenor stands somewhat i from the other groups. Thus, recognition of Pachliopta as a genus results latrein Necessity of recognising separate genera for the coon, antenor and ч ШЗ groups, to avoid paraphyly. Pachliopta and Atrophaneura should (Re "es be synonymized. Both generic names appeared in the same publication t, 1865); Hemming (1964) accorded precedence to Atrophaneura,

(C

30 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980

following the arrangement of Corbet (1943). Pachliopta is thus reinstated as ? synonym of Atrophaneura.

Atrophaneura Reakirt

Munroe (1961) placed Atrophaneura as a subgenus of Parides Hiibnet, uniting them on characters of male genitalia and immature stages. Fundamentally the male genitalia of the two genera are similar; however they differ in onê essential feature. In Atrophaneura, as in Parides, a suture separates the pseuduncus from the 8th tergite, but in Parides this suture does not extend down thé mid-line of the pseuduncus (Fig. 10), as it does in all’ species of A trophaneurl where the suture is medially present. The Parides type of suture is seen also in Euryades C. & R. Felder and Cressida Swainson; the Atrophaneura type iS seen also in Troides (Troides) and Troides (Ornithoptera), the suture being absent in Troides (Trogonoptera). The type of suture present is consistent fot all species examined in their respective groups and the mid-line extensio! illustrates a close relationship between Atrophaneura and Troides Hübneh serving to separate these two genera from the more primitive Euryades, Cressidi and Parides.

Additionally, Parides and A trophaneura can be distinguished by the female bursa copulatrix. In Parides the signum is V-shaped (Fig. 11), whereas if Atrophaneura the signum is ribbon-like (Fig. 12).

Parides and Atrophaneura cannot be regarded as congeneric as this results in paraphyly, Atrophaneura being more closely related to Troides than t0 Parides. Talbot (1939) had earlier noted the close morphological relationship between Atrophaneura and Troides and this, coupled with zoogeographi¢ evidence (Atrophaneura and Troides being Indo-Australian, Parides South American), supports the above arrangement.

Phylogeny

АП three genera of Indo-Australian Troidini—Cressida, Atrophaneura and Troides—are derivable from the more primitive South American Euryades and Parides, and represent a dual invasion before the break-up of Gondwanaland: Present day distribution patterns suggest that the two invading ancestors, Cressida and Atrophaneura/Troides, followed different dispersal routes. Cressidé followed the more usual route, to Australia [c.f. Protographium leosthené (Doubleday) and Papilio anactus W. S. Macleay], whilst the Atrophaneura) Troides ancestor appears to have dispersed via India (as Atrophaneura) to South: East Asia (as Troides). This supports the suggestion by Ridd (1971) that Indi? and South-East Asia were closely associated as part of Gondwanaland. Thé presence of A. antenor on Madagascar, the only troidine in the Ethiopian region: supports the suggestion that dispersal was via India. With the post-Gondwana! unification of India and Asia, Atrophaneura was able to radiate throughout the Indo-Australian region, the most easterly representatives belonging to th? specialised polydorus group.

Classification Five species groups of Atrophaneura are recognizable. The characters of A. antenor, coupled with its geographical distribution, support the recognition |

to ы Жый. TE eee ыы EA И

Aust. ent, Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 31

of a subgenus for this species. The genus and subgenera are characterised below; for group characteristics see Munroe (1961).

Genus Atrophaneura Reakirt 1865

Pe species: Atrophaneura erythrosoma Reakirt, 1865 (= Papilio semperi С. & К. Felder, 1861).

А genus in the Troidini, closest to Parides and Troides s.l.. Differs from Parides in the better developed sinus of the fifth tarsal segment; in the absence of anthoxanthins from all species (Ford, 1944); in the pseuduncus/8th tergite Suture, when present medially, extending down the mid-line of the pseuduncus; and in the ribbon-shaped, rather than V-shaped, female signum. Differs from Troides in vein R, of the fore wing arising from a point opposite CuA, rather

ап CuA,; in the absence of any form of yellow, flourescent pigment; in aving a normally suspended pupa; and in the distinct female signum, reduced to spicules in Troides (Fig. 13).

Subgenus Pharmacophagus Haase, 1892 harmacophagus Haase, 1892, Bibl. Zool. 8: 15. Type species: Papilio antenor Drury,1773.

йз Fore wing with submarginal white spots; fore wing intercalary folds not е

scaled than rest of wing; fore and hind wings with marginal white Spots; antennae red; antennal club straight; male genitalia with pseuduncus

absent béyond suture. One species: antenor (Drury).

Subgenus Atrophaneura Reakirt, 1865 г olydorus Swainson, 1833, Zool. Illust. (2)3: pl. 101, nec Blainville, 1826. Type species A Polydorus thoas Swainson.

‘rophaneura Reakirt, 1865, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3: 446. Type species Atrophaneura р, . €tythrosoma Reakirt. ‹ «Ж e achliopta Reakirt, 1865, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3: 503. Type species Papilio diphilus Esper. achlioptera Scudder, 1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10: 235. Incorrect spelling B of Pachliopta, same type species. | Y. К

Yasa Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882: 258. Type species Papilio philoxenus G. R. Gray. mia Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, Л Asiat. Soc. Bengal 55: 374. Type species A Papilio dasarada Moore. " ] 2пвеғапд Moore, 1886. Jl Linn. Soc. Lond. 21: 51. Type species Papilio varuna White. 95 Kirby; 1896, in Allen's Nat. Libr. Hand-book Lepid. 2: 305. Type species Papilio Ka hector Linnaeus. h se q

ranga Moore, 1902, Lepidoptera Indica 5: 157. Type species Papilio nox Swainson. oraria Moore, 1902, Lepidoptera Indica 5: 184. Type species Papilio coon Fabricius.

aligning Moore, 1902, Lepidoptera Indica 5: 187. Type species Papilio neptunus Guérin- €neville.

Panos,

4 Еоге wing without submarginal white spots; fore wing intercalary folds atker Scaled than rest of wing, paler along veins; fore and hind wings without chet white spots (fringe hairs white in hector); antennae black; antennal Curved; male genitalia with pseuduncus present. Forty-two species in four groups: А (Ki G) latreillei group (14 species): daemonius (Alpheraky), plutonius (Oberthür), alcinous 9^» latreillei (Donovan), polla (de Niceville), crassipes (Oberthür), adamsoni (Grose-

B

32 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 1980

Smith), nevilli (Wood-Mason), laos (Riley and Godfrey), mencius (С. & К. Felder), impediens (Rothschild), hedistus (Jordan), dasarada (Moore), polyeuctes (Doubleday) [= philoxenus (Стау)].

(ii) nox group (12 species): semperi (С. & К. Felder), kuehni (Honrath), luchti (Roepke), hageni (Rogenhofer), priapus (Boisduval), sycorax (Grose-Smith), horishanus (Matsumura) [= sauteri (Heyne)] , aidoneus (Doubleday), varuna (White), zaleucus (Hewitson); nox (Swainson), dixoni (Grose-Smith).

(iii) coon group (3 species): neptunus (Guérin-Méneville), coon (Fabricius), гло! (Butler).

(iv) polydorus group (13 species): hector (Linnaeus), jophon (Gray), pandiyana (Moore), oreon (Doherty), liris (Godart), polyphontes (Boisduval), schadenbergi (Semper): mariae (Semper), phegeus (Hopffer), phlegon (С. & К. Felder) [= annae (С. & К. Felder); =strandi (Bryk), =sabinae (Seyer)], atropos (Staudinger), aristolochiae (Fabricius), polydorus (Linnaeus).

Acknowledgements I wish to thank Mr E. C. Dahms (Queensland Museum) for the loan of spec imens, Mr A. Hiller and Mr J. Sedlacek for access to their private collections, and Dr T. E. Woodward for his supervision of the project of which this paper is a part.

References

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and Robert son, Sydney, 498 pp.

Corbet, A. S., 1943. Notes on two genera of butterflies. Entomologist 76: 206.

Corbet, A. S., 1948. Observations on the species of Rhopalocera common to Madagascal and the Oriental region. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 99: 589-607.

D'Abrera, B., 1971. Butterflies of the Australian region. Lansdowne, Melbourne. 415 рр:

Ford, E. B., 1944. Studies on the chemistry of pigments in the Lepidoptera, with reference to their bearing on systematics. 4. The classification of the Papilionidae. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 94: 201-223.

Hemming, F., 1964. Annotations Lepidopterologicae 3: 84-85.

Igarashi, S., 1966. Butterflies of Nepal (immature stages). Spec. Bull. lepid. Soc. Japa" 2: 1-74.

Jordan, K., 1915. On Papilio dixoni Grose-Smith (1900) and P. kuehni Honr. (1886) from Celebes. Novit. zool. 22: 270-273.

Jordan, K., 1928. On the Jatreillei-group of eastern Papilios. Novit. zool. 34: 159-172:

Jumalon, J.. N., 1968: Life history and other notes on some Aristolochiaceae feeding papilionids of the Philippines. Philipp. Scient. 5: 17-27.

Mell, R., 1938. Beitrage zur Fauna sinica. ХУШ: inventur und ókologisches material zu einer biologie der südchinesichen Lepidopteren. Dt. ent. Z. 1938: 197-345.

Munroe, E., 1961. The classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Can. ent., Supp! 17: 1-51.

Munshi, G. H. and Moiz, S. A., 1968. The pupa of Polydorus aristolochiae (Papilionidae): J. Lepid. Soc. 22: 115-118.

Munshi, G. H. and Moiz, S. A., 1969. Detailed description of larva of Polydorus aristoloch iae. J. Lepid. Soc. 23: 107-108.

Reakirt, T., 1865. Notes upon exotic Lepidoptera, chiefly from Philippine Islands, with descriptions of some new species. Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3: 443-504.

Ridd, M. F., 1971. South-East Asia as a part of Gondwanaland. Nature, Lond. 234: 531-533:

Straatman, R., 1968. On the biology of some species of papilionidae from the island © Celebes (East-Indonesia). Ent. Ber., Amst. 28: 229-233.

Straatman, R. and Nieuwenhuis, E. J., 1961. Biology of certain Sumatran species of Atrophaneura, Trogonoptera and Troides (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Т ijdscht Ent. 104: 31-41.

Talbot, G., 1939. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Second edition Butterflies 1. Taylor and Francis, London. xxix, 600 pp., 3 pls.

Aust. ent, Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 33

C. G. L. GOODING, 1896-1980

On 12 January, 1980, Mr Charles George Llewellyn Gooding of Warragul, Victoria, t the age of 83. One of Australia’s best known amateur entomologists, Llew Gooding t Orn near Moe, Victoria, on 9 September, 1896, one of a family of ten children, and lived throughout his long life in Gippsland. In 1926 he married Hilda Nadenbausch and the couple had one daughter, Mrs Margaret Coulson of Traralgon. He became a very successful апу farmer in the Moe district and, despite serious setbacks caused by the 1934 drought and the 1939 bushfires, built up a valuable stud herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn “áttle which he ran on his property “Riversleigh Park”. Upon retirement in 1954 he built Ome in Warragul. _ Asa young man Llew Gooding began what was to become a superb collection of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, much of which was collected in Gippsland before the region 5 extensively cleared for agriculture or devoted to open-cut mining and associated Industrial and urban development. His early collecting was done on foot or on horseback ia it was not until 1928 that he was able to utilise a motorcar for transport. Throughout 55 life he had the unfailing support of his wife, Hilda.

Over the years his collection was greatly amplified by exchanging specimens with Well known collectors in Australia and overseas. His Australian entomological corres- Pondence began in 1917 with George Lyell and he continued corresponding with many uch Collectors throughout his life. His overseas correspondents included some in Britain,

°ппапу, Czechoslovakia, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Spain, Argentina, California and J apan, and he also had contacts at various missions in India, China, Taiwan and the Pacific islands.

died а Was b

Many

for Llew Gooding specialized in collecting the Hepialidae, a family of primitive moths m Which Australia is noted, and worked closely with Dr N. B. Tindale who described md Species based on specimens collected by Gooding in the Moe district. Tindale's Sociation with Gooding extended over a period of some 50 years and included several memorable visits to the Gooding property. Their friendship began on a showery afternoon ebruary 1929, at the peak of the emergence period of several Gippsland hepialids, nen Gooding met Tindale at the Moe railway station with his wagon and, during the rely trip to “Riversleigh Park”, pointed out hundreds of newly emerged hepialid moths meing from the shrubs and tree trunks. The contribution made by the Goodings to our spes iege of the Hepialidae was recorded in 1935 and 1956 when Tindale named two arenes discovered near Moe as Oxycanus goodingi and О. hildae respectively. Tindale m honoured Gooding in 1965 when he described the lycaenid butterfly Holochila Wer ingi (now Candalides consimilis goodingi), some of the original specimens of which e from the Gooding collection.

Prid Not only was Llew Gooding an energetic and devoted collector, but he took a special терту in mounting and labelling his specimens meticulously; at times he was moved to ae those who sent him inferior or poorly mounted specimens. He was also an Collen plished cabinetmaker and constructed all of the 800 store boxes which lined the е «tion Ioom at his Warragul home. More than 100 store boxes contained his Australian Hie elidae and another 300 boxes his collection of Australian butterflies and other moths. tida Oleoptera were contained in about 100 boxes, about one-third of which were Bupres- eXOti а family in which he took а special interest. The remainder of his collection Was us Lepidoptera, including examples of many rare species of the Argynnis group of In January 1979, when he felt he could no longer maintain his valuable collection 18 Satisfaction, Llew Gooding donated it to the Commonwealth, and it is now part of Ustralian National Insect Collection at Canberra.

Presb Llew Gooding was a respected member of the Masonic Lodge, an office bearer in the also Yterian Church, and a member of the Country Party for more than 50 years. He was alit Cen gardener. For many years he was actively involved in the Latrobe Valley Natur- Valle Club and published nine papers on Gippsland butterflies and moths in the Latrobe Ек Naturalist between 1968 and 1977, some of which were reprinted in the Victorian

ologist, During the 1930’s he provided assistance to G. F. Hill in his field experiments

|

Senera,

34 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 19%

for CSIR on the control of the underground grass grub, Oncopera spp., native һер pests of pastures. He was the first person to recognise in 1937 the presence of the cabb# white butterfly Pieris rapae in Victoria, two years before its establishment was accept? officially. He was also responsible for the only observations on the life history of Acrodip! cuprea, a small lycaenid butterfly with larvae predacious on ants.

In the Queen's New Year Honours List of 1980, shortly before his death, LI Gooding was awarded the MBE, for his contributions to entomology, a fitting rewê for a lifetime devoted to the collection and study of insects.

І. Е. B. COMMON and M. S. UPTO!

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. Moulds

14 Chisholm St, Greenwich, N.S.W. 2065, Australia ATCHLEY, William R. 1978. Biological variability in the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramaba virgo (Kd) and its sexual relatives. 1. The eastern Australian populations. Evolution 310 782-799, tables 1-6, text-figs 1 & 2. ATTIA, Е. I., SHIPP, E. and SHANAHAN, G. J. А 1979. Survey of insecticide resistance іп Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner), Ephesth cautella (Walker) and E. kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in New Sou! Wales. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 67-70, 1 table. BAKER, G. L. 1979. Outbreak of the Australian plague locust. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(4): 2-4, illus“ 1979. Ploughing no answer to locust control. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(4): 55. BEATTIE, G. A. C. | 1979. Oogenesis in Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). II. The effect ° aziridinyl chemosterilants on oogenesis. Aust. J. Zool. 27(3): 349-362, tables +“ text-figs 1-8. BEATTIE, G. A. C. and CHENEY, J. d 1979. Oogenesis in Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). I. Development ? nurse cell nuclei, the oocyte nucleus and the follicle cells. Aust. J. Zool. 276% 331-347, tables 1-3, text-figs 1-13. BROADLEY, R. H. 1978. The day-feeding armyworm in north Queensland. Qd agric. J. 104(1): 27-30, illus! Lepidoptera: Spodoptera exempta BROWN, K. R. i 1979. Multivariate assessment of phenetic relationships within the tribe Luciliini (Dipte™ Calliphoridae). Aust. J. Zool. 27(3): 465-477, tables 1-3, text-figs 1-10. CAMPBELL, M. H. and GILMOUR, A. R. d 1979. Reducing losses of surface-sown seed due to harvesting ants. Aust. J. exp. Agri anim. Husb. 19: 706-711, tables 1-5, text-fig. 1. DONALDSON, J. F. : 1979. Revision of the genus Notuchus Fennah (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacida?) J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(2): 181-185, text-figs 1-16. DOUBE, В. M. and KEMP, D. Н. ) ' 1979. Notes on the tick Haemaphysalis (Ornithophysalis) doenitzi Warburton and NU" all (Acarina: Ixodidae) in Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(2): 169-170. EVENHUIS, Neal L. [ 1979. Studies in Pacific Bombyliidae (Diptera) II. Revision of the genus Geron © Australia and the Pacific. Pac. Insects 21(1): 13-55, text-figs 1-46. FLETCHER, M. J. 4 1979. The external morphology of Scolypopa australis (Walker) (Homoptera: Rican” dae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(2): 157-168, tables 1 & 2, text-figs 1-20. |

Aust. ent, Mag. 7(2), September, 1980 35

FRANZMANN, B. A. 1979. Parasitism of banana scab moth, Nacoleia octasema (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: HI Pyralidae) in north Queensland. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(2): 135-136, 1 table. CKMAN, v. v. 1979. Some Tasmanian spiders of the families Oonopidae, Anapidae and Mysmenidae. IR Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 113: 53-79, table 1, text-figs 1-47. ONSIDE, р. А. 1978. The macadamia flower caterpillar. Qd agric. J. 104(1): centre insert, pp. i-iv, illustr. Lepidoptera: Homoeosoma vagella Hymenoptera: Agathis rufithorax, Brachymeria sp., Phaneratoma sp. KEV Hemiptera: Termatophylum sp., Trichogrammatoidea flav AN, D. Keith McE. 1977. Ordo Orthoptera s.str. (=Saltatoria-Caelifera). Subordo Acridodea. Infraordo Асг- idomorpha. Orthopterorum Catalogus Pars 16: 1-656 [plus Appendix, 7 pp., KHAN unnumbered.] [‘‘Corrigenda et errata”, loose insert, 7 pp., unnumbered. ] ‚Р. and WOODWARD, Т. E. 979. The spermatheca and associated structures of Lethaeini (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: KILE Rhyparochrominae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 39-44, text-figs 1-36. iE A., HARDY, R. J. and TURNBULL, C. R. A. n 9. The association between Abantiades latipennis (Lepidoptera, family Hepialidae) and Eucalyptus obliqua and Eucalyptus regnans in Tasmania. J. Aust. ent. Soc. LAU 18(1): 7-17, tables 1 & 2, text-figs 1-7. GHLIN, Roger | 1977. The gum tree thrips /soneurothrips australis Bagnall. Survival at different temperatures and humidities and its relation to capacity for dispersal. Aust. J. LEADE Ecol. 2(4): 391-398, table 1, text-figs 1-4. 15701, J. P. and BEDFORD, J. J. Л : posto by the marine caddis-fly, Philanisus plebeius (Walk.). Search 10(7-8): LEE, Brian 76, text-figs 1 & 2. Do Keeping ahead of resistant ticks. Rur. Res. CSIRO 105: 18-20, illustr. EISE Insects for controlling water weeds. Rur. Res. CSIRO 105: 25-29. INE: David K. 319; Agonistic behaviour in Achias australis (Diptera, Platystomatidae) and the signif- icance of eyestalks. In: Sexual selection and reproductive competition. Academic Маму Press. Pp. 221-230, text-figs 1-3. 797557 В. 5. and CARNE, Р. В. - Predation of cossid moth larvae by yellow-tailed black cockatoos causing losses in plantations of Eucalyptus grandis in north coastal New South Wales. Aust. Wildlife Res. 5(1): 101-121, tables 1-5, text-figs 1-10. МАТРА ТСО E Xyleutes boisduvali, X. liturata, X. durvillei 1979, Chromosome variation in the males of some Australian Lygaeidae (Hemiptera: MENKE ee Aust. J. Zool. 27(5): 709-715, tables 1 & 2, text-figs 1-22.

1979, A review of the genus Larrisson Menke (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Aust. J. Zool. MI 27(3): 453-463, text-figs 1-19. LNER, n, J

1978. The self-destructing pasture pest. Rur. Res. CSIRO 99: 22-24, illustr. 1978 Lepidoptera: Hepialidae: Oncopera alboguttata З Gate Aphids wanted — dead or alive. Rur. Res. CSIRO 99: 23, illustr. bp sdb Akira and IWATA, Kusuo - Female terminalia of lower Brachycera — II. (Diptera). Beitr. Ent., Berlin 28(2): NEWBY EY text-figs 1-38.

1 , . E 979. Growth and feeding in two species of Machaerotidae (Homoptera). Aust. J. Zool. 27(3): 395-401, text-figs 1 & 2.

ee

36 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(2), September, 198%

BOOK REVIEW Collecting, preserving and classifying insects by E. C. Dahms, Geoff Monteitl and Sybil Monteith. 1979. Queensland Museum Booklet No. 13. 32 pages: 21 x 15 cm, illustr. Price 75с.

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The first half of the booklet discusses the equipment and proceduré used in collecting and preserving. These subjects are well covered and provid? the beginner with an accurate and basic knowledge. The text is easily rea and the illustrations more than adequate.

The remaining half concerns insect classification. Here the text can 0 divided into three main sections: an introductory section, a description 0 each order occurring in Australia, and a key to the orders of larger insects This part of the booklet is also well illustrated and I have no doubt thal students would experience little difficulty in identifying most common insect to order.

I have no criticism of note. However, I feel some things warrant consid eration before printing a future edition. I found paragraph three on page 1 confusing; the text recommends (рр. 5, 12) that ethyl alcohol be used for we! preservation and while this is correct such material cannot be purchased by tlt general public—no alternative is suggested but students could use methylate spirits if necessary; and I wonder how many students would scan the Ordé illustrations searching for a picture of a cicada. |

As an introductory text, especially for secondary school biology course? I cannot recommend this booklet too strongly. The Preface states that tht primary aim for writing this booklet was to fulfil such a need and this it do% admirably. It is very cheap, well written and well illustrated. M. S. МООИ?

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AMC ЕВ. and UPTON, M.S. C.G. L. Gooding, 1896-1980 ..... 3 EDWARDS, E. D. The early stages of Adaluma urumelia Tindale and | Candalides geminus Edwards and Kerr (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) . . | FLETCHER, М. J. Review of the Australian genera Euryphantia Kirkaldy | and Thanatochlamys Kirkaldy (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea, Flatidae) . . i HANCOCK, D. L. The status of the genera Atrophaneura Reakirt and | Pachliopta Reakirt (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) .............. 7 BOOK REVIEW — Collecting, preserving and classifying insects....... 4 RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology. Compiled by M. S. Moulds................... Ш ENTOMOLOGICATEN ODI CES A inside back cov

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NOTES ON SOME BUTTERFLIES FROM GLENBROOK, NEW SOUTH WALES

By T. J. Hawkeswood

Department of Botany, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811

Abstract

Gl Notes on four species of butterfly feeding on sap from Eucalyptus gummifera at LS New South Wales, during February 1977, are provided. A tachinid fly parasite, Orista sp., from pupae of Jalmenus evagoras evagoras (Donovan) is recorded.

Introduction S The township of Glenbrook is situated about 70 km by road west of Ydney at an altitude of 163 m. It receives an average annual rainfall of about cm and temperatures range broadly from 1°C to 40°C.

Much of the natural bushland in the immediate vicinity of Glenbrook has mde way for residential development but there are still areas where fruitful sae Mological collecting can be undertaken. The present vegetation is a dry ^ erophyll forest composed of at least five species of Eucalyptus and three P of Angophora, with species of Acacia (Mimosaceae), Hakea, Banksia m P ersoonia (Proteaceae) and Bossiaea, Oxylobium and Phyllota (Fabaceae)

Mposing the shrub layers.

Butterflies feeding on eucalypt sap

RE On 8th February 1977 two specimens of Vanessa itea (Fabricius), one male Б Olyura pyrrhus sempronius (Fabricius), two females of Heteronympha Ак Оре merope (Fabricius) and one specimen of Geitoneura klugii klugii (Guérin- ret) were observed feeding simultaneously on the dark red-brown sap Е ch had exuded from the trunk of a Eucalyptus gummifera (Gaertn.) Нос. chars 0.3 m from the ground. When disturbed, the specimens of V. itea closely ‘led the tree trunk several times reaching a height of some 2.5 m before Pidly flying to about 10 m and disappearing amongst the tree-top canopy. ne V. itea returned to feed about four minutes later. The specimen of shia Sempronius, when disturbed, rapidly flew at a height of 2-3 m over the = Vegetation before disappearing and did not return. The specimens of Н. т. Ope and G. k. klugii, (two species which mainly frequent shady areas near the

SE E cis ii AENA A د‎

38 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(3), November, 1980

ground) merely circled the tree several times when disturbed, before resting 0! the ground nearby for a period and afterwards returning to feed. When these two species were disturbed again they repeated this behaviour.

These observations are noteworthy since there appears to be little infor mation at present available on adult behaviour exhibited by Australian butterflies Three syndromes are noted here which may be related to escape behaviour: (2) rapid and direct flight by Polyura, (b) fast tree-trunk circling followed by rapid upward flight by Vanessa and (c) slow tree-trunk circling followed by resting ій a camoflaged state in the shade of bushes by Geitoneura and Heteronympht: Although responses to natural predators have not been observed, it is likely that the behaviour exhibited by these butterflies could be effective against predation by animals such as birds. Further observations are necessary for a bette understanding of this aspect of butterfly behaviour.

Parasite of Ja/menus evagoras evagoras (Donovan)

The parasitism of butterfly larvae by Diptera is well known and has bee! recorded many times, but Common and Waterhouse (1972, p. 32) noté that remarkably little is known about the specific identity of the parasite involved. |

In the Glenbrook area, larvae of J. e. evagoras feed on Acacia falcall (north of Glenbrook) and A. decurrens (in the Blue Mountains National Parks south of Glenbrook). On 17th February 1977, numerous larvae and pupa? (attended by hundreds of black ants, presumably Iridomyrmex) were observe on a small bush of A. falcata (1.2 m high). Of thirteen pupae collected, thre? produced males and, ten days later, seven tachinid flies (Exorista sp.: Tachinidae: Goniinae: Exoristini) emerged from seven others. The three pupae remaininé were parasitized but flies failed to emerge from them.

Unfortunately there is no modern treatment of the Australian Exoristin Crosskey (1973) records the tachinid flies Carcelia cosmophilae (Curran) and Exorista sorbillans (Wiedemann) as parasites of J. e. evagoras, but Dr D. Н. Colless (pers. comm.) believes that the name sorbillans was wrongly applied: Further research should reveal a great deal more information about tachini parasites of Australian Lepidoptera.

Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr D. Н. Colless, Division of Entomology, C.S.I.R.O^ Canberra, for examining and identifying the tachinids, and Dr Colless and М M. S. Moulds for bringing to my attention the paper by Crosskey. I woul also like to express my thanks to Mr J. D. O’Dea for critically examining th? manuscript.

References Common, I. Е. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and Rober son, Sydney. 498 pp. f Crosskey, R. W., 1973. A conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, includiné keys to the supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. Bull. Br. Mu nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 21: 1-221.

1

>

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(3), November, 1980 39

RECENT RECORDS OF ACRODIPSAS ILLIDGEI (WATERHOUSE AND LYELL) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM THE BRISBANE AREA, QUEENSLAND

By Chris E. Hagan Department of Entomology, University of Queensland St. Lucia, Queensland 4067

Abstract

R Recent captures of Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse and Lyell) in mangroves at Шапа Вау and Burleigh Heads are recorded. The finding of a pupa at Redland Вау Onfirms that the species is breeding in this area.

i The distribution of Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse and Lyell) is recorded “От Brisbane to Burleigh Heads (Common and Waterhouse, 1972) and it IS considered to be a very rare species. De Baar (1976) recorded one female taken in the Hay’s Inlet area of Brisbane on the 16th September, 1973. Оте recently, the species has been rediscovered in a mangrove area at Urleigh Heads by Stephen Johnson in December 1978, and a number of adults lave Subsequently been taken at this locality (S. Johnson, pers. com.).

On 25th February, 1979, while examining mangroves at Redland Bay, 3PProximately 35 km SE of Brisbane, an adult female A. illidgei was collected y the author. It was feeding at flowers of the grey mangrove, Avicennia Marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (fam. Verbenaceae), along the seaward fringe. Later * same day a male was taken while settling at the top of another grey Mangrove, approximately 5 m from the ground. Hypochrysops epicurus Miskin and Н. apelles (Fabricius) were common in the area and were seen to be dog fighting near the tops of the mangroves. On 27th February, 1979, another Male A. illidgei was taken in the same area, again near the top of a dead Srey mangrove. In September 1979, an A. illidgei pupa was located at Redland Bay hollow branch of a grey mangrove. This produced a female on 24th

-“Ptember (S. Johnson, pers. com.) and confirms that A. illidgei is breeding n the area.

in а

Acknowledgements D I would like to thank Mr S. J. Johnson for his information, Mr J. Davie, partment of Botany, University of Queensland, for identification of the апргоуе and Miss J. Graff for her assistance.

с References Оттоп, I. Е. В. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and Rob- De ertson, Sydney. 498 pp. Baar, M., 1976. Notes on Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) from south-eastern Queensland. Aust. ent. Mag. 2(6): 123-124.

AA E ee ee — ee

40 Aust, ent. Mag. 7(3), November, 198)

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. Moulds

COSTA, Michael and ALLSOPP, P. G.

1979. Gamasine mites associated with Australian scarabaeid beetles. I. The genus Parad oxiphis Berlese, symbionts of the Bolboceratine. Aust. J. Zool. 27(5): 825-865 text-figs 1-117.

CLIFT, Alan

1978. Some recent developments in pest control in the mushroom industry. Agric. Gal. N.S.W. 89:3): 39-41, illustr.

COMMON, |. Е. B. |

1979. The larvae and pupae of Imma acosma (Turner) and i. vaticina Meyrick (Lepid optera: Immidae), and the taxonomic relationships of the family. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 33-38, text-figs 1-16.

FERRAR, P.

1979. The immature stages of dung-breeding muscoid flies in Australia, with notes on the species, and keys to larvae and puparia. Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser. 73: 1-106 text-figs 1-322. ;

1979. Absence of larval fat body in the buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua (Dipte! Muscidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 25-26.

Diptera: Muscoidea: lists 25 species known to have larval fat body. FARROW, R. A.

1979. Population dynamics of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifell (Walker), in central western New South Wales. I. Reproduction and migration й relation to weather. Aust. J. Zool. 27(5): 717-745, 6 tables, 6 text-figs.

GAEDIKE, Hannelore

1978. Katalog der in den Sammlungen der Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten des Institutes für Pflanzenschutzforschung, Bereich Eberswalde (ehemals Deutsche Entomologisches Institut), aufbewahrten Typen — XVII. (Coleoptera: Scyámac" idae: Orthoperidae, Discolomidae, Ptiliidae, Scaphiidae). Beitr. Ent., Berlin 28(2): 299-328.

ROSE, A. B.

1973. The food of the white-throated nightjar. Aust. Birds 8(2): 31-32.

The insects mentioned are only partially identified and belong to the огде? Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. ROTH, Louis M. А

1979. А taxonomic revision of the Panesthiinae of the world. Ш. The genera Panesthil Serville and Miopanesthia Serville (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blaberidae). Aust. ^ Zool., Suppl. Ser. 74: 1-276, tables 1-16, text-figs 1-123.

RUSSELL, Richard C., DEBENHAM, Margaret L. and LEE, David J.

1979. A natural habitat of the insect pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces in the Sydney area. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 103(1): 71-73.

Diptera: Anopheles amictus hilli, Aedes australis, Aedes rupestris

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CONTENTS

HAGAN, Chris E. Recent records of Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse and Lyell) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Brisbane area, Queens-

landers, ts. Se. ces oes lent aren ae ME ret: Dr e 39 HAWKESWOOD, T. J. Notes on some butterflies from Glenbrook, New | SouthaWales бэ М uz mco slo | ANN AA „Ум 31

BEETLES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA. Fascicle 2, Beetle biology (part), Classification and nomenclature, Making a collection (Ed a e a o er ERI ET centre liftou!

CHURCHES ЕШ ОЛУБЕПЕРБ ТОТО SO 40

RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology. Compiled by M. S. Moulds...................

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Magazine orcs 5 f NA Aust. ent. Mag. | 2 2 DEC 1980

Volume 7, Part 4

A NEW SPECIES OF MYIANOETUS OUDEMANS (ACARINA: ANOETIDAE) FROM A CERATOPOGONID FLY IN AUSTRALASIA

By A. Fain and R. Domrow

Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium and Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bramston Tce, Herston, Australia 4006

Abstract

Em Myiano etus dycei sp. n. is figured and described from hypopi phoretic on Culicoides €vitarsis Kieffer in northern Australia and Fiji. New subjective synonymy: Anoetostoma Omersley, 1941 = Myianoetus Oudemans, 1929.

Introduction

i The introduced biting midge Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer is well estab- Ed as a vector of arboviruses in Australia (Doherty, 1972; Doherty et al., b ^2), and we now describe a hypopial mite commonly found phoretic on it. It elongs in Myianoetus Oudemans, a genus of ca 30 species mostly known only as hypopi phoretic on higher flies, especially Cyclorrhapha. However, the new Pd (the first from the lower ceratopogonids, Nematocera) is not surprising, Ince C. brevitarsis breeds in dung (Cannon and Reye, 1966), as do many

i clorrhapha, It is undoubtedly in this biotope that the flies pick up their рорі.

ne Genus Myianoetus Oudemans Ylanoetus Oudemans, 1929, Ent. Ber., Amst. 7: 449. Type-species Acarus muscarum 4 Linnaeus. Octostoma Womersley, 1941, Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 6: 485. Type-species Anoestostoma oudemansi Womersley (sic). Syn. n.

Myianoetus dycei sp. n. M (Figs 1-3) Mee al examined. All hypopi, phoretic on C. brevitarsis, mostly on abdomen, M PIN. QUEENSLAND: Rockhampton, 20.ii.1968, A. L. Dyce (holotype n Our paratypes); Parkhurst, 24.11.1968, A.L.D. (nine paratypes); Kowanyama Ormerly Mitchell River Mission), iv.1969, A.L.D. (five paratypes); Kowanyama, 9, Н.А. Standfast and E.T. Bulfin (five paratypes). NORTHERN TERRITORY:

42

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980

005mm

Figs 1,2. Myianoetus dycei: (1) hypopus in ventral view; (2) tibia-tarsus | in dorsal view:

3

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 43

Fig. 3. Myianoetus dycei: idiosoma of hypopus in dorsal view.

Beatrice Hill, 25.1.1979, A.L.D. (11 paratypes); Berrimah Experiment Farm (10

ee = 16 km S of Darwin), 27-28.ii.1968, J. Haslam (five paratypes). FIJI: Ii Levu, 17.viii.1967, С. Е. Bornemissza (four paratypes). Holotype in

ш шаап National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra; paratypes in authors’

ections.

HYpopus

1 Holotype 141 um long, 108 um wide (four paratypes 135 х 110, 150х 126, 26 X130,160 x 134). Dorsum: Propodonotum 15 ит deep, with two pairs of setae 3i Very short, sc, longer). Hysteronotal setae short and thin. Venter: Sternum

16 extended posteriorly into weakly sclerotised pregenital sclerite. Coxae П ?mpletely closed, connected to sternum by narrow transverse strip. Setae схі

чаа

44 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1%

and схүүү represented only by their alveoli. Epimera IV not reaching midlin' Suctorial plate rather small, with larger (posterior) pair of suckers 7.5-8 иті diameter, with denticulate rims; with two pairs of elongate conoids posterior) set in curved line. Palposoma 15 um long, with pair of elongate solenid' (25 um) apically. Legs: Tarsi 1-ТУ 15, 24, 24, 14 um long, respectively. Tib I 26-27 um long. Ratio of lengths of tarsus I: tibia I 1: 1.8. Tarsi I-III with bif! claw apically, IV with strong seta (45 ит). Solenidia on genua LIV lott Solenidion w, set dorsoapically on tibia I, just beyond solenidion ¢; solenidi? € probably represented by small seta set dorsobasally on tarsus I; solenidi? wg: set middorsally on tarsus I.

Notes

It may now be said that Anoetostoma Womersley, based on hypopi © A. oudemansi Womersley from the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Muscidat in New South Wales, is a synonym of Myianoetus Oudemans* since bo! show bifid claws on the legs (not mentioned in Womersley's text, but cle! in his drawings), and a suctorial plate with one (posterior) pair of suck?! enlarged and two pairs of conoids. The lattermost are not suckers as thoug! by Womersley, but soft conic projections probably serving as buffers to fac! itate detachment from the host (Fain, 1973; 1974).

M. dycei is distinct from M. oudemansi in showing tarsus I shorter, rath“ than much longer, than tibia I (ratio of lengths 1 : 1.8 vs 1: 0.5). In oth species whose hypopi are known, tarsus I may range from longer to a jitt! shorter than tibia I, but the ratio never exceeds 1 : 1.3 in the latter саў Other points seen only in M. dycei are the denticulate (posterior) suckers 4 the relatively elongate conoids on the suctorial plate.

The new species is named for Mr A. L. Dyce, McMaster Laboratot) CSIRO, Glebe, who collected many of the specimens and kindly read ol draft manuscript.

References А Cannon, І. К. С. and Reye, Е. Ј., 1966. A larval habitat of the biting midge Culicoidl brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidac). J. ent. Soc. Qd 5: 7-9. Doherty, К. L., 1972. Arboviruses of Australia. Aust. vet. J. 48: 172-180. a Doherty, К. L., Carley, J. G., Stand fast, H. A., Dyce, A. L. and Snowdon, W.A., 1972. vir strains isolated from arthropods during an epizootic of bovine ephemeral fev in Queensland. Aust. vet. J. 48: 81-86. Fain, A., 1968. Notes on two new heteromorphic deutonymphs (hypopi) (Acarina: Sarco! tiformes). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 92: 246-250. | Fain, A., 1973. Notes sur les hypopes des Saproglyphidae (Acarina: Sarcoptiformes) l Le genre Crabrovidia Zachvatkin, 1941. Description de 8 espèces nouvel! symphorétiques sur les Sphecidae (Hyménoptéres). Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. B® 109: 153-189. | Vain, A., 1974. Notes sur quelques hypopes d'Anoetidae (Acarina Sarcoptiformes). Bl Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 110: 58-68.

* Anoetostoma domrowi lain, 1968, based on hypopi from Scoliophthalmus sp. (Chie! opidae) in New Guinea, is not a Myianoetus as here understood, and should be remo“ to another genus, possibly Anoetus Dujardin itself, to which it seems close.

A

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 45

A LIST OF THE PAPILIONIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS, WITH NOTES ON THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

By Tommaso Racheli Yo Istituto di Zoologia, Università de L'Aquila, 1-67100 L'Auuila, Italy

Abstract

ds An account is given of the Papilionidae of the Solomon Islands, with taxonomic and

tibution notes. The status of O. allottei Rothschild, P. ponceleti Le Moult, P. erskinet

TRE and P. ptolychus Godman and Salvin, is discussed. An attempt is made to show е relationships between this fauna and those of other parts of the Australian region.

Introduction

Several papers on the papilionid butterflies of the Solomon Islands have “PPeared, but none contain a comprehensive discussion of all the species. It is

°ped that the present list may, to some extent, rectify this situation. studi The paper is based on extensive studies of the literature, on morphological 165 of specimens in various collections, and on recent field data submitted y resident collectors. The Solomon islands are inhabited by 15 species of . pilionidae representing four genera. Papilio oberon, which inhabits S. Cruz

i Е : ч sland, has been included in the systematic section, but not in the data analysis.

Geography

The Solomon group constitutes a long island arc in the South West € consisting of one major and several minor clusters of islands covering an рн Of some 33900 km? and located east of New Guinea. The arc is oriented the wy NW-SE and in the NW, submarine mountains connect this group with ISmarck Islands. Southwards, the Archipelago is continuous with the

Si Hebrides, which are separated from the Solomon group by the Santa Solo Basin. This group of islands is probably not geologically linked to the

Mons but rather to the New Hebrides (Gressitt, 1961). Es The Solomon Archipelago comprises two parallel rows of islands (Fig. 1), Parated by “The Slot" channel. The main islands are Buka, Bougainville, bee d Santa Isabel, Guadalcanal, Malaita, and Florida. The northernmost - 1s Вика and the southernmost San Cristobal. The rather isolated New р € Group with Vella la Vella, Gizo and Kolombangara, occupies a central ton within the Archipelago.

Parts The topography and vegetation are varied. Tropical rain forest covers large grou of the islands, except where cleared by man and on geologically younger Nd, where a savannah-type vegetation often prevails, with lalang-grass пао) etc. With the exception of the atoll-islands, all are more or less Near 21105, with densely forested interiors. Mt. Lammas of Guadalcanal is reachy 2500 m high and several other islands of the group have mountains and Ing about 1000 m. There are several active volcanoes, e.g. Balbi (3123 m) Often арапа (2251 m), both in Bougainville. Mountain slopes and hills are trees eed extensively by dense rain forest, with various palms, hardwood trees ICUS etc. The low-altitude vegetation consists mainly of ferns, banana and their like, with epiphytes and lianas. In coastal areas vast grounds

Pacifi area

M

46 Aust. ent. Мад. 7(4), December, 198

are cultivated and scattered secondary forests exist inland. Along tidal riê courses, terminating in the ocean, swamplands and mangroves are ofte present. In Guadalcanal the grassy plains appear to be the result of relativel) recent, but nevertheless total, clearing of the virgin forest. The climate? equatorial, with some seasonal variation in temperature, wind and precipitatio? During the rainy season a monsoon-type wind prevails from April to Novemb" in large parts of the Solomons.

Systematic section The following abbreviations have been used below: FW, fore wing; HW, hind мі?

Ornithoptera victoriae (Gray), 1856

This highly variable species has been discussed by Schmid (1970b, 1973b) wht placed resplendens Ehrmann as a synonym of regis Rothschild, with which I fully conci Numerous specimens of most of the described subspecies are difficult to assign to one Ü the other taxon, thus reflecting the great variability of the species. The populations fro! New Georgia Group, described as rubianus Rothschild, are characterised by a great stability of the phenotype and it may be speculated that they have been isolated for! longer time. М The following subspecies have been described: — O. victoriae victoriae (Gray, 1856). Type loc.: not stated [Guadalcanal] O. victoriae reginae (Salvin, 1888). Type loc.: Malaita: NW Bay O. victoriae regis (Rothschild, 1895). Type loc.: Bougainville and Alu O. victoriae isabellae (Rothschild and Jordan, 1901). Type loc.: Isabel O. victoriae epiphanes Schmid, 1970. Type loc.: San Cristobal: Manowiriwiri O. victoriae rubianus (Rothschild, 1904). Type loc.: Rendova | Distribution:— Bougainville; Alu; Shortland Is.; Ruliana; Kolombangara; New Georg! Munda; Rendova; Ranonga; Guadalcanal: Poha, and Aola; Tulagi; Florida; Nggela; Malai Auki; Choiseul: Sasamuga and Kia, Nanango; St. Isabel: Mt. Marescot; S. Cristobal: Мап? wiriwiri, Kira Kira, Wainou, Star Harbour; Bauro.

Ornithoptera allottei (Rothschild), 1914

The status of this taxon has been discussed by McAlpine (1970), Schmid (19708 1973b), D’Abrera (1975) and Haugum and Low (1978). Rousseau-Decelle (1939) was tl! first to suggest that allottei might be a hybrid of O. victoriae x O. priamus urvillianus, bu Pere Allotte, the discoverer of the specimen, had earlier suggested this in a letter 1 Rothschild (Rothschild, 1914). Subsequent authors have treated allottei alternatively 4’ good species or as a hybrid in the absence of conclusive proof of one or the othe! Schmid (1970a) found diagnostic characters to support the distinctiveness of allott® whilst McAlpine (/.с.) concluded (by what was claimed to be a lack of morphologl features of its own) that allottei is a hybrid. Both Haugum and Low (/.с.) and Blandi! (1973) are dubious about considering allottei a good species. In the light of recent findin? of natural hybridization in other Ornithoptera and in Ornithoptera x Troides (Straatmal 1976; Sands and Sawyer, 1977), which is not as rare as was originally believed, 1% strength has been added to the hybrid origin theory for allottei, with which I agit? Moreover, O. allottei has only been recorded from the south of Bougainville and Malai“ (Morgan, pers. comm.), where there are relatively high population densities of both % victoriae and O. priamus urvillianus (Straatman, 1976 and pers. comm.). In these localiti® freely interspecific mating has sometimes been observed and the hatched larvae have be? successfully reared through the initial instars, but unfortunately were eaten later by fro (Straatman, pers. comm.).

Distribution:— Bougainville: Buin; South of Malaita. Ornithoptera priamus urvillianus (Guérin-Méneville), 1838

A marked geographic variation is apparent in this widespread subspecies, which! distributed practically throughout the Solomon Islands. A subspecies burkei Clark, 194%

Y

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 47

Buka

156° 158° 160° 162° 164° 166° + + + +

oe Shortland e 27806 Choiseul Treasury 9 3

Vella Lavella > Kolombangara Santa Isabel QUA 1 te Ganongga $ New Georgia $29 т Rendova $ Florida „ jalaita Russell 2 4 SS CERN. MATE * * + + 10° 3 Ugi s | 2 OLOMON ISLANDS AS Santa Ana Santa Catalina ^ Santa Cruz Bellona «> Rennell =>

+ 12°

Fig. 1. Map of the Solomon ‘Archipelago.

W Е ;

y j Soribed from the southern Solomons but was placed as a synonym of urvillianus

A Owarth (1977), whom I support. McAlpine (1.с.) and D’Abrera (1975) consider this Оп a valid species different from О, priamus L.

patribution. — Buka; Bougainville: Buin, Kunua; Treasury Is.; New Georgia; Gizo; Rendova:

A Pingo; Isabel: Boala, Tatamba; Choiseul: Nanango; Malaita: Tanabu; Fauro; Tulagi;

- JOrida; Guadalcanal: Honiara; Savo. It probably occurs on the numerous minor islets, but as never been reported from Ugi and S. Cristobal.

Pachi; :

chliopta polydorus (Linnaeus), 1758 ina This species is the sole representative of the genus in the Solomons and was discussed etail by Howarth and Racheli (1975).

но are three distinct subspecies:—

pra ID polydaemon (Mathew), 1887. Type loc.: Ugi Is.

er aclu ulawaensis (Joicey and Talbot), 1918. Type loc.: Ulawa Is. lydorus polypemon (Mathew), 1887. Type loc.: Treasury Is.

Dis ; ; LLL Bougainville: Buin; Gauro; Alu; Treasury Is.; Shortland Is.; Vella la Vella; Se Ranongga; Rendova; Choiseul; Isabel: Kia; Malaita; Florida; Guadalcanal: Honiara, Te; Ulawa; Ugi; S. Cristobal.

Bari

"ilio bridgei Mathew, 1886 (Figs 2-9) This species shows considerable phenotypic variability along its range, however it Stant within each insular population. The phenotype of Malaita appears to be hitherto E and is interesting since it is intermediate between those of New Georgia and aby ppal The dé specimens from Malaita show the post discal band of FWs rather Veins cr efined. It is complete on the upperside of FWs, with no black lines along the A IDE the relatively large band of HWs. It seems probable that there is a formation " md series in this species, with regard to this character. The 99 are slightly larger T ose of other populations (length of FW 85 mm). The discal patches of both FWs arge end a more darkened, the marginal white. spots enlarged, the submarginal spots collecti illed with orange. Upon examination of the holotype d in the British Museum On, Papilio erskinei Mathew, 1886, was found to be conspecific with P. bridget.

~ A A A A EE aaa

ls con Unreg,

48 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 198

A further d recently received from S. Cristobal, is similar to the holotype, except that it has traces of submarginal spots in S2 and S3 on the underside of HWs. il

No attempt was made in the list by Munroe (1961) to give the status of P. erskiné and this taxon was presumably overlooked by D'Abrera (1971) who subsequently (1978) considered it as a local form of P. woodfordi. |

As far as tryoni Mathew 1889 is concerned, I had the opportunity to examine! colour slide of the holotype d. The specimen, which is very battered, is said to come fro | Ugi Is., namely the locality where Р. erskinei flies. It might be that different populations P. bridgei occur in different parts of the island, even though this hypothesis is rath doubtful. The two other possibilities are either that tryoni is an aberration of erskinei % that the locality is wrong. This latter possibility is supported by the fact that the holotyP of tryoni resembles all the other populations of bridgei within the Solomons, except th? of S. Cristobal. In fact, the apical patch of both FWs is missing, a costal streak is preset on the upper side of the HWs and the colouration of the submarginal spots on the undersic of the HWs is light yellow-green. These characteristics are absent in P. erskinei. Moreov® Jordan (1909) described two females that he referred to as females of P. tryoni, bu! which are undoubtedly females of P. erskinei. Two females of this taxon, recently receive from S. Cristobal, correspond to Jordan’s diagnosis yet are females of P. bridgei, frot which it may be concluded that P. erskinei is conspecific with P. bridgei.

Since we cannot completely depend upon the previously recorded localities, the type locality of Papilio bridgei erskinei Mathew 1886 Stat. nov., should be restricted ' S. Cristobal. 5

Finally, I have some doubts about the status of tryoni until new material becom® available.

The geographical distribution of P. bridgei may be summarized as follows:—

P. bridgei bridgei Mathew, 1886. Type loc.: Treasury Is.

Р. bridgei prospero Grose-Smith, 1889. Type loc.: Rubiana

P. bridgei ortegae Rothschild, 1904. Type loc.: Florida

Р. bridgei hecateus Godman & Salvin, 1888. Type loc.: Guadalcanal

P. bridgei erskinei Mathew, 1886. Type loc.: Ugi Is.

Р. bridgei tryoni Mathew, 1889. Type loc.: Ugi Is. ?

Distribution:— Buka; Bougainville; Shortland Is.; Alu; Fauro; Treasury Is.; Choiset! Masamasa; Isabel: Tatamba, Sepi; Malaita: Auki; Rubiana; Gizo; New Georgia: Munda Rendova; Vella la Vella; Florida; Gela; Guadalcanal: Koala Ridge, Honiara; Ugi; S. Cristobal

Papilio oberon Grose-Smith, 1897

This species shows a marked stability of the pattern in a long series examined. Jord (1909) suggested that the affinities of P. oberon are with Papilio aegeus Donovan. TI | may be so, however it resembles morphologically the Australian subspecies of P. aege more than any forms which are geographically nearer to it.

Distribution:— S. Cruz: Tevai.

Papilio woodfordi Godman and Salvin, 1888 | This species is strikingly variable, but stable within each population. Having examine!

large series of specimens, I have come to the conclusion that the taxon known as ptolychió

Godman and Salvin, 1888 is conspecific with this species.

Four geographical subspecies should therefore be considered: —

P. woodfordi woodfordi Godman and Salvin, 1888. Type loc.: Alu and Fauro

P. woodfordi ariel Grose-Smith, 1889. Type loc.: Isabel: Estrella Bay

P. woodfordi laarchus Godman and Salvin, 1888. Type loc.: Rubiana

P. woodfordi ptolychus Godman and Salvin. Type loc.: Guadalcanal: Aola. Stat. nO"

Distribution:— Buka; Bougainville: Buin; Alu; Fauro; Shortland Is.: Tiap; Rubiana; New

Georgia; Gizo; Kolombangara; Isabel: Tatamba, Sepi, Holibara, Hageulu; Malaita; Choiseu! |

Guadalcanal: White River and Mt. Balbi; Florida. |

РРО B

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 49

Figs 2.7, (2-3) P. bridgei erskinei: (2) д upperside, S. Cristobal, 28.viii.1974 (3) 9 upperside, S. Cristobal, 28.viii.1974; (4-5) Р. bridgei ssp.; (4) д upperside, Malaita, Auki, 11.v.1973, (5) 9 upperside, Malaita, 4.vii.1973; (6-7) P. bridgei ortegae: (5) б upperside, Florida, 1.1901, Meek leg., syntype, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist), (7) $ upper- side, data as for. д. Specimens in author's collection unless otherwise stated.

БО Aust. ent. Мад. 7(4), December, 1980.

Papilio fuscus Goeze, 1779 (Figs 10-11)

A widely distributed and highly variable species. The arrangement, traditionally considered for all populations of central and south Solomons referred to ssp. xenophilus Mathew 1886, by Rothschild (1895), Jordan (/.c.) and D’Abrera (1971, 1978), appears t? | be erroneous and the name xenophilus should be restricted to the populations of Ugi an S. Cristobal. They may be distinguished from populations of other Solomons on account of the constant pure white bands of both wings and also their smaller size. As pointed ош by Jordan (/.с.), P. fuscus xenophilus appears to be closely related to Papilio canopus West wood, 1842; the relationships between these two taxa will be discussed below.

In my opinion only two subspecies should be considered in the Solomon Islands: P. fuscus hasterti Ribbe, 1907 (Type loc. Bougainville: Gieta or Kieta), distributed on thè main chain except Ugi and S. Cristobal where P. fuscus xenophilus Mathew, 1886 (Тур loc. Ugi) occurs. The name epibomius Fruhstorfer, 1907, used to designate the population | of Florida, should be regarded as a synonym of hasterti Ribbe.

Distribution:— Buka; Bougainville: Kieta; Alu; Shortland Is.; Isabel; New Georgia; Giz0: Rendova; Malaita: Auki; Florida; Russel Is.: Pavuvu; Guadalcanal; Ugi; S. Cristobal.

Papilio ponceleti Le Moult, 1933

This supposed species has been described by Le Moult (1933), on the basis of ont male and one female from Bougainville, Kieta. Since then no other author has recorded it Unfortunately, I have been unable to examine these specimens which were sold in 196 at Rousseau-Decelle's auction in Paris.

Le Moult (Lc), in his description, noted the great similarity of ponceleti with woodfordi and fuscus, it being intermediate in many characters between these two species:

Straatman (1962) gives illustrations of an experimental hybrid resulting from P aegeus aegeus Donovan x P. fuscus capaneus Westwood. Even though there are no pattem relationships between this hybrid and ponceleti, the tail reduced to a stump in this hybrid is not unlike that of ponceleti. Many other records of crosses between tailed and untailed papilios show that the tails of resulting off-spring are reduced in length. Тһе status of ponceleti is questionable and its hybrid origin, P. fuscus x P. woodfordi seem a likely explanation.

Papilio phestus Guérin-Méneville, 1830

Apparently never recorded from Malaita, Guadalcanal and S. Cristobal. The most | southern locality known to the author is Russel Is. (1 б, in Reijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden). It is possible that the various populations recorded refer to only on? subspecies, namely minusculus Ribbe, 1898 (Type loc. Shortland Is.), even though some | populations may be distinguishable. The white discal spots on the underside of HWs аге | mostly reduced in the northern populations while the same spots are larger and simila! _ to those of nominotypical phestus in specimens from central and southern Solomons. | Distribution:— Bougainville: Buin; Alu; Treasury Is.; Choiseul; Isabel: Tatamba; Rubiana: New Georgia; Gizo; Vella la Vella; Kolombangara; Russel Is.

Papilio ulysses Linnaeus, 1758

The subspecies were discussed by Jordan (Lc.) who applied various names to the female forms occurring in the Solomons. There is one geographical subspecies on the main Solomon chain, another in the New Georgia Group and a third in the Shortlands and on Bougainville. Subspecies orsippus Godman and Salvin, 1888 is distributed on Guadalcanal (Type loc.), Choiseul, Isabel and Florida, and is dimorphic in the female. Subspecies georgius Rothschild, 1908 occurs on Gizo (type loc.), Kolombangara, Ranongga and Vella la Vella | of the New Georgia Group, and subspecies nigerrimus Ribbe, 1898 on Bougainville an the Shortland Islands. Distribution:— Bougainville: Buin; Shortland Is.; Alu; Isabel: Sepi; Choiseul; Vella la Vella; Gizo; Kolombangara; Ranongga; Guadalcanal: Honiara, Koala Ridge; New Georgia; Florida

y

Aust. ent, Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 51

Figs8-11, (8.9) p. bridgei tryoni: (8) д upperside, Ugi Is., “Type”, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist),

(9) d underside, same specimen; (10-11) P. fuscus xenophilus: (10) д upperside, 5. Cristobal, 11.1974, (11) 9 upperside, S. Cristobal, 2.11.1974. Specimens in author's collection unless otherwise stated.

Dying к ? “Pilio toboroi Ribbe, 1907 (Figs 12-13) taxo Lie biology and ecology of this species was described by Straatman (1975), the in Qnomy by Racheli (1979). The species seems to be rather localised and distributed only Ougainville, Isabel and Malaita.

uS Subspecies are recognised, namely:— Б Oboroi toboroi Ribbe, 1907. (Type loc. Bougainville: Gieta)

` loboroi straatmani Racheli, 1979. (Type loc. South Isabel: Holibara)

'Stribution:— Bougainville: Gieta, Borabere, Tiop; Isabel: Holibara; Malaita.

Yi “phium codrus (Cramer), 1779 TE ion Widespread but apparently, uncommon in the Solomons. The taxonomy and distribut- Were discussed by Yoshida (1972) and Racheli (1979). Our subspecies can be distinguished:— ` Codrus gabriellae Racheli, 1979 (= solon Godman and Salvin, 1888 nec solon Fabricius, 1793), Type loc.: Guadalcanal: Aola. G Codrus pisidice (Godman and Salvin), 1888. Type loc.: Malaita: North-west Bay. : Codrus tenebrionis (Rothschild), 1895. Type loc.: New Georgia. ; Codrus christobalus (Jordan), 1909. Type loc.: S. Cristobal. К ibution: — Bougainville; Alu; Shortland Is.; Choiseul; Malaita: Auki; Rendova; Ranongga; lala Vella; Gizo; New Georgia; Florida; Guadalcanal; S. Cristobal.

Graph; x

aphium sarpedon (Linnaeus), 1758 Not recorded from Malaita and S. Cristobal but otherwise widespread in the Solomons › Or possibly three, subspecies:—

~o

in two

52 Aust. ent. Мад. 7(4), December, 9

С. sarpedon isander (Godman and Salvin), 1888. Type loc.: Guadalcanal: Aola

G. sarpedon impar (Rothschild), 1895. Type loc.: New Georgia 1

And possibly:— G. sarpedon shortlandica (Ribbe), 1900. Type loc.: Shortlands, but s such a meagre quantity of specimens is known, it is impossible to decide whether ort it represents a valid subspecies

Distribution:— Bougainville; Shortlands; Fauro; Alu; Isabel; Choiseul; Kolombangara; бї Vella la Vella; Rendova; Rubiana; New Georgia; Guadalcanal; Florida.

Graphium mendana (Godman and Salvin), 1888 (Figs 14-16) 4

This species seems to be rather rare and is not represented in many collectio It has been bred by Straatman (pers. comm.) on Malaita, but no description of preimaginal stages has been published.

There are four subspecies in the Solomons:—

G. mendana acous (Ribbe), 1898. Type loc.: Bougainville: Aco

С. mendana neyra (Rothschild), 1895. Type loc.: New Georgia

G. mendana mendana (Godman and Salvin), 1888. Type loc.: Guadalcanal: Aola

G. mendana aureofasciatum Racheli, 1979. Type loc.: NW Malaita: Dala Distribution: — Bougainville: Aco; Isabel; Malaita: Dala; Rubiana; Rendova; Vella la үй Guadalcanal: Aola.

Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus), 1758 (Figs 17-18) d

A widely distributed species having phenotypically similar populations practi throughout the Solomons. The only exception being found on Ugi and S. Cristo inhabited by subspecies ugiensis (Jordan, 1909). This subspecies differs notably from | more widespread subspecies salomonis (Rothschild, 1895). Subspecies ugiensis was previo considered endemic to Ugi Is., however the 9 holotype from Ugi matches well with ™ specimens from S. Cristobal I examined and I have no doubt that these specimens DO to the same subspecies.

I am also of the opinion that the presence or absence of red spots between median veins of the HWs, as described by Jordan (1909), is an unreliable characte distinguishing between subspecies of С. agamemnon; whereas this character has been lA to distinguish subspecies ugiensis, where the red spots are absent. An identical state ? exists in specimens from other Solomons populations. In 100 specimens examined 4 localities throughout the species range, the red spots were found to vary in number, US, from three to seven. G. agamemnon ugiensis may be safely identified by the some produced or falcate shape of the FWs, its smaller size and the more yellowish colour 9 spots on the upper surface.

Distribution:— Bougainville; Shortland Is.; Alu; Choiseul; Isabel: Tatamba; Malaita; Kole bangara; Gizo; Rendova; Vella la Vella; Florida; Gela; Guadalcanal: Honiara, Koala Rê

Ugi; S. Cristobal. Graphium meeki (Rothschild), 1901

This species is fairly rare and is confined inland, where it occurs in mountain

areas (Straatman, pers. comm.). It may be locally not uncommon in suitable habitats И

I wonder if D’Abrera (1971) was misled by the apparent lack of recent specimen.

collections when he stated that the species is “probably extinct". The same author (17^.

reports on another specimen to be found in the Australian Museum, Sydney. This spec d

is presumably the same figured by Musgrave (1946) and seems not to have a diffe

pattern from that of the holotype. gil The species has been found in Bougainville (Rousseau-Decelle, 1946; Musgrave, 1

(|

ў fi

D’Abrera, 1978); Isabel (type loc.) and Choiseul (Morgan, pers. comm.).

Distribution:— Bougainville: Porubi and Piva Riva, Empress Augusta Bay; Choiseul; Isabel: Hageulu 650 m.

Graphium hicetaon (Mathew), 1886 Another species endemic to the Solomon Islands. It is widespread but ha previously been recorded from Isabel, Malaita and S. Cristobal. The geographic variat

s jo!

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 53

Fio: 1248. (19 19

1З) P. toboroi straatmani: (12) d upperside, S. Isabel, Holibara, 750m, 22 viii. (964, Straatman leg., holotype in coll. Nieuwenhuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuur- lijke Historie, Leiden), (13) d underside, same specimen: (14) С. mendana mendana,

upperside, Isabel, x.1972; (15) G. mendana neyra, 9 upperside, Vella la Vella, 4.x.1973; (16) С. mendana aureofasciatum, д upperside, NW Malaita, Dala, ex Pupa, 1.vii.1964, Straatman leg; holotype in coll. Nieuwenhuis (Rijksmuseum van

atuurlijke Historie, Leiden); (17) G. agamemnon salomonis, д upperside, Guadal- Canal, v.1968; (18) С. agamemnon ugiensis, Y upperside, S. Cristobal, ix. 1974. Pecimens in author's collection unless otherwise stated.

oo MM

54 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 198

entirely insignificant, in spite of the isolation within the islands. Therefore, it might Dj assumed that there is a nigh degree of gene flow. |

Distribution:— Bougainville: Kahili, Kunua, Kieta; Shortland Is.; Choiseul; Isabel; Malai Rendova; Vella la Vella; Gizo; Florida; Guadalcanal, Ugi; S. Cristobal: Kira Kira.

` Discussion

Distribution of Papilionidae in the Solomon Archipelago |

Fifteen species of Papilionidae (or 16 if we consider Р. oberon whid inhabits Santa Cruz Island as belonging to this fauna) occur in the Solomo (Table 1) (O. allottei and P. ponceleti have been excluded because of the! doubtful specific status—see text). Seven of these are endemic of which 0 victoriae, P. bridgei, P. woodfordi and С. hicetaon are common and widespre# in all the islands. Only P. woodfordi appears not to have reached San Cristobê P. toboroi and G. meeki are apparently uncommon and confined to the castell. Solomons; P. toboroi is also to be found on Choiseul. G. mendana seems ЇЇ have spread to most of the islands except San Cristobal, and to have develop: in Malaita a subspecies with a striking colour pattern nearing that of G. сойт Bougainville is the only island of the Solomons to have all the papilionid speci known from the Solomons while San Cristobal has the lowest number (46.6 (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Number of species of Papilionidae occurring on each of the major islands of the Solomon Archipelago

Island No. of spp % of Archipelago total Bougainville 15 100 Choiseul 13 86.6 Vella la Vella 9 60 New Georgia 13 86.6 Santa Isabel 14 93.3 Florida and Tulagi 11 73.3 Guadalcanal 12 80 Malaita 11 73.3 . San Cristobal 7 46.6 Bellona 0 0 Rennel 0 0

It is interesting to note that there is a decrease in the number of papilioni | species within the Solomon Archipelago between the islands from north t south and from east to west (Table 2). |

Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios of papilionid species between the Solomo™ and the south-western Pacific/Australian region. It is worthwhile noting the high proportion of species endemic to the Solomons (Table 4), suggesting thal these are relatively long established in these islands. i

Comparison of distribution patterns i The Papilionidae of New Ireland and New Britain are identical both Y number of genera and species of which 13% are endemic and 40% of Papua! origin. Seven species are shared with the Solomon Islands. New Guinea, like the Solomons, has a high percentage of endemic specie (40%), practically all confined to the genus Ornithoptera.

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 55

TABLE 2 Distribution of Papilionidae occurring in the Solomon Islands i in- У - : : Santa

шш КУЕ ChoiseulT ата Ges Саба: Malaitat са "Cruz O. victoriae * * * * * * * ©. allotte; * * 0. Urvillianus * * * * * * P. Polydorus * * * * * * * P bridgei * * * * * * * P. oberon * E woodfordi * * * * * *

` fuscus * * * * * * P Phestus * * * *

` Ulysses * * * * * P toboroi * * * С. Codrus * * * * * * G. sarpedon * * * * *

$ Mendana * * * * *

` ag&amemnon * * * * * * *

^ meeki * * * G. hicetaon * * * * ЖМ * *

Î Islands On the eastern side of the Solomon Archipelago.

The fauna of the Admiralty Islands is not as rich as that of other nearby “chipelagoes; 50% of the species are west New Guinean and only one is endemic, namely Papilio weymeri Oberthür which is related to P. bridgei Of the Solomon Islands. Seven of the eight species known from the Admiralty 09 are shared with New Britain, New Ireland and the Solomons; five with

Stralia.

Australia has a rather small number of Papilionidae, three are endemic, namely Protographium leosthenes (Doubleday), Graphium macleayanum (Leach)

apilio anactus Macleay, seven are Papuan or West Papuan and six Oriental.

mm On the Oceanic Islands, Santa Cruz, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji is Samoa, there are few Papilionidae; all but one are endemic at the species Nue exception being P. canopus hypsicles Hewitson, confined to the New

rides, н The close morphological and pattern relationships between the taxa іп- ng San Cristobal and NW Australia suggests a relationship between hypsicles is ОЕА Many authors аге of the opinion that P. canopus from NW Australia eae other than a subspecies of Р. fuscus. Whether P. fuscus and P. e AE being allopatric, are two biological species is hard to say, nevertheless regio IS geographic evidence that P. fuscus spreads westward to the Oriental "E П as far as the Andaman Islands, and eastward to New Guinea, northern . ~ Castern Australia and through the Solomons to the New Hebrides. P. fuscus БҮР, reported from the Torres Islands, located between Santa Cruz and the land ebrides, as ssp. nomus Gabriel 1936. The canopus complex, on the other > 18 restricted and split into various different populations in the Lesser

u te * . nda Islands where it has developed tailed, tailless and colour forms probably Mimetic value.

habiti

2c

56

Aust. ent. Мад. 7(4), December, 1980

TABLE 3. Summary of the distributions of Papilionidae in the Australian and south-western Pacific regions.

Species

C. cressida P. polydorus

T. oblongomaculatus

O. goliath

O. chimaera O. tithonus

O. rothschildi O. paradisea

О. meridionalis O. priamus

О. alexandrae O. victoriae

P. ulysses

P. montrouzieri

P. lorquinianus P. deiphobus P. ambrax

P. phestus

P. albinus

Р. fuscus

P. demoleus Р. euchenor P. godeffroyi P. schmeltzi P. amynthor P. bridgei

P. woodfordi P. oberon

P. weymeri

P. aegeus

P. laglaizei

P. toboroi

P. moerneri

P. anactus

G. thule

G. aristeus

G. wallacei

G. browni

G. hicetaon

G. agamemnon G. meeki

G. macfarlanei G. eurypylus G. gelon

G. sarpedon G. mendana G. codrus

G. weiskei

G. macleayanus P. leosthenes

NG AI * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

NI SOL SC * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Abbreviations: NG-New Guinea

Al—Admiralty Islands NB-New Britain NI-New Ireland SOL-Solomon Islands SC-Santa Cruz Islands

NH-New Hebrides

F-Fiji

S-Samoa

NCL-New Caledonia & Loyalties

AUS-Australia

Region NH F S NCL AU LH N D " р р ? Ё Ё b Ё f E e р E Ё ^ 1 T Е р P р ж № f 0 can *, сап А 0 р - Ё А f * * E. z É É f Ё T р f É f i ў f * 0 f f f : 0 Ё | 0 5 f 5 0 Ё c E Ё * * f e LH-Lord Howe Is. CS-Celebes to Solomon N- Norfolk Is. can—Papilio canopus E-—Endemic P—Papuan Q-Oriental

ВЅ Bismarck to Solomons

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 57

TABLE 4 Total numbers of species and percentages of Papilionidae occurring in the

a Australian/south-western Pacific region showing faunal relationships

New Admiralty New New ; Entire

Guinea Islands Britain Ireland Solomons Australia Region = No % No % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % ts O 2 134 2 134 7 466 . 3 1875 31 62 ome LIO АБО 6 40 6 40 3 201 we CEM RL oy Beye 20] 1 125 5 4 5 334 з 201 G Suo GP 9 Solomons 0 0 1 125 1 66 1 66 пй GG 0 0 1E €lebes toSolomons 3.3 1 1215 1 6.6 1 6.6 i 1 6.6 0 0 12

Table 3 shows that only six species of Papilionidae are shared with Ustralia, New Guinea, the Bismarcks and the Solomons. They аге O. priamus L., Куса: L., P. ulysses L., P. ambrax/phestus, P. fuscus Goeze and С. Te gor L. The first four are typically Papuan, while the remaining two rental and are faunal elements derived presumably from west of the allace line. ili As suggested by Zeuner (1943), O. priamus has had successive waves of EE from the central Moluccas eastwards. Holloway (1973) is not in E ement with Zeuner regarding the origin and dispersal of the genus Troides. n M case, if Troides had a centre of dispersal in mainland Asia, this is m zm contrast with the distribution of Ornithoptera priamus, Pachliopta DA orus, Papilio ulysses and Papilio ambrax/phestus. While it is difficult os menus trate the exact centre of origin of Ornithoptera, which probably pa Dated within Wallacea according to Zeuner (i.c.), Pachliopta and Papilio ашу spread from India and Asia to the Papuan region. It might be кй that P. ulysses originated from a common ‘ancestor of the and us/ulysses group which gave origin to P. lorquinianus C. & R. Felder ulysses within Wallacea. The former remained restricted to the > and West Irian, while the latter spread eastwards. The ambrax/ ШЕП complex is structurally similar to P. polytes L., and has probably inked y Separated into species. P. polytes is polymorphic in its females and phic to Batesian mimicry, while P. ambrax and phestus females are monomor- E nevertheless dissimilar from males and related to a Batesian-Mullerian d Cry ring. It has been demonstrated that P. ambrax Boisd. and P. aegeus hay, are both synchronic and sympatric in some parts of their range, while ЖУУН no evidence that the ecology of the supposed models, i.e. Cressida tor 4 F. males and P. polydorus is the same. In the light of recent investigat- that 9n P. memnon L. carried out in Sumatra (Küppers, 1977) it is probable

A Batesian mimicry, at least in Papilionidae, is not as common as might expected.

Moluccas

Acknowledgements ы sincere thanks are due to all those who supported this paper in ritish ways. Particularly, I wish to express my gratitude to P. R. Ackery, Museum (Natural History), London, P. M. Brigndi, Institute of Zoology,

эь _

58 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980.

l'Aquila, Italy, C. H. Morgan, Auckland, New Zealand, R. Straatman, Kuranda; Australia (formerly of Sogeri, Papua) and C. G. Treadaway, Frankfurt, fot useful information and new data. J. Haugum, Denmark, helped me very mu in revising the text, especially the geographic section. My appreciation is also due to S. Forestiero, M. Rampini and V. Sbordoni, Institute of Zoology: University of Rome for discussion of the manuscript. Finally, M. Shields, Romé was kind enough to help me with the linguistic style.

References

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D’Abrera, B., 1971. Butterflies of the Australian region. Lansdowne, Melbourne.

D’Abrera, B., 1975. Birdwing butterflies of the world. Lansdowne, Melbourne. |

D’Abrera, B., 1978. Butterflies of the Australian region. 2nd edn. Lansdowne, Melbourn’

Gressitt, J. L., 1961. Problems in the zoogeography of Pacific and Antarctic speci® Pacif. Insects Monogr. 2: 1-94.

Haugum, J. and Low, A. M., 1978. A monograph of the birdwing butterflies. Introductio" Ornithoptera (Aetheoptera). Vol. 1, p. 1. Scandinavian Sci. Press, Klampenborg.

Holloway, J. D., 1971. The affinities within four butterfly groups (Lepidoptera: Rhop2! ocera) in relation to general patterns of butterfly distribution in the Indo Australian area. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 125: 125-176.

Howarth, T. G., 1977. A list of the type-specimens of Ornithoptera (Lepidoptera: Papilio” idae) in the British Museum (Natural History). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent)? [ 153-169.

Howarth, T. С. and Racheli, T., 1975. Some observations on Pachliopta polydorus (Lin" aeus) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from the Solomon Islands. 7rans. Lep. Soe Jap. 26: 8-13.

Jordan, K., 1909. Papilionidae. Jn Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 9: A. Kernen, Stuttgart.

Küppers, P. V., 1977. Zur Problematik der Bates’ schen mimikry bei Papilio memnon L und seinen “Vorbildern”. Jn: Roesler, R. U. und Küppers, P. V., Beiträge al Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Sumatras. Teil 6. Betrachtungen zum Problemkre! “mimikry” am Beispiel sudóstasiatischer Insekten. Beitr. naturk. Forsch. SudwD!' 36: 134-151. |

Le Moult, E., 1933. Formes nouvelle ou peu соппиеѕ de Papilionidae. Nov. ent. 3: 15-16 |

McAlpine, D. K., 1970. A note on the status of Ornithoptera allottei (Rothschild) (Тері optera: Papilionidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 9: 233-234. |

Munroe, E., 1961. The classification of Papilionidae. Can. Ent. Suppl. 17: 1-51.

Musgrave, A., 1946. Some butterflies of Australia and the Pacific. The Swallowtails. ۷ Aust. Mus. Mag. 9: 104-108.

Racheli, T., 1979. New subspecies of Papilio and Graphium from the Solomon Islands Zool. Meded., Leiden 54: 237-240. і

Ribbe, С., 1898. Beitráge zur Lepidopteren-Fauna des Bismarck und Salomon-Archipels in der Süd-see. Dt. ent. Z. Iris 11: 36-133.

Ribbe, C., 1907. Zwei neue Papilioformen von der Salomo-Insel Bougainville. Dt. ent. 2 Iris 20: 59-63. í

Rothschild, W., 1895. A revision of the Papilios of the eastern hemisphere, exclusive 0 Africa. Novit. Zool. 2: 167-463.

Rothschild, W., 1914. Description of a new Troides. Novit. Zool. 21: 275. 1

Rousseau-Decelle, G., 1939. Notes sur un nouvel exemplaire de Troides allottei Rothschil (Hybride d'Ornithoptera victoriae regis Rothschild et d'Ornithoptera urvilleant Guérin). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 44: 97-101. 1

Rousseau-Decelle, G., 1946. Contribution a l'étude des Papilio de la fauna Indo-Océanien™ | (Lep. Papilionidae). Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 51: 128-133. |

Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 1980 59

Sands, D, P. A. and Sawyer, P. F., 1977. An example of natural hybridization between Troides oblongomaculatus papuensis Wallace and Ornithoptera priamus poeidon Schm; Doubleday (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 16: 81-82. mid, F., 1970a. Consideration sur la male d'Ornithoptera allottei Rothschild et sur la Чун phylogénie des Ornithoptéres. J. Lepid. Soc. 24: 88-105. mid, F., 1970b. Sur quelques sous-espéces d’Ornithoptera victoriae Gray (Papilionidae). йүү Naturaliste Сап. 97: 467-475. mid, F., 1973a. Sur quelques sous-espéces d'Ornithoptera victoriae (Lepidoptera: Schm; Papilionidae) II. Can. Ent. 105: 701-108. mid, F., 1973b. A propos d'Hybridism naturel chez les Ornithoptéres (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Tijdschr. Ent. 116: 161-169. n, R., 1962. A hybrid between Papilio aegeus aegeus and Papilio fuscus capaneus, Stra with a note on the larval foodplants. J. Lepid. Soc. 16: 161-173. atman, R., 1969. Notes on the biology and host plant associations of Ornithoptera Stra; priamus urvilleanus and О. victoriae (Papilionidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 23: 69-76. айтап, R., 1975. Notes on the biology of Papilio laglaizei and Р. toboroi (Papilionidae). Straat J. Lepid. Soc. 29: 180-187. | | | тап, R., 1976. Hybridisation of birdwing butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Papua New Guinea. Trans. Lepid. Soc. fap. 27: 156-162. hs 1972. Graphium codrus solon is a good subspecies. Trans. Lepid. Soc. Jap. : 48-50. . E., 1943. Studies in the systematics of Troides and its allies. Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 25: 107-184.

Straatma

Yoshida,

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АМ ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

B Compiled by M. S. Moulds ARKER, 5. 1980. New species and new synonyms of Stigmodera (Castiarina) (Coleoptera: Bupres- CA tidae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 104(1): 1-7, text-figs 1-3. MPBELL, M. H. 978. New hope for a remedy. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 89(3): 47. CRosgy, y, mnicidae: Pheidole spp.

1979. No title. In Exhibits. Victorian Ent. 9(3): 21. 198 Lepidoptera: several butterfly species 0. А. new locality for Hesperilla crypsargyra lesouefi (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). ictori : 2- De BAAR сонат Ет. 10(1): 2-3.

1 e Е А 979. Some butterflies and other insects on Buckinghamia celsissima F. Muell. in Brisbane. News Bull. ent. Soc. Qd 7(3): 36-38. Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae (5 spp) and Limacodidae (undet. larva) Hymenoptera: 4 species GAED IK Coleoptera: Leis conformis

9. Katalog der Epermeniidae der Welt (Lepidoptera). Beitr. Ent., Berlin 29(1):

271-288. SOODYER, G. y,

e Black-headed pasture cockchafer. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(4): 31-32, illustr. ТУЗУК R. 5, and GOWANLOCK, D. Н. ‚ Cereal chlorotic mottle virus—purification, serology and electron microscopy in plant and insect tissues. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 32(3): 399-408, text-figs 1-6. Hemiptera: Nesoclutha pallida

60 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(4), December, 198

GROSS, G. F., LEE, D. C. and ZEIDLER, W.

1979. Invertebrates. Chapter 11 in M. J. Tyler, C. R. Twidale and J. K. King ев) Natural history of Kangaroo Island. К. Soc. S. Aust., Adelaide. Pp. 129- 131 text-figs 1-4. | A brief introduction to the fauna. A few insect and spider species listed.

HEDGE, S. N. and KRISHNAMURTHY, N. B.

1979. Studies on mating behaviour in the Drosophila bipectinata complex. Aust. !

Zool. 27(3): 421-431, tables 1-7, text-fig. 1. HOLLAND, J. F. and DALE, А.В.

1979. Are mung beans for you? Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(5): 16-17, illustr. Hemiptera: Nezara viridula, Melanocanthus sp., Riptortus sp. Lepidoptera: Heliothis spp

HONE, J., SAUNDERS, G. R., ROLANDS, G. E. and GREENING, H. G. 1979. Consider pests when storing grain. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(5): 39-40. HOOPER, G. H. S.

1978. The sterile insect release method for suppression or eradication of fruit fly. i Drew, К. A. L, Hooper, С. Н. S. and Bateman, М. A., Economic fruit flies of South Pacific region. Oriental Fruit Fly Working Party, Brisbane. Pp. 96-110.

HOUSTON, K. J.

1979. Mosaic dominance in the inheritance of the colour patterns of Coetophot inaequalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 45-51, table, text-figs 1-15.

HOWDEN, H. F.

1979. A revision of the Australian genus Blackburnium Boucomont (Coleoptera: Sca

aeidae: Geotrupinae). Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser. 72: 1-88, text-figs 1-152. HUGHES, P. B. and SHANAHAN, G. J.

1979. The role of chemicals in flystrike control. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(3): 9-10, illus

1979. Understanding sheep blowflies and insecticides. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 90(5): 2427 illustr.

HUGHES, R. D. $

1977. Pest management and the aphids infesting lucerne. Abstracts 48th ANZAM Congress 1: 200. |

HUNTER, D. M.

1979. Swarming, mating and resting behaviour in three species of black fly (Dipte Simuliidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 1-6, tables 1 & 2. i

1979. Swarming behaviour of the lesser house fly, Fannia canicularis, in Brisbane: Aust. ent. Soc. 18(1): 27-30.

MANSKIE, В. С. and MANSKIE, N.

1980. A note on a collecting trip to the Grampians. Victorian Ent. 10(1): 7.

Lepidoptera: seven butterfly species mentioned. SELMAN, B. J.

1979. A reappraisal of the Australian species of the genus Calomela Hope (Coleoptt?

Chrysomelidae). Aust. J. Zool. 27(4): 561-584, text-figs 1-120. SHEPHERD, Rosamond C. Н. and EDMONDS, J. W.

1979. The distribution of the stickfast fleas, Echidnophaga myrmecobii Rothschild Y' A E. perilis Jordan, on the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.). Aust. J. 20 27(2): 261-271, tables 1-4, text-figs 1 & 2.

SMITH, Kenneth G. V.

1979. The genus Stylogaster (Diptera: Conopidae: Stylogasterinae) in the Austral! region. Aust. J. Zool. 27(2): 303-310, text-figs 1-25.

STIBICK, Jeffrey N. di

1979. Classification of the Elateridae (Coleoptera). Relationships and classification” the subfamilies and tribes. Pacific Ins. 20(2-3): 145-186, text-fig. 1.

STROHECKER, H. F. Ü

1979. The genus /ndalmus in Asia, New Guinca and Australia, with description yt new genus, Platindalmus (Coleoptera: Endomychidae). Pacific Ins. 20(2-3): 2 292, text-figs 1-36.

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Magazine

Aust. ent. Mag.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF ALOPHORA LEPIDOFERA (MALLOCH) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A NATIVE PARASITE OF LYGAEIDAE (HEMIPTERA) IN AUSTRALIA

Ву В. J. Loudon and Е. I. Attia

Biological and Chemical Research Institute, New South Wales Department of Agriculture, P.M.B. 10, Rydalmere, N.S.W. 2116

Abstract

and fj The immature stages of Alophora (Mormonomyia) lepidofera (Malloch) are described

ot puted for the first time. The caudal spiracles of the third instar larva have structures

des, ously recorded on those of other tachinids. The life cycle of this parasite is ed in part and discussed along with its significance as a lygaeid parasite in Australia.

Introduction

NS tachinid fly identified as Alophora (Mormonomyia) lepidofera has been clevel ed as an endoparasite of the Lygaeidae Nysius vinitor Bergroth, Nysius eandensis Evans (Attia 1973), and has since been reared from another sane Oxycarenus luctuosus Montrouzier and Signoret. The specimens key illus lepidofera in Malloch's (1929) key, match Malloch's description and in rations (1930) and were compared with other specimens of A. lepidofera Provisi British Museum. However, the species name must be regarded as With попа іп the absence of a revision of this species group and comparison ype material (Crosskey pers. comm. 1973). This fly has so far only been

Te Ported from New South Wales and its full distribution is not yet known.

of Crosskey (1973) treats the cosmopolitan Hyalomya group as a subgenus nse Ophora and places some Australian species of Alophora within it. In this record the genus Alophora is large and well represented world-wide with some Eyles d as parasites of Lygaeidae or other small Heteroptera (Thompson 1951, Tecord 963, Crosskey 1973 and Arnaud 1978). Fourteen species of Alophora Tecor ed from Australia are listed by Crosskey. Very few of these have hosts Stages ed for them and there are, as yet, no other descriptions of immature Parasit Alophora aurieventris Curran is recorded by Crosskey (loc. cit.) as a record Of the pyrrhocorid Dysdercus sidae Montrouzier. Malipatil (1979) S Alophora nigrihirta (Malloch) parasitizing the lygaeid Paraeucosmetus

Wo ч "аға Malipatil. He also notes for other lygaeids, a similar larva from

i»

62 Aust. ent. Mag. 715), January, 1®

Horridipamera robusta Malipatil, an Alophora sp. reared from Arocatus rustici (Stal) as well as Alophora ?lepidofera from Nysius vinitor in Queensland.

Nysius species are widely distributed in all States of Australia (Woodwat 1964) and frequently cause serious damage to summer crops (see Attia 1974) Evans (1936) mentions that in all Nysius pest species, outbreaks appear to w associated with prolonged dry summers but that in Australia dry summ are not always accompanied by outbreaks of Nysius. Thus, he concluded thal other factors, partly biological, must be concerned in population fluctuatio™ Parasitism of Nysius spp. by A. lepidofera in New South Wales was record at a peak of 62% (Attia 1973) and could therefore be a mitigating influence al Nysius populations in some seasons. This paper presents known information of A. lepidofera and gives descriptions of the immature stages to assist furtht investigations into its potential in the biological control of Nysius species y Australia. |

Alophora lepidofera (Malloch)

LARVA |

There are three larval instars of A. lepidofera within the host. The fi instar description is based on three specimens, the second instar on її specimens and the third instar on seventeen specimens, dissected from Ny vinitor (with one specimen from Oxycarenus luctuosus) and mounted % microscope slides. Further material retained in 70% alcohol as well as pupa from reared adult flies were also examined. All specimens are held in Biological and Chemical Research Institute collection at Rydalmere.

First instar: Length 0.6-1.0 mm. Body semi-translucent white, cylindric#! slightly claviform tapering to blunt cylindrical posterior; with head and t discernible body segments. Caudal spiracles small, separate, single lobed. othe! spiracles not apparent. Pseudocephalon ringed with three to four loose 1% | of fine spinules; body segments I-II smooth; segments IV-IX inclusive €? with six to seven transverse rows of small rounded tubercles anteriorly on th ventral third of segment’s circumference; segment IX ringed posteriorly with three to four loose rows of fine spinules; segment X (caudal segment) sparse covered with fine spinules excepting the bisected circular anal orifice. BuccoP” | aryngeal armature simple, brown and smooth (Fig. 5).

Second instar: Length 1.5-2.0 mm. Body similar to third instar (Fig. 1) Segmentation indistinct. Caudal spiracles separate, rugose, bi-lobed, situated ?

apex of slightly raised, broad, unsclerotised posterior process; other spiracl® absent. Last body segment ringed with five to seven irregular rows of spinul Triangular spinule patch ventral to the spiracles. Buccopharyngeal armatu (Fig. 4) brown, rugose, with slender oral hooks fused postero-ventrally to [аг dental and accessory sclerites. Pharyngeal sclerite long, broad; cornua small.

Third instar: Length 3.5-5.5 mm. Body robust fusiform (Fig. 1), creamy whit with brown gut contents visible; segmentation indistinct. Integument smoot” caudal two segments narrower than preceding segments. Anterior spiracl®

63

Aust. ent, Mag. 7(5), January, 1981

Figs 1-5, Alophora lepidofera (Malloch) larva: (1) third instar; (2) caudal spiracle of third instar; (3) buccopharyngeal armature of third instar; (4) buccopharyngeal armat- ure of second instar; (5) buccopharyngeal armature of first instar.

|

E | ATA

64 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(5), January, 1981

absent. Caudal spiracular processes fused, globose-cylindrical, black, smoot! with double band of small rounded tubercles near base; three raised slight!) sinous spiracular slits and four slightly raised pores each side with nine w eleven pale setiform protrusions from each pore. Broad triangular patch © | six to seven spinule rows ventral. to spiracle; single row of spinules агоши spiracle. Anal orifice longitudinally slit-like, about one third as long as ba% spiracular width, located nearly twice its length ventral to the spiracle, border? each side by two infolded semicircular brown plates. Mildly raised integume! tubercle each side of anus. Buccopharyngeal armature (Fig. 3) without apparel dental or accessory sclerites. Hypostomal sclerites fused to pharyngeal sclerit® dorsal cornua broader and shorter than ventral cornua in lateral view; corni. dark brown, oral hooks and hypostomal sclerites black. Infra-buccal area W patch of approximately twenty rows of spinules increasing in size anterior. ultra-buccal area lined with approximately seven rows of fine spinules; anteri oesophagus lined with rows of small tubercles.

Puparium: Length 3.2 + 0.2 mm. Elongate-oval, slightly bulbous anterior dark red-brown. Spiracular process black, occasionally yellow on spiracular sli produced posteriorly to about 0.3 mm.

LIFE CYCLE | Alophora lepidofera was cultured in the laboratory, for only oft generation, with Nysius vinitor and N. clevelandensis as the hosts. Copulati®! was observed within 24 hours of emergence and mostly took place in morning. It commences with the male mounting the female, grasping her he with his fore legs and her thorax with his mid and hind legs. During copulati% the female pushes her head upwards and the male pushes it downwar® resulting in rhythmic up and down movement. The flies neither flew nor for during copulation. Each pair observed copulated two to three times 4 | copulations lasted between 10 and 46 minutes. | Emerged flies fed on dilute honey solution placed in the cages and a mat female fly was dissected daily from one to four days after copulation. 1 | most mature eggs found at the apices of the ovaries were elongate-oval shaP® | and translucent white. No hatched larvae were found in fly dissections and th) lack of progressively developing eggs in the uterus suggests that A. lepidoft! | is probably oviparous as are its close relatives Hyalomya species (Clausen 1940). The state of the ovaries was very similar between the different days of dissectio! | This, and the short adult life (six to eight days at 25 + 2°C), indicates that A. lepidofera adults mature rapidly after emergence. | Oviposition was not observed in the laboratory. Larvae were dissect | from both host species placed with mated female flies but the ovipositi® | method and fecundity remain unknown. | First, second and third instar larvae were all found with their posterió! end just in the metathoracic segment with the anterior end aligned along Y. abdomen. Third instar larvae are attached to a metathoracic trachea close 10 the spiracle by means of a respiratory funnel. All three instars are metapneust!

|

Aust, ent. Mag. 7(5), January, 1981 65

and most gas exchange is probably through their posterior spiracles because Of the chitinous sheath the host forms encasing the larva. The respiratory funnel 55 nearly half the full grown larval length. It usually contains remains of the Second instar buccopharyngeal armature and also occasionally that of first Instar. This suggests that all three larval instars have a respiratory funnel.

. . The main host tissue eaten is the fat body in both sexes and the ovaries in females. Parasitism by A. lepidofera therefore renders female hosts incapable of reproducing. Adult females are more often hosts to the extent that 95.2% Ol parasites were from females, 4.8% from males and none was from nymphs (Attia 1973). Preference for female hosts is not uncommon in Tachinidae and 'S also noted in H 'yalomya aldrichi (Clausen 1940). Multiple parasitism by А. lepidofera has been observed only once, when

Опе large and two small A. lepidofera larvae were dissected from a female

: vinitor at Tamworth, N.S.W. Mermethid nematode worms have been found On rare occasions in the same N. vinitor as larvae of A. lepidofera. It is not nown in these cases of multiple and mixed parasitism whether or not the Parasites reach maturity. Larvae emerge from female hosts, through the intersegmental region between the 7th and 8th sternites in females with the end segments pushed Upwards perpendicular to the abdomen. In male hosts the larvae emerge through ther the end of the abdomen or through a fracture between prosternite and Mesosternite. The hosts die within two hours of parasite emergence: On “Mergence the larvae are active, move rapidly and form puparia within approx-

ately five hours. The observed larvae did not seem to seek concealment and Pupated on the surface of light loam soil, partly hidden under the soil surface Orin the heads or on the leaves of sunflowers in the cages.

Mature larvae left their hosts and pupated ten days after the latter had rat exposed to mated female flies. The pupal stage occupies ten days for rims flies and nine days for male flies. The life cycle of A. lepidofera in ai laboratory at 25 + 2°C therefore took about 21-25 days to complete, . Wing five days for adult maturity and oviposition. This period as a pupa

consistent with that of five to seven days for H. aldrichi in summer (Clausen

0) and of eight days for Alophora pusilla Meig (Eyles 1963). Nothing is n of the life cycle duration in the field or whether a quiescent stage “Ists. All field records of parasitism so far have been in spring and summer Onths between August and February. Nysius vinitor and N. clevelandensis VerWinter as adults and it is possible that A. lepidofera has an extended larval ration inside the host during winter months.

Discussion The first instar larva (see description) is ‘tachiniform’ (Clausen 1940) and Cre are some structures which allow speculation as to its entry into the host. ou ыш, unpigmented skin suggests that the larvae are not long, if at all, ‘side their hosts. However, the patches of small tubercles on the ventral Hace of body segments are in the form of “creeping welts” which suggest

66 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(5), January, 1981

that the larvae are capable of moving оп a surface. The buccopharyngel armature does not seem as robust as those found in larvae such as Centelt cinerea (Clausen et al 1927) which are known to penetrate an adult hos? integument from the outside. The single smooth hook of A. lepidofera appeal better suited to tearing a tracheal wall.

The respiratory funnel, arising from the host’s main trachea near thi metathoracic spiracle, is evidently present (see life cycle) during the first instal | Therefore, the first instar larva possibly either: enters the host through th! main trachea, initiating a primary respiratory aperture;/or seeks this positi to penetrate the trachea initiating a secondary respiratory aperture (Кей! 1944) if it hatches from an egg oviposited within the host. The latter see! unlikely to the authors because of the lack of sclerotised armament on ЇЇ caudal end, often found in larvae which form a secondary respiratory арегіш“ (Clausen 1940, Keilin 1944). However, this cannot be dismissed considerit | that the last abdominal sternite of female adults is modified into a sclerotis? beak (illustrated by Malloch 1930) which could possibly serve to puncture the integument during oviposition.

The posterior spiracles of third instar larvae of A. lepidofera are distinct | from those of other tachinid larvae examined and from those previous!) described, in having pores with setiform protrusions. These pores are proba Yl analogous to the tubercles possessing hydrophobic hairs found on the spiracl® | of other Schizophora larva. However, their function implied by this analogy, | preserving spiracular access to air at a liquid interface seems anomalo | considering the ѕрігасшаг encasement within a respiratory funnel. Ехатіпайо!! of the spiracles at high magnifications with both a scanning electron microscop | and a light microscope shows the. pores to be quite deep and the setifo™ | protrusions to arise from a common membranous base within the pore. |

The immature stages described and figured show negligible variation n morphology amongst the specimens examined. This indicates that morphologi | variation, if found in similar larvae, can be interpreted as interspecific гаі than intraspecific. In support of larval differences indicating different speci? in Tachinidae, Thompson (1922) reported three distinct larval types fro different hosts corresponding to adult flies identified as conspecific by ‘| taxonomist working on Tachinidae at that time. The adults were subsequen | determined to be three distinct species. It is possible that the larvae of othe Alophora species resemble those of A. lepidofera, yet differ in some of the characters used to describe A. lepidofera. |

It is not uncommon for species of Alophora to have more than one host (Crosskey pers. comm. 1973) and Alophora lepidofera may have potent | hosts other than the three already recorded. The Australian Nysius species ae likely to have other tachinid parasites and the sampling areas in New Soul! | Wales (Attia 1973) represent only part of their range, although in Attia dissections and approximately 26,000 Nysius dissections done from 1975 | 1980 (№. W. Forrester pers. comm.) A. lepidofera was by far the most abunda | parasite. |

Aust. ent, Mag. 7(5), January, 1981 67

A tachinid first instar larva in the ‘planidium’ category of Clausen (1940)

has been dissected from Nysius vinitor at Tamworth N.S.W. This type of larva fers greatly from the ‘tachiniform’ first instar of A. lepidofera, being eight Segmented with dark pigmented plates covering its entire integument and having More complex buccopharyngeal armature. Attia (1973) found no ‘planidia’ in I5 Nysius dissections and only on two subsequent occasions have these larvae “en found (N. №. Forrester pers. comm.). Considering their rarity and the lack of mature larvae different from those of A. lepidofera, the authors suspect wt they are of a species which does not normally invade Nysius vinitor as its

Acknowledgements _ The authors thank Dr R. W. Crosskey of the British Museum (Natural History) for identification of the specimens and his personal communications On the taxonomy of the group, Mr N. Forrester of Tamworth Agricultural “search Centre for providing useful specimens and Dr М. J. Fletcher, Biological and Chemical Research Institute for his useful criticism of this manuscript.

References

Attia, F, L, 1973. Alophora lepidofera (Diptera: Tachinidae) a native parasite of the Rutherglen bug Nysius vinitor and the grey cluster bug, Nysius clevelandensis Attia , (Hemiptera:Lygaediae) in Australia. J. Aust. ent. Sot, 12: 353-354.

» Е. L, 1974. Laboratory evaluation of insecticides against Nysius vinitor Bergroth and Nysius clevelandensis Evans (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 13: 161-164.

Arnaud, Paul H. Jnr., 1978. A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 1319: 860 pp.

C. P., King, J. L. and Teranishi, C., 1927. The parasites of Popillia japonica in Japan and Chosen (Korea) and their introduction into the United States. U.S. Chie Dept. Agr. Bull. 1429: 55 pp.

Cros en, C. P., 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw Hill, London. 688 pp.

skey, R. W., 1973. A conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of Australia, including

keys to the supraspecific taxa and taxonomic and host catalogues. Bull. Br. Mus.

nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 21: 221 pp. › J. W., 1936. A new species of Nysius (Hem: Lygaeidae) from Tasmania and notes sape, оп the economics of the genus. Bull. ent. Res. 27: 673-676. » D., 1944, Respiratory systems and respiratory adaptations in larvae and pupae of Diptera. Parasitology 36(1): 1-66. C., 1963. Some notes on the natural enemies of Lygaeidae (Hem.). Entomolo- Mali, s; &ist's mon. Mag. 98: 226-227. Patil, М. B., 1970. The biology of some Lygaeidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of South Mall, East Queensland. Aust. J. Zool. 27: 231-249. ch, DOES 1929. Notes on Australian Diptera. XIX. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 54: 7-117. А R., 1930. Notes on Australian Diptera. XXIII. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 55: 2-135. hompson, W. R., 1922. On the taxonomic value of larval characters in tachinid parasites (Dipt.). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 24(4): 85-93. п, W. R., 1951. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2, part 1. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa, Canada. d, T. E., 1964. Preliminary note on the distribution of Nysius vinitor Bergroth and Nysius clevelandensis Evans (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). J. ent. Soc. Qd 3: 85.

Clausen,

Ey les, A.

Malloch,

Thompso

Woodwar

68 Aust. ent. Mag. 7(5), January, 1981)

AUSTROCAECILIUS, A NEW GENUS OF CAECILIIDAE (PSOCOPTERA) FROM AUSTRALIA

By C. N. Smithers The Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

Abstract

A new genus Austrocaecilius, is ‘described from Muogamarra Nature Reserve, nea | Sydney. It is related to Caecilius Curtis, but has several morphological peculiarities in the terminal structures of the abdomen of the female. |

Introduction

Material collected during a study of the Psocoptera of Muogamarra маше, Reserve, near Sydney, New South Wales, included a single female previously | referred to as “? Caeciliid gen. et sp. п.” (Smithers 1977). As the slid | preparation of the specimen was not satisfactory the species was not described: | repeated attempts to obtain more material have failed. Remounting the specim# | has resulted ina more satisfactory slide and it has been decided to proceed | | with the description of this specimen which represents an interesting new gen and species.

Austrocaecilius gen. nov.

Belonging to the Caeciliidae (sensu Mockford 1978) with the following | combination of features: Antero-lateral setae of labrum a little heavier tha? | others; mandibles elongate; fore wing setae short, in one row on veins | wing membrane not setose; anterior labial sensilla absent; female subgenit? | plate with exceptionally well developed lateral apophyses; clypeal shelf ve | narrow; labral stylets present; lacinial tip broad; no sclerotized ridges acros | labrum; no preapical tooth on claws; ventral and dorsal valves of gonapophys® | long and pointed; external valve well developed, elongate, strongly sclerotize? without setae; glandular area on spermathecal duct very long, along almost | whole length of duct. |

Type species: Austrocaecilius alettae sp. n. | | Austrocaecilius alettae sp. п. | FEMALE | Coloration (in alcohol). Head brown, shiny. Median epicranial sutuf? | dark brown. Antennae pale brown. Eyes black. Maxillary palps very pale brow": | apex of fourth segment a little darker. Thoracic nota brown, shiny, the ate? | where the lateral lobes of the mesothorax meet a little paler so that the | | thorax appears to have a small pale patch in the middle when seen from аро" | Legs pale brown. Fore wings (Fig. 1) hyaline, tinged with brown but slight!) | paler in middle of cell Rg, at Cu,, and at nodulus. Veins brown. Hind wing | hyaline, slightly tinged with brown; veins brown. Abdomen pale brown, | Morphology. Length of body: 2.1 mm. Median epicranial suture еу | distinct. Head with short but fairly dense d even on genae. PostclypeU | fairly bulbous. Length of flagellar segments: f,: 0.52 mm; f,: 0.38 mim |

Aust. ent Mag. 7(5), January, 1981 69

3 551-4. Austrocaecilius gen. nov. et sp. n. (1) 9 fore wing; (2) $ lacinia; (3) 9 subgenital plate; (4) 9 gonapophyses.

опа Segment relatively short. Antennae shorter than fore wings. Eyes Surly large, almost reaching level of vertex. IO/D (Badonnel): 1.9; PO: 0.77. ec of almost equal size but fairly small. Lacinia (Fig. 2): Trochanters and t Mora with fine long setae. Measurements of hind leg: F: 0.59 mm; T: 1.0 mm; di 0.31 mm; t,: 0.13 mm; rt: 24 : 1; ct: 19, 0. Hind tibiae a little broadened el. Fore wing length: 2.8 mm; width: 1.2 mm. Costa broadened in co. Stigma and towards wing apex. Pterostigma with posterior angle, with Псауе hind margin. Rs and M strongly sinuous before bifurcation. Areola Postica fairly tall, reaching more than halfway to M. Cu, slightly sinuous, Mh Setose. Hind wing length: 2.2 mm; width: 0.8 mm. Venation and setae Usual in Caecilius Curtis. Epiproct simple, rounded behind, with a few ttered setae. Paraproct with large field of trichobothria and a few scattered ENS near hind margin. Marginal cone and seta, apparently absent. Subgenital ja * (Fig. 3) lightly sclerotized with lobe at each