i FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 3

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THE FARM & RANCH REVIEW

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FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 5

The Farm and Ranch Editorial Page...

How many stabs in the back can the Wheat Board survive?

i the leaders of the Saskatchewan

Farmers’ Union would pause in their speech-making for a moment there is a question we'd like to ask. It is:

“What are you people trying to do, anyway? Destroy the Wheat Board?’

The question will of course be answer- ed in a loud negative. It will be coupled with an avowal of friendship for the Board and the Board system of marketing. But if the action of the Farmers’ Union leaders in irying to stir up agitation against the Board because of grade spread prices is an act of friendship then Heaven protect the Board from its friends!

Coming as it did on the heels of the uproar oyer the initial price, this senseless agitation can only have one effect — to shake the confidence of farmers in the Board. A couple more shocks like this and the Board may well be discredited in the eyes of many younger farmers. They have no pool of bitter experience with futures markets on which to draw when forming judgments. The thousands of young veter- ens who have been settled under the V.LA., for example, have known no other method of marketing their wheat than through the Wheat Board. People who have known only summer cannot under- stand what winter can be like.

The frost that so drastically reduced both yield and grade was an unmixed dis-

aster. But in times of disaster it is the function of leadership to keep its head, to provide restraint and counteract hysteria. Leadership that gets panicky and starts a stampede will surely lead any organization to its destruction. The critical condition caused by the frost created the need for constructive leadership of the highest order. The farmers didn’t get it.

Before the frost hit, the Wheat Board was faced with a most difficult marketing problem. It would have to find consumers for a $00,000,000 bushel wheat crop. Those consumers would have to have sufficient dollars with which to buy the wheat, and be prepared to pay enough for it to justify the original $1.40 initial payment.

The frost eased that selling problem by landing the Board with one far more diffi- cult — to find buyers for 100,000,000 bush- els of wheat good only for feeding to live- stock. The same rains that produced the bumper wheat crop gave the west an abundance of pasture and feeds. That fact alone has made feed wheat of less value than would otherwise have been the case. In order to find any kind of a market for it, it must be priced where it can be utilized as stock feed. This, then, is a real distress crop; an embarrassment to the producers, the Wheat Board and the economy of the country.

To take the position that the Wheat

Board should have set an artificially hich price for feed wheat to compensate farmers for the terrible loss they suffered from frost is utterly illogical. The Wheat Board has but one function --- to market the farmers’ grain for the best possible price and to re- turn to the farmers the net proceeds of the crop.

The Wheat Board exists because the farmers of the West have become con- vinced that over the long term it provides price stability unknown under the boom and bust futures market system. All the farmers of the West have ever wanted, aud ever hoped to get, was a fair average price for their wheat, not $3 one year anc 35 cents the next. Before the Wheat Board, wheat might have been priced at $1.50 be- fore they planted it; $1.75 in July before harvest and $1.00 when they hauled their crop to the elevator. When the price was high they had nothing to sell. When they had wheat to sell the price was often ruin- ous

If the farmers of the West can get the average of what our overseas customers are prepared to pay for our wheat, that is the best that can be hoped for. That is all most producers have ever wanted. They have only wanted it without the wild speculative fluctuations that were part and parcel of the futures market system. If the producers of the West want to get rid of the Wheat Board and return to the system that wrought ‘such havoc in the 1930's, they are going about it the right way. Let them go on chipping away at the Board foundations — the confidence in it of the producers - and sooner or later there will be no Wheat Board.

If the Wheat Board is to be the target for unreasoned abuse every time an initial price is set, and every time any other prob- lem of marketing arises, the days of the Board are surely numbered. It can't stand much more of the kind of friendship it has been getting this year.

The storm signals are up for prairie agriculture

NEHER the Abbott budget or develop- ments in the war in Korea have had the slightest effect in shattering the Cana- dian delusion that we can fight a painless war, or one that can be paid for by skim- ming a bit of cream from the top of a large bottle labelled “prosperity”.

We can pay for the costs of this war in two ways, by a drastic system of taxa- tion or by inflation. And we can have a combination of both. Mr. Abbott has de- cided upon the latter and while he under- stands the danger involved undoubtedly felt that public opinion would not accept the more bitter taxation alternative. Our pur- pose here is not to argue with the Govern- ment over the steps that have been taken, but rather to emphasize some of the conse- quences to the producers.

Inflation is a compound of many in- gredients. One is Government policy, an- other is trades union wage policy, another is industrial pricing policy. But as one feeds off the others, and in turn is consumed by the others, each is vital to the whole.

Having watched inflation operate in the Jast war, labor and industry are now fully aware of how it works. So there was at once a nationwide cutbreck to “get mine

while the getting is good.” Wage increases have been granted to national and local industries. These will increase costs and prices, and prices have started to rise. On balance, there will be no real gain for labor in a wage price spiral. But labor econ- omists do not count on immediate gains. They are long term thinkers, hope that labor will reap the harvest when the inflationary period is over. Then they will have rates pegged high and the cost of living will drop far quicker than wages.

In that they will be right and therein lies the grave danger io the future of agri- culture, Inflation is going to weld all kinds of rigidity into our economy. We will emerge with a high cost, high-priced man- ufacturing and transportation industry. The impact of cost on the primary producers will be increased by the retail mark-up system.

During the depression, retailers had to have a profit of from 30 to 50 per cent in order to make ends meet. That arose from the small volume of business done. But during the last war turnover doubled and redoubled and mark-ups remained about the same. One reason why Canadian prices are so much higher than American

prices, according to those who have done business on both sides of the line, is the whopping difference between profit mar- gins in vogue here. Thus the things that farmers buy are going to go up.

But what of the things farmers sell? The loaded system of comparisons devised by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics can be ignored. Its yardstick is the average for 1935 to 1939, when farm prices were at an all time low. While wage rates and all other prices have more than doubled since 1926, the price of prairie farm production is very little higher than it was then. In its struggle for a fair share of the national income, agriculture has fallen behind. It will fall further behind in any inflationary period, and it will be the first to suffer if prices decline afterwards.

What agriculture must understand very clearly is that inflation does nothing to boost prices of surplus products which are sold abroad. Those prices can only rise if there is also inflation abroad, in short if there is world-wide inflation.

Agriculture, particularly on the prairies, cannot afford to sit back, in face of this prospect and assume that it can get a free ride on the inflation band-wagon. It will discover quickly that the wagon has al- ready left. But a strongly organized prairie agriculture is not without influence so long as it can demonstrate that it is not without

(Continued on page 6)

Page 6—FARM™M AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950

Farm and Ranch Editorials

Two faces of democracy

HERE is one most intriguing aspect of

the argurnent in Britain over shipment

of machine tools to Russia; one that points

up one of the basic weaknesses in Cana- dian democratcy.

The facts are these: Mr. Churchill charged that the Government was permit- ting large scale exports of tools to Russia cand its satellites that could be used in mak- ing arms. Prime Minister Attlee said steps had been taken 16 months ago to see that strategic equipment was not exported. The chairman of the company that was making the tools promptly accused the prime min- ister of Britain of talking utter nonsense.

Here we have a business man, engag- ed in presumably a profitable contract, standing up in public and contradicting the prime minister of Britain. That such action places his enterprise in jeopardy, that it may lead to the loss of the contract was obviously not taken into consideration. But in Canada, how different it would have been.

Our business men spend their time around service club luncheons, in their clubs, on trctins or on street corners de- nouncing governments and bureaucrats. But suggest to them that they come out into the open and attack the evils of which they complain and watch them duck down the nearest manhole.

Behind all this is the fact that in Britain public service is regarded as an honor. Men of great responsibilities do not hesi- tate to tind the time in which to serve their community cmd their country. Here busi- ness has set up on Iron Curtain around public office. Employees are forbidden to engage in political controversy and would be fired out of hand if they aspired to public olfice.

Indeed, they go to great pain and ex- pense to make sure that no word of criti- cism, no matter how innocent, is ever utter- ed against any policy of any Government. The effect has been two-fold. It has diluted the quality of our school boards, councils and legislatures. And it has created in the minds of Government officials the be- lief that people can be pushed ‘around with impunity. It is precisely this fact that trans- forms ordinary civil servants into bureau- crats. Being human, and dealing with peo- ple who will never fight back, it is no wonder they become dictatorial.

lf the British business man, a Mr. Green- wood, had been a Canadian Mr. Churchill would never have got his information in the first place. If Mr. Greenwood had been unusually public spirited in Canada, he'd have taken this devious route: His public relations expert would have talked to the publicity director of his trade association or.

carte]. Then someone would have written (Continued from page 5) power. The time for our farmers to plan

their campaign of self-protection is now, on the political and economic fronts as well as on the farms. It will have to be a many- sided campaign constructively devised, im- aginatively led and vigorously attacked. For prairie cagriculture, it is a lot later than most of us think!

a speech for delivery by the president of the association to a service club. It would have been couched in the vaquest of gen- eralities and would have put the audience to sleep.

But in Britain men are still prepared to stand up and be counted when vital issues are debated. They are prepared to speak out and take the consequences. And that is the kind of democracy we like to see in action.

Winnipeg invents

a wonderful theory

Te economic thinking and theorizing that came out of Manchester in the Nineteenth Century has assured that city of an immortality in economics comparable to that of Athens in art. The Manchester school of economics had a profound and lasting impact on the whole world. But somehow we feel that the influence of the Winnipeg School of economic thought will fall somewhat short of immortality. Not, mind you, that the Winnipeg economists are not embroidering a revolutionary idea.

The basic tenet of the Winnipeg theory is that purchasing power has nothing to do with demand. They argue this way: Under the contracts, Britain bought about 600 mil- lion bushels of wheat from Canada, at a price substantially below the Chicago futures market price. If there had been no contract, Britain would still have bought the 600 million bushels from Canada at a much higher price.

This overlooks one important fact — the severely limited number of dollars the British had with which to buy wheat. But under the Winnipeg theory, that fact should be ignored. Treat it as if it didn’t exist! Well, let's see how it works out on things we know about.

Let's take this year’s crop, before the frost hit. [It would have provided grain growers with let us say $500,000,000. Sup- pose that they decided that one-fifth of that —$100,000,000 would go for 50,000 new au- tomobiles at $2,000 each. Now suppose further that the $500 million shrinks to $350 millions and the car money goes down to $70 million. Then suppose that the price of cars increases from $2,000 to $2,500. By the arithmetic we all learned in school, all this would mean that collectively we would only buy 30,000 cars instead of 50,000.

But not under the Winnipeg theory! It holds that the same number of cars — 50,000 —- would still be bought regardless of the available supply of dollars. Don't try to be logical about this or figure out how it is done! Only remember this: The rise of the price and the reduction of spend- able dollars has no effect on the volume of purchases.

Once we grasp this idea, all our troubles are solved. We can stop worrying about wages increases, freight increases and price increases. We can ignore re- ceipts from sales of primary products. These are just illusions that the Winnipeg econ- omists have destroyed forever. We can all have all the cars and clothes and food we want, regardless of the amount of money we have in our pockets.

Balderdash

from Mr. Blackmore

O long as Social Credit members of Parliament confine their speech making

to monetary theory they do not do a great deal of harm. True they waste Parlia- ment's time. True they make their speeches to a House that is empty. True they are utterly without influence on the affairs of this country. Still, they do little positive harm and we suppose that having this indigestible opposition lump in the House of Commons is a negative sort of luxury the country can

atiord.

But is it the kind of luxury the people of Alberta can afford? Well, let's look at the record and see, for example, how the livestock industry is being represented by Mr. Blackmore of Lethbridge. In the speech from the Throne debate, Mr. Blackmore was discussing beef prices. Here is Mr. Black- more:

“Now let us look at beef. Here again there are few countries on the face of the earth better equip- ped than Canada te produce this foodstuff, yet look at prices. They are so high that I imagine that over 60 per cent of the families in Can- ada have not tasted beef for a year. They have just not dared buy it. ...How are you going to get the price of beef down and keep it down? I represent a con- stituency in which beef is produced, and in which the pro- duction of beef.could be increased many times. The men in my con- stituency are afraid to go into beef because the costs are so high they fear that in a year or so prices will fall off two or three cents and they will be ruined.”

Later on in the speech there is this message:

“When I left my constituency last Saturday the price of beef had fallen two cents as a result of the railway strike and that meant stark ruin to two-thirds of the producers in that constituency.”

Ordinary such balderdash could be salely ignored. Livestock producers this year topped off the greatest bonanza era in history. Never before has the whole in- dustry been so prosperous. Compared with the wheat producers, particularly the thousands of grain growers who have been hit so hard by frost damage, the beef raisers have struck it rich. No one be- grudges them their prosperity for they went * through lean and trying years when the embargo was on. And they had a hard time last winter with feed shortages.

But surely the livestock industry will take the dimmest possible view of elected representatives who nonsensically cry blue ruin in times of unprecedented high prices. Indeed, the worst indictment that could be made of the industry would be that it could be ruined by a minor decline in beef prices. As we said, nobody listens to the Social Creditors, so perhaps there was little harm done. But does it make sense to the elec- tors of Alberta to go on sending representa- tives to Ottawa whose value is computed by the influence they do not have and the attention they do not command?

Immediate re-armament shelves long-term defence. plans

5 By BEN A here impact of the North

Korean war will be felt only slightly in Canada during the next few months. So much was clear from the special bud- get brought down during the emergency session of Parlia- ment several weeks ago. The country will need to raise only a little more than $50,000,000 extra before next March in order to meet its augmented de- fence commitments. But it would be wishful thinking to be- lieve that Canada will be able to evade sacrifices for very much longer than that.

It has now been decided to send the special force, compris- ing a brigade group, overseas in mid-November. Already, de- fence experts around Ottawa are thinking in terms of raising

not merely the 4,000-odd men,

needed to bring the force’s fighting echelons and_ first-line reinforcements up to strength, but of enlisting 15,000 men for service abroad. When it is con- sidered that more than 70,000 men went through the rolls of the First Division during the last war, although the divisional Strength was never more than ~ 15,000 at any one time, this pro- gram makes sense. Nothing has happened in. international relations in’ the past few weeks to remove the virtual certainty that heavy defence expeditures and a greater drain on man- power are just beginning for Canada.

In essence, what has happen- ed to the non-Communist world since the outbreak of hostilities in Korea is the abandonment of long-term defence plans in favor of immediate rearma- ment. Winston Churchill has suggested the mobilization of 60 to 70 divisions for Western Europe’s defence of which Can- ada should supply two or three. The suggestion has been un- favorably received in Ottawa, partly because Churchill has no ‘authority to tell any country how many divisions they should raise. may not be far off when the ar- rangements for mustering the special brigade group here may. have to be expanded to enlist a division for service with the Atlantic Pact countries in Eu- rope. The result on the Cana- dian economy may well be food, . gasoline and clothing rationing, _ price and wage controls, and_a _ system of subsidies.

Drifting Apart

It would only be prudent for Canadians to anticipate these measures. There is no evidence of a move toward reconciliation between the Communist and -non-Communist worlds. Instead, they seem to be drifting farther apart than ever. The past few weeks have seen a revival of talk of separate peace treaties with Japan, Germany (at least

Nevertheless, the day

MALKIN

Western Germany) and perhaps Austria. Should such treaties be signed, it means that prac- tically all hope of reaching a settlement with Russia has been lost. The next step is to pre- pare for war. At Lake Success, although Warren ‘Austin, the American delegate to the United Nations, has pointed out to the Russians that they could stop the war in Korea whenever they wished, the Russians have done everything they could to encourage the North Koreans to to continue fighting the U.N. On the periphery of the Communist empire, in Indo-China, Malaya, the Middle East and Eastern Germany, the Russians have continued their pressure against the non-Communist world. The past few weeks have merely seen an intensification of the cold war.

What is heartening is the stiffening of the West against this pressure. Countries like

Britain, the United States,

France, and Canada, which for

several years had hoped they had laid aside their arms for good, were again prepared to get along without many of the comforts of life in order to fight for a free world.

In New York, the foreign ministers of Britain and France met with Mr. Dean Acheson, the United States secretary of state, to hammer out a concrete rearmament program for the West, including the problem of rearming Western Germany. By the time these statemen met, France’s objections to rearma- ment of its ancient enemy had all but broken down, so serious was the Russian threat con- sidered to be. :

With the shadow of war over- hanging the world more oppres- sively than ever during the past few weeks, the news has been pessimistic, at least on the surface. Yet in a sense, it has been heartening as well. In the long run, a stable, solid peace on which the people of the world can depend must _ be

- founded on good will and toler-

ance between nations. But lack- ing that, peace must depend on the armed strength of ‘nations which have no aggressive ambi- tions. The nations of the West have sharply accelerated their military build-up during the past few weeks, as a result of the Korean outbreak. During the months.to come, this build- up should be speeded at a great- er and greater pace, if the de- cisions reached in the past month are implemented. There- in, at the moment, lies The hope for peace in this generation.

IF YOU MOVE, you'll want to have your favorite farm paper mailed to your new address. Besure to send change of address promptly to THE FARM AND RANCH.

\ #

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 7

"Dorit expect too many miracles in this Push-button Age |”

“Every year science is creating more ‘mir- acles’ to make living easier in countless ways. And what we see today is only the beginning of an amazing new era of comfort and convenience. xf

“But it seems to me that some people are expecting too many miracles. For in- stance, they believe that, by some kind of magic, old-age benefits will provide all the money they’ll need when they retire.

: ' “T believe in security for everyone, but I

want mine planned to suit my own indivi- dual needs. That’s why I have my own life insurance. It'll take all the life insurance I’ve got now, and maybe more, to help provide the kind of retirement income I want and when I want it!

“My life insurance is flexible, too. I had my choice of dozens of different kinds of policies. And my life underwriter helped me arrange a balanced programme that gives my family protection now, while it builds a better income for my old age.

“Come what may, I’m still relying on my own life insurance. Like millions of other Canadians, I’ve found it the sure road to security |”

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Page 8—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950

Why didn’t the dust blow in ‘50?

Because we've learned a lot in 15 years

To find out where we are going it is always useful to pause occasionally to look at where we have been. is what Mr. Thomson did last March in a notable spech to the Union of Saskatchewan Municipalities. ever since, to republish this speech in the Farm and Ranch Review, Because of space limitations we But this time we decided it had to go and here it is.

been trying,

had difficulty in fitting it in.

There was no dust bowl in the West this year, despite the ominous signs last spring.

harvest the third largest crop in history. the work done these past 15 years by the P.F.R.A. and kindred agencies?

That We have

Instead we will

But what kind of a crop might there have been had it not been for What would the story have been, for

example, if nothing had been done with the 1,500,000 acres of near desert that was turned into highly productive Community Pastures?

It is only when we look back over history that we can really appreciate the magnitude of the job that has been done. That’s useful, and we think it will also interest our readers to go back over the record of the dust-bowl

years.

if is 15 years since I have had

the privilege of addressing this Association of Rural Muni- cipalities. When the P.F.R.A. was begun in 1935, I outlined to this Association’s Convention at Prince Albert some of the ob- jectives that were planned at that time, particularly in regard to the soil drifting problem and the water development program.

Many changes have taken place since that time and much experience has been gained. We all realized that action was necessary to meet the immedi- ate problems of the thirties, but in. order to cope with the prob- lems of drought that a long- time planning program was necessary. There was no im- mediate panacea that would cure all the ills of drought and its related social and economic problems.

It was a matter of long-term planning and the obtaining of basic information on the en- gineering and agricultural pos- sibilities for future development of land for people. That was the second objective of the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act. Since 1935, the Government of Canada have made several amendments to the Act in order to meet the needs of the changing condi- tions. The Act was designed and has been re-designed to work in co-operation with all Provincial Governments con- cerned and particularly with the Rural Municipalities.

The Problem of Wind Erosion

Despite the vicissitudes of drought, I believe most of us will agree that the immediate problem in the thirties was that of soil drifting. I know that to discuss ‘‘soil drifting” is history with most of you, but I am prompted to make some refer- ence to this work, while not spectacular, yet I believe it had the most. far-reaching effect on the agricultural economy of Sas- katchewan. »

It was no Government or in- dividual effort, but one of co- ordinated action to meet the problem of that time. Soil drift- ing came upon the farmer as a result of concurrent drought and the known cultural prac- tices of the previous 20 years. All that was known about using land was the climatic and soil conditions from where the people originated. That is, a land of a more humid climate

where farm practice was entire- ly different from a semi-dry climate such as on the Prairies. I do not need to elaborate. The problem was there.

Hundreds of thousands of thousands of acres were threat- ened to the dust bowl era that was apparent in the Western part of the United States. People became panicky, but the press and the publicity were more panicky than the farmer. There was some information in

conditions. The soil drifting problem is still with us, we know what to do to correct it and continued education is vital to the agricultural economy of Western Canada.

Water Development; Small Projects

The first step undertaken in 1935 was to initiate a water de- velopment program for the in- dividual farmer. Engineering services were provided in each district across the Prairies.

a oe oe oe oe a oe oe ee oe ee oe oe oe oe oe Oe oe Oe ee Oe ee Re ee ee Re ee ee ee Oe eed

ee en

“~ by L. B. Thomson

—

Fe ee ee a ee)

the Dominion Experimental

Farms Service to guide a pro-

gram, but it was limited and

was not sufficient to meet the immediate problem and some- thing had to be done.

What was done?

Meetings were held in each R.M., the pros and cons were discussed and then a pian of action decided. The result of this work has been a decided change in dry land farming practices in order to meet the problems of the future. Today there are several factors that assist in meeting the soil drift- ing problem —

(1) A complete change in size

j of cropped field and the recognition of the dangeyw of the exposure of large culti- vated soil surface to the wind. The adoption of strip farming as a part measure along with “trash cover” has been one of the main mea- sures for soil drift control.

(2) The introduction of new im- plements and the modifica- tion of older types to provide for better tillage under differ- ent soil and climatic condi- tions.

(3) The reduction in speed of travel of modern tractors in order to prevent excessive soil pulverization.

There are many other factors to consider in soil drift control, but the main point I wish to em- phasize is that there is basic in- formation available today to guide a soil drift control pro- gram.. By knowing what dry land farming practices to follow is not the final answer to a solu- tion. It requires further organ- ization among farmers in each R.M. so that they can interpret this information to their local

Financial assistance was allow- ed to the extent of approximate- ly one-third of the cost for dug- outs, stock-watering dams and small individual irrigation pro- jects on the farm. In 15 years the response to this policy has been very encouraging and has made a great contribution to the water needs of the farm:

that these small projects occupy a very important place in the agricultural. economy of the Prairie Provinces and I would urge the Municipal Councils to extend their efforts through the Agricultural Committees toward making full use of this policy.

Irrigation Projects

During the past 15 years, every effort has been made ,to create water storage on the main watersheds in Saskatche- wan and Alberta. Thé main watersheds in Saskatchewan are the Cypress, the Wood River, the Souris, and the Qu’Appelle. On the Cypress watershed, all main storages have been com- pleted mostly on the Frenchman River, Swift Current Creek and Maple Creek. The storages will provide sufficient water to irri- gate over 54,500 acres of land. At present over 30,000 acres are being irrigated by farmers on organized projects and on indi- vidual ones along the watershed. The remaining land is gradually

Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Total

Dugouts 2,267 24,429 9,257 35,953 ~ Stock-watering dams ... 1,649 3,417 300 5,366 Irrigation projects ......... 485 791 25 1,301 Totals 0000... §=64,401 28,637 9,582 42,620

297 R.M.’s co-operated with P.F.R.A. in the above program of dugouts, dams, and small irrigation projects.

While this number is a sub- stantial improvement from 15 years ago, there is still, how- ever, a great field to develop further the small projects. There is no need for the in- dividual farm to be short of water in the P.F.R.A. area.

The policy of P.F.R.A. is still the same and the same service and assistance will be provided in 1950-51. In the next 15 years I would like to see this total number of small water projects increased to over 100,000, then we will be approaching the water needs on the farms of the Prairie region.

The individual irrigation pro- jects on the farm have made a valuable contribution to the feed resources of the Prairie Prov- inces. Approximately 75,000 acres of land through P.F.R.A. assistanée have been irrigated among 1,301 farmers. In 1949, approximately 150,000 tons of hay was harvested. This is a substantial contribution to the winter feed supply for livestock producers.

I wish to emphasize again

being developed and eventually it will all be irrigated.

The development of this watershed alone has already rehabilitated 709 farmers and enabled them to remain in the district. With furtiier de- velopment it is estimated that well over 1,000 farmers will be rehabilitated.

Other watershed storages, such as Souris, Wood River and Qu’Appelle, are already erving many farmers for irrigation today. Hventually there will be over 75,000 acres irrigated on these watersheds.

A large part of the storages have already been created by P.F.R.A. and land and irrigation development is ne- cessary to make use of the water. This phase of development ail re- quires time. Other individual water storages in other smaller watersheds can provide sufficient water to irri- gate another 20,000 acres of land.

I am mentioning these watershed storages to emphasize the point that in southern Saskatchewan there is still a lot of work to be undertaken in making beneficial use of water, both on;existing storage projects and pro- posed ones, They are scattered over a wide territory and are well distri- buted.

Aside from irri~ation development, the value of these water storages for stockwatering mus. not be overlook- ed. Generally, in a dry year most of these streams dry up in July and Au- gust.

With the storages created,,

however, the spring run-off has been i conserved and the streams kept alive and running during the dry season. For example, Frenchman River, Swift Current, run a fresh supply of water all year for hundreds of miles in in the heart of an important live- stock industry. In 1937, these streams were dry and cities and towns, had a eritical water problem. In 1949, they were alive and fresh, and I do not need to emphasize what this means to a country. A

Community Water Storages

Since the inception of P.F.R.A., projects have been constructed for stockwatering and other domestic use. Groups of farmers, either through R.M.’s or Water Users’ Asso- ciations have been responsible for the initiation and proposal of such work. These projects have provided an es-

_ sential need across the Plains.

The general policy of the Govern- ment of Canada through P.F.R.A. has been to create water storages wherever feasible. The objective has been to store up spring run-off and then provide fresh streams during the seasonal. drought season. Many R.M.’s have beéh quite active in this program. In order to clarify the position, there is a certain procedure necessary in. making proposals for such work. It is as follows:

“Where a Rural Municipality “has a water storage project in mind and it will have agricultural and rehabili- tation value in the P.F.R.A. area, they must first of all clear the water right and make the proposal to the

' Province. The Province reviews the

project as to its feasibility and as it - affects the different Provincial Acts relating to land and water. The Province then makes a proposal to the P.F.R.A. and then a recommenda- tion is made to the Government of Canada, and finally a decision is made as to proceeding with the Project.”

The above procedure is necessary if any progress is to be mdde in get- ting the job done.

At: present time P.F.R.A. is co-

operating with 297 Rural Municipali-

_ ties in construction of 24,600 dugouts,

3,507 dams, 893 dry projects. In

addition 87 Rural Municipalities has

constructed 100 community or muni- cipal projects in Saskatchewan.

Community Pastures

The community pasture program has been most active in Saskatche- wan. It is undertaken in an agree- ment between the Government of Saskatchewan and the Government of Canada. ;

The main objective of community pastures is to regrass land taken out of crop. production, reclaim over- grazed pasture land, and place the land under good fence sc that the people can make proper use of it for livestock production: agement policies are put into effect and water improvements are under- taken by P.F.R.A. On each pasture a@ grazing association representing the patrons is formed. This associa- tion is responsible for implementing the policy and close liasion is main- tained with P.F.R.A. officials. .

Since 1938 there have been 81 pas- tures constructed and 76 of these are in Saskatchewan and 5 in Manitoba. They comprise 1,500,000 acres. The capital cost to date to the Govern- ment of Canada has been approxi- mately $3,000,000. During 1949 over 5,500 farmers were pasture patrons to the extent of 70,000 cattle.

During the past 12 years by con- trolled- grazing and a reseeding pro- gram, it has been possible to increase the carrying capacity of these pas- tures. I believe much more can be ‘lone to improve the pastures and

Pasture man- |

Nice Farm!

No place, really.

Where is it?

‘= FARM AND RANCH

It is just a realistic scale model built by Leo and Bernard Bunz of Muenster, Sask. The picture was snapped by their mother, Mrs. A. A. Bunz and it won her $5.

further increase the carrying capa- city. A pasture improvement pro- gram is underway and in the next 10 years I see no reason why 100,000 cattle cannot be grazed instead of 70,000 head.

Water development is being un- dertaken continuously and with the 800 dams in the pastures, it is planned to obtain a better use of the pastures.

At the present time these pastures have had contacts with 134 Rural Municiaplities. They are a real asset to the-livestock industry, their main- tenance and improvement for the future is essential. The program recommended for 1950-51 is greatly expanded. The Province of Sas- katchewan has made several pro- posals and the intention is to proceed and complete the work in 1950.

Major Irrigation and Reclamation Projects

When the P.F.R.A. was initiated in 1935, it was realized that long- term planning was necessary if the needs of rehabilitation were to be ful- filled. The introduction of P.F.A.A. was a counterpart to meet the im- mediate crop failure situation. It was realized that it was necessary to explore and survey the irrigation and reclamation possibilities of the water and land resources. The reason for

the surveys was to determine what .

land could be developed in order to meet the future resettlement needs.

* While. many thousands of farmers were moved from south_eastern Al- berta and south western Saskatche- wan to areas in all Western Provinces, where the climate was more favourable, it was realized that greater developments were necessary to provide for resettlement in future years. Even though the percentage of farmers to be rehabilitated was small compared to the total popula- tion of farmers, yet they numbered many thousands.

Steps have been taken by the Government of Canada, through P.F.R.A., and today there is suffi- cient information to provide for re- settlement needs. A construction program is underway and further construction plans are in the making.

~ The first project completely sur- veyed and now under construction is the St. Mary’s Milk River Project in southern Alberta. This project will irrigate approximately 520,000 acres of land. The dam will be completed in 1950 and all canals and other appurtenant works and_ reservoirs should be completed in 1953. This project will mostly meet the resettle- ment needs of south eastern Alberta.

The next major survey undertaken was the South Saskatchewan river development which is now named the Central Saskatchewan Development.

Engineering surveys began 5 years ago. Today all pre-investigational work has been completed’ and the results of these studies are now in the

‘hands of the Government of Canada

and the Government of Saskatche- wan. The Central Saskatchewan De- velopment is now a matter -of policy of Governments. . Therefore, it will be necessary to wait until those in au- thority have the opportunity to study the reports and announCe policy.

If and when this Development is proceeded with, I am confident that it will met rehabilitation needs in a very substantial way and could be a major factor in the future agricultural econ- omy of this Province. 5

The next project investigated was the Canada Land and Irrigation pro- ject west of Medicine Hat in Southern Alberta. This project was under- taken in 1912 by a British company. They spent many millions in capital works in order to irrigate land and then colonize it. They ran into many difficulties and unable to complete it. It was only possible to irrigate 57,000 acres of land instead of completing the works for 240,000 acres. The Government of Canada has decided to purchase this project as one for im- mediate resettlement. It will provide at an early date a further 180,000 acres of land for resettlement.

One other project of major import- ance is the Red Deer project in south Central Alberta which borders west Central Saskatchewan. Surveys of this project have been’ practically completed and this will provide for the irrigation of approximately 500,000 acres of land. ,

Settlement Needs

While my comments have been largely on irrigation projects of all kinds, it is realized that irrigation de- velopment will not completely provide the needs for resettlement and further land settlement in Western Canada. There are several reasons for this statement: (1) A new generation of young pros- pective farmers has grown up. There is not sufficient land on the “Home” farm to provide a unit for all the sons. Therefore, they are looking for new places to make a home. Veterans are still making appli- cations for land under V.L.A. and many. thousands are not placed.

There are hundreds of displaced persons who are applying for land, particularly in the irriga- tion areas.

Recent immigrants to Canada are applying for land and over 400 have applied for irrigable land in- southern Alberta. Some years ago it was difficult to’settle all irrigable land. Today there is an entirely different picture.

(2)

(3)

(4)

REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 9 Reclamation of Lands

With the above picture in mind, each of the Prairie Provinces have requested the Government of Canada to carry out topographical surveys and other engineering information. These surveys include the Pasqua re- clamation in Manitoba, where the Saskatchewan river enters Lake Win- nipeg; the Carrot River Triangle on the Saskatchewan side; the two to- gether could reclaim approximately one million acres of. land.

Other surveys include many of the important watersheds that are caus- ing serious flood damage. Co-opera- tive work with the Province of Mani- toba is already underway and par- tially completed in 1949. There is a great need for basic information to determine the different measures ne- cessary to protect land against flood damage. Stream bed erosion control and the silting problem are constant dangers that present a threat to a large area of highly fertile land in the Prairie Provinces. A survey pro-

‘gram is now underway with the ob-

jective of providing basic information for land reclamation, if and when the Governments decide such a program is necessary.

Dominion-Provincial Co-operation

As the water and land resources are invested in the Provinces it is necessary to have the closest co- operation with the different Provin- cial Departments. The P.F.R.A. is directed to meet this objective. Co-ordination of activities, however, must go further and that is where the Rural Municipality discharges its re- sponsibility and, in my judgment, the most important of all. Because, no matter what Governments do, no matter how much money is spent on a project, either by the Government of Canada or the Province concerned, the success of the project in the ultimate proper use of land rests with the people who use the land. It rests with the local organization that will lead the people and provide the local Government services so necessary to implement the follow-up program of proper land use.

Local initiative must not be dis- couraged, no’ matter if an individual idea is often proven. economically or engineeringly unsound. It is ideas that build a country, because if there is no vision then the country will go backward. Ideas stemming from the individual and the local organization are those of importance. Then by all working together, by the trained technician, and the scientist who can provide the basic facts to the prac- tical thinker, much can be accom- plished for the good of the country,

Eh.

“Ym afraid you’re taking the sign too literally.”

Page 10—FARM. AND RANCH. REVIEW—OCTOBER,.-1950

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Beauty Spot

This lovely view of Island Park was sent in by Fred G. Schutz, Bluffton,

Alta.

Clowns, jet-planes and lights; the insect world has them all

By PAUL HUXLEY

HE beautiful six - legged

dragon fly with its four gauze-like wings which enables it to fly so gracefully and rap- idly destroys innumerable mos- quitoes and can perceive mo- tion sixty feet away. It frequ- ently dodges and zigzags when pursuing its prey, mates in flight and meets with little re- sistance from the air. Some of the females can lay their eggs on the surface of the water or inside the stems of aquatic plants while they, themselves, are inmotion. Such resplen- dent insects. should be protect- ed by law, and should be bred on as large a scale as possible, because of the invaluable ser- vice they render mankind.

Chemical Wonder

Many: people who know much about the domestic bee are probably unaware of one important thing, namely, that its stomach is an amazing chemical laboratory capable of turning honey into wax. The most gifted human chemist could not accomplish such a thing however hard he tried. Bees are also. extraordinarily

observant in that they can fly

miles away from their hives yet find their way back without difficulty, because of having ‘noted’? prominent objects. on the way. Bees have consider- able color sense.

The First Paper Maker The despised wasp was the first: living creature to make paper and, of course, still makes paper or rather the Queen wasp does, when making

her nest. =

The Hercules Beetle

The Hercules beetle, as its

name suggests, is the world’s largest insect. The male, whose larger and smaller horns act like forceps, is six inches long, but. the hornless female is smaller. The larger specimens of this unique insect live in South America but there is a

smaller species in the United

‘States 214 inches long.

The Goliath Beetle

Another large insect, appro- priately called the Goliath beetle, whose home is in the Gold Coast, has a horny head, powerful jaws, is. four inches long, mainly chalky white in color and feeds chiefly on the sap of trees.

The Artillery or Bombadier Beetle

The colorful. Artillery o Bombadier beetle secretes-a fluid in the two glands at the end of its body which is: evid- ently charged with a_ gas. When pursued;“the Bombadier ejects the gas-like vapor which explodes like a tiny pop-gun and, of course baffles, discom- forts, and usually scares the pursuer. If in serious danger of being caught the artillery beetle discharges in rapid suc- cession as long as it can.

The Periodical Cicada The Periodical Cicada, which is akin to the dogday harvest fly, is remarkable in that it is the longest lived insect of all.

It takes about 17 years to be- come mature and spends the whole of that time, five feet or so underground, sucking the roots of forest trees. Every seventeen years, in late May or early June, enormous numbers of mature cicadas emerge

~from the ground.

Black and Red Ants

The ordinary black and red ants though brainless and, in many cases, blind, run one of the most highly organized communities in the world. Among other things they have their “cows” — ie. aphids — which they ‘milk’ in order to secure their delicious honey- gee of which they aye specially ond. :

Ants expel a small minority of male idlers in the fall, and, rightly or wrongly, destroy the -

old useless members of their colonies. Ants are amazing adaptable creatures. They will bore tunnels when crossing railway lines or tiny streams, and one particular ant com- munity was observed to he patiently covering a dead mouse with soil and other ma- terial for health reasons.

A little-known ant is the ‘Driver’ of tropical Africa which is greatly feared by man and beast. Flying about in swarms they will alight on a lion, tiger, or some other wild beast and, unless he rushes in-

We still want good pictures, but—

To all the hundreds of readers who ‘sent us _ pic- tures during the past months, our best thanks. Unfortunately we were able to use only’ about one out of 40.

Our experience with al- most 1,000 pictures point up these facts: Duplication of subjects caused the rejec- tion of almost half those sent in. Scores of pictures were ruined for publication by chopped off legs or arms, the inclusion of shadows and lack of contrast.

We pay $5 per picture that can be used in two- column cuts, $3 for one col- umn. But to earn this money the pictures have to be in- teresting and extremely clear. The process of print- ing the pictures causes most of the detail to be lost un- less the details are bright and sharp.

So for the fall and winter here are some tips for our amateur photographers:

Snow only photographs effectively in FULL sunlight.

Don't send us pictures of cows, goats or horses nurs- ing or being nursed by other animals. That is one of the really common farm sights.

Don't send us posed pic- tures of children, no matter how cute. Have them do- ing something interesting. Make sure the effort isn‘t ruined by a _ bad _ back- ground.

Don't send us_ pictures made on cloudy days. We can't reproduce them satis- factorily.

Above all, don't send us pictures of dead animals or birds. —

And of course don't send us old snaps from albums, or midsummer scenes. for use in January, or negatives

- without prints, or prints less than three inches by five inches in size. ‘

No photos not

accom- panied by a stamped self- addressed envelope will be returned.

to some stream they will mad- den him, suck his blood, and bring about his speedy destruc- tion. That ant is so named because it drives man and

beast, so to speak, to refuge of |.

some kind. Explorers have often seen scores of wild ani- mals fleeing like mad to the nearest river or stream.

The termites, often some- what incorrectly called ‘white ants’ live in tropical countries particularly South America. They build a hollow cone-shap- ed home of mud and saliva ab- out twenty feet high. They have their Kings and Queens, nurses, soldiers, and workers, and always live in pitch dark- ness. Their homes are so strong that it is almost impos- sible to dig into them with a spade. Some termite homes in Africa are even 25 feet high. Termites feed largely on wood and cause great damage to tim- bered buildings, forests, etc.

The Firefly

Fireflies, of which the so- called glow worm, a wingless female beetle is a species, emit a shining green light at night time. The light is used by wingless females to attract males and also by both sexes to warn others of the presence of enemies including insectiv- orous animals.

The cucujos firefly of South Amerjca besides providing am-

usement for children is used |

extensively by ladies for adorn- ing their ball dresses. Women of Central America use such flies in the same way.

The luminous tropical click beetle is often fastened to a Cuban lady’s golden chain or deposited in her lace pocket.

Spanish women wrap fire- flies in gauze and use them as hair ornaments.

Natives in tropical countries place several fireflies in a bot- tle and use them as a ‘lantern’.

Some tropical birds, with some aesthetic taste, use fire- flies to decorate their nests and also, perhaps, to facilitate the finding of the nests in the dense forests at night time.

Men, walking through dark thick tropical woodland often attach fireflies to their foot- wear to lighten their path.

Prize: Picture

ung cooks are Fay and Donald Mitchell of Mendham, Sask., sent In by Mrs. R: Stoltz.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 11

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Page 12—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950

“SON ... IT'S OUR FARM NOW!”

He sat back and sighed. His worries were over. _ All details were settled—he had prepared for the time his boy would take over.

Some time ago, he had dropped in to see his local Commerce manager. He wanted to arrange things so his son could gradually build ‘up a share in the farm business—and then take over. Together, the farmer and banker drew up a plan. At last, everything was settled. There would be no misunderstandings—and best of all, the farm business would stay in the family.

IT’S NOT TOO LATE... make sure you keep the farm in your family ... drop in and see your local Commerce manager—he’ll be glad to help you.

THE STORY OF THE FAMILY PLAN

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SPONSORED BY YOUR BANK

| The Peter Felt orchard—

By ELOISE C. DeBOLT ig might have been just an- other farmstead surround- ed by a huge grove of trees!

That was what we thought as we slowly approached the home of Peter Felt, eight miles south- west of Mortlach, Saskatche- wan. But it wasn’t just another grove of trees aS we soon dis- covered when we drove into the lane.

Long years of hard work were evident on every side from the stately rows of apple trees and the lush vegetable gardens, to the riot of blooms in the park- like flower garden.

We had often heard of the

Felt orchard during the years, and it was indeed a’ thrill to have the opportunity of walking through it and to talk to “Pete”, lovable old Swede, who has been the master mind behind the ven- ture that turned a spot on the open prairie into six acres of | profitable beauty. i It has taken 46 years to ac- complish the fete, Mr. and Mrs. | Felt having homesteaded on the farm in 1904.

Both born in Sweden, the Felts were married in Minneso- ta in 1896, and for eight years they farmed in Lake Itasca dis- trict at the source of the Mississippi River, before coming to Canada.

Tall and straight, Peter Felt certainly gives the lie to his 80 years. With twinkling eyes he came to meet us and show us around the farm. Still retain- |ing his soft Swedish accent he | answered our questions about the orchard and volunteered | much information himself. He _ didn’t know why he decided to try raising fruit trees, but his ; parents had been farmers, and jhe always had liked to grow things. The first years on the ‘homestead though, he had been kept busy with the farming operations and Mrs. Felt had the garden to herself. It wasn’t until 1913 that they went in for ' the fruit trees.

Walking through trees loaded with apples, crabapples, plums, cherries and apricets, it seemed incredible that we were still in | dry Saskatchewan, land of wind and dust.

“Florence,” “Hibernia,” ‘“Res- cue” and ‘‘Transcendent’’ were just a few of the varieties of apples brought to our attention by Mr. Felt. There was also a small “Snow” apple tree that he said was the best he owned. It was eight or ten years old and had been bearing fruit for three ; years. The branches were heavy with fruit though he in- sisted that this was not a good year due to heavy hail damage last summer. To illustrate his point, Mr. Felt pointed to the sears on the branches, counting aS many as twenty places on one limb where the hail had broken the bark.

beauty spot on the prairie

Frightful Storm

One plum tree had great por- tions of the inner branches completely ruined by this hail storm. There are disappoint- ments from other causes too, however, and a late frost last spring killed all the blossoms resulting in a total yield of one apple and six plums.

Mr. Felt considers that the 1948 crop was probably the best they have experienced thus far, and he proudly pointed to one apple tree that had yielded six bushels of apples that year.

Three giant silver spruce trees caught our eye, and we learned that these had come from Iewa in 1907. There were many tail maples and cara- ganas, and in one corner several that were unfamiliar to us. One, loaded with small prickly fruit we found to be a horse chestnut and another was a black walnut. There were also four filberts do- ing well in this unfamiliar climate.

Each year something new is added to the orchard. Many of the fruit trees originally came from Iowa, Valley River, N.D., and Estevan and Neville in Sas- katchewan but the most, and especially in late years, have come from the Morden Experi- mental Farm in Manitoba.

Leaying the orchard we crossed over mto the vegetable gardens where we found tall corn, tomatoes, raspberries and strawberries. We were loath to leave this last corner where our genial host invited us to help ourselves.

Here in the vegetable garden, Mr. Felt has this year installed a system of irrigation that he feels will soon pay for itself. A natural pond has been dammed and a small engine supplies the power to pipe the water into prepared ditches that ‘run through the garden. He hopes to enlarge this system now, making ditches all along the hedges and to put in a sprinkler system in the centre of the gar- den.

Birds flock to this spot and one mallard family has made its home in the pond for several years. They have become so tame that they come to shore and beg for food.

In the well house, Mr. Felt showed us where a swallow had taken possession of the place — and built its nest on top of a dipper which attached to a chain had been casually hung on a nail. So strongly is the nest constructed that the dipper cannot be moved without con- siderable force: Until the young bird hatch the family is using other drinking cups -and Mr. Felt says he intends to preserve the nest when the birds leave.

Crossing through a corner archway from the vegetable garden we found ourselves in a

Snow apple trees.

peony-paradise that was so beautiful we caught our breath. Later we learned that these plants had come from _ Dr. Brethour in Toronto. Other flowers bloomed there too: masses of tiger lillies, blue stocks, pansies, flaming red pop- pies and many more, while along the wall giant hollyhocks were loaded with buds just ready to burst into bloom.

In the centre of this loveliness was a huge. caragana tree, so symmetrical in shapé that we asked who had ‘trimmed it. It was a surprise when our host assured us that it had never been touched. Deep snow drifts every winter accounted for the lack of branches around the bottom of the tree.

Much later in the homey at-_

mosphere of the Felt living room we chatted with Mrs. Felt, who is 75 and who, because of a leg injury, was unable to accom- pany us on the tour of the gar- den. With sweet friendliness she told us of the joys and sor- rows that the years had brought them. In 1918 they lost four of their children within a few days during the ’flu epidemic and it took many years to recover from this blow.

Of their nine children the other five are still living and one son, Walter, with his wife and two children, Patsy and Frank, live in another house in the same yard. Walter now does all the farming on the half section of land and does most

of the heavy work connected

with the orchard. He was just recuperating from a siege with blood poisoning in his hand and the whole family were distress- ed that we should see a few ,weeds in the gardens.

Here is Mr. Felt with his Grandson, Frank, at one of his heavily-laden

Mrs. Felt makes hooked rugs in her spare time and modestly showed us some of her work. She told us that this was the first year that she had not work- ed side by side with her hus- band in the orchard.

As could be expected with a beauty spot like this, the Felts have many visitors from all over Canada and many places in the United States. They like company and are always happy to show people around the place. Under the trees Mr. Kelt has erected picnic tables for the use of friends who come to spend the day.

@ There is a policeman in every man’s conscience; you may not always find him on the beat.

—Punch.

ety Lal

"|] Saw...

Whilst working in the garden I heard a great commotion with the birds, and, on investigat- ing I saw a long, thin snake with a young bird in its mouth and the par- ent birds were trying frantically to take the young away. I killed the snake with my shovel, and the wee birdie seem- ed unharmed. The par- ent birds were not the least afraid of my pres- ence and all flew happily away in a few moments after the little one had recovered from’ the shock.

Mrs. T. D. Brooks.

Coaldale, Alta.

ee Se ie i ee eee

on on oe en er On er er oS ee ee er ee ee ee er oD oe en er or er er er ene

—N

St a ie ee i ee i ae i ae ae ae ae ae a ae oe ee oe ee ee ie ee

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 18

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Page 20—FARM AND RANCH REVtEW—OCTOBER, 1950

Good land is becoming scarce for Saskatchewan settlers

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Spek TCHE WEN is rapidly approaching the limits of land resources suitable for agri- cultural settlement, according to Agriculture Minister I. C. Nollet. Contrary to the belief of many people, the amount of crown land is very limited and the greater portion of it will re- quire extensive, time-consum- ing and costly drainage de- velopment and legal survey work before it can be made available for settlement.

The exact acreage of avail- able new lands is still unknown, Three years ago, however, the Saskatchewan department of agriculture started a program of. surveys to determine the amount of land suitable for agricultural purposes. This work was intensified last year by expansion of the staff of trained land inspectors and it is now being carried forward with all possible speed.

When determining new areas suitable for settlement a recon- naisance survey is made first, to locate available blocks which show promise. Areas found suitable are then legally sur- veyed and subdivided by quar- ter sections. After careful in- dividual inspection and classifi- cation for agricultural pur- poses, quarter sections are combined into economic farm units for final allocation.

Last year, 100,000 acres were inspected — the first sizeable areas of available lands for new settlement classified on a quar- ter-section basis as a prelimin- ary step to allocation. These lands were in the best potential new areas and were adjacent to present settlements.

Only 75,000 acres were found :

suitable for cultivation units. This land can be allocated for new settlement in 1950 and for additions to under-sized units.

This year’s inspection pro- gram will be stepped up to cover approximately 300,000 acres. This area may provide 150,000 acres of land. suitable for cultivation units, which will be made available to farmers in 1951. This will exhaust the small -new blocks on the fringe of settlement. —

Carrot River

The only other extensive area available for development is that running northeast from Carrot River. It lies between the Saskatchewan and the Carrot rivers and extends to the Mani- toba border. . Very little detail- ed information is available re- garding the soil of this area. It is believed, however, to. contain a sizeable amount of good agri- cultural soil.

The problems of opening up this area are tremendous. No legal land survey has been made. The area is practically inaccessible. It is subject to

flooding. Development will de- pend on heavy expenditures for drainage and possible dyking and rechannelling of the Sas- katchewan River. This may re- quire joint action on the part of the Dominion and the Prov- ince. Flood danger, although always present, would be great- ly reduced by construction of the South Saskatchewan river dam.

It is not yet known how much land can be made available in the Carrot River triangle in the future. Estimates range from 600,000 to 800,000 acres. In view of the problems involved, it is unlikely there will be any land for settlement in this area of the province before 1953.

In the near future then, the maximum amount of land which can be made available as cultivated farm units will be ap- proximately 200,000 acres in small blocks on the fringe of settlement. It will amount toa maximum of 400 units in the next two years. All available new land in the province—both in small blocks and in the Car- rot River triangle — will pro- vide only enough land to estab- lish a maximum of 2,000 new farm units, or its equivalent in new and expended units.

This problem must also be considered from the standpoint of the need for land. The aver- age minimum size of farm re- quired for an economic unit in Saskatchewan, even on some of the better soils, is three-quar- ters of a section. In 1941, two- thirds of Saskatchewan farm- ers had less than this.

Urgent Need

At least one-quarter of these have an urgent need for addi- tional land. In other words 20,000 Saskatchewan farmers have an urgent resettlement problem and an additional 40,- 000 require more land to make \

Risking 45 lives

- This loft full of kittens came from Gladys Hughston of- Warwick, Alta.

their present units economic and secure.

To meet this tremendous need the new land available for settlement within the next six years will amount to less than. two per cent of our present area of occupied farm laid. The maximum of 2,000 units involv- ed, most of which will require extensive drainage and clear- ing, would meet only one-tenth of the demand of farmers now in an urgent situation. Thus it is seen that land is not available

_to meet all demands. Many per-

sons who want to buy farms or to farm more land will be able to do so only by buying private- ly-owned lands.

In allocating new lands under the policy now established in the fringe areas of settlement, preference will be given to local eligible farmers. Eligible per- sons with basic agricultural background, living near avail- able lands and whose need for agricultural establishment is evident will be considered. next. In view of equipment costs spe- ° cial consideration will be given to applicants interested in oper- ating on a co-operative basis.

A continuous connection with farming will naturally carry a preference as against an inter- mittent farm background. In all cases where eligible applicants are dealt with, all other things being equal, veterans will re- ceive a préference.

After the land in an area has been inspected for disposition it will be advertised, applications will be invited and eligible ap- plicants dealt with, as far as possible, on an area basis. Final allocation will be decided by a land allocation committee which will, wherever practicable, hold local sittings to make disposi- tions.

All land will be leased on a 33-year basis. The primary pur- pose of this lease is the well- being and security of the farmer. Need for initial heavy land purchase commitments are removed, allowing the farmer’s financial resources to be fully available for development. Ren- tal rates will depend on the soil rating and productivity of the land and will vary from one- sixth to one-tenth of the crop. A clause in the 33-year lease re- lieves the lessee from paying rent in a crop failure year.

All improvement fixtures, with the exception of clearing and breaking, will belong to the lessee and this equity will be protected in the event of a transfer of lease. To pay the farmer for clearing and break- ing done no crop shares will be collected until all his costs for clearing and breaking, up to $25 an acre, have been paid.

To avoid hardship and pri- vation on the part of settlers in the future, new land will be opened for settlement only after very careful study. The effect of clearing land on na- tural watersheds will be con- sidered. Land which may be

‘more suitably utilized for fores- try and conservation will be left in its natural state, having in mind problems such as rapid , drying up of creeks, lowering of water tables and wind and water erosion. Considerable land thus may be best utilized for lumber production, wood- . lots or water conservation pro- jects.

Auction sale of U.K. cattle

‘AN atiction sale of foundation breeding stock, donated and specially selected in the United Kingdom, will be held in the Winter Fair. Arena, Brandon, Manitoba, on Saturday, October 21,.1950, commencing at 1:00 p.m., Central Standard time.

Proceds .from this sale

will be used to assist in fe- |

establishing livestock producers in the Red River Valley, who suffered heavy losses in the re- cent flood.

- The only breeds to be included in this sale are Shorthorn, Here-

ford,and Aberdeen-Angus beef

cattle, Jersey and Ayrshire dairy cattle, Red Poll cattle, Suffolk sheep, and Large White pigs (Yorkshires). This ship- ment will consist chiefly of fe- males, but there will be a few sires includedin each section. All animals are excellent repre- sentatives of their breed, fit to be added to or to head any herd or flock in this country. A total of 49 cattle and 21 sheep and pigs will comprise the-shipment.

For full and final particulars, and for sale catalogues now be- ing prepared, write direct to John H. Conner, Livestock Com- missioner, Department of Agri- culture, Legislative Building, Winnipeg, who has been ap- pointed Sale Manager.

Important — Those desiring personal accommodation in Brandon at the time of the Sale should write immediately to S. C. McLennan, Manager, Provin-

_cial Exhibition, Brandon, Man.

Happy Collie

izabe ichardson, Box 2, Greencourt, Alta., gets a laugh out jof “Pat” the family Collie.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 21

Wise Farmers are planning for next year

at | hide

ake ah

farmer IS looking ahead, IS making sure that when the 1951 harvest roll around the equip- ment he requires will be where he wants it when he wants it... . RIGHT ON HIS FARM, ready to go into action the moment he needs it!

Wise Canadian farmers who know NOW that they’ will be needing new Combining equipment to harvest next year’s crop successfully, should be placing their orders early! They have the experience of past years to guide them.

No matter what your harvesting problems are, whether you require the speed and tremendous threshing capacity of one or more of the big Cockshutt Self-Propelled Combines, or the equally

efficient and economical operation of the smaller

And judging by the steadily increasing number of — Cockshutt Pull-Type Combine... youneed go no Cockshutt Combine orders now being received... for further than your nearest Cockshutt Dealer!

next year's delivery . .°. the experienced Canadian COCKSHUTT PLOW COMPANY LIMITED, Brantford, Truro, Montreal, Smiths Falls, Winnipeg,

SOEKSINTT TRNETERS have LIVE Power Take-off Bbaise, Sabkatcbs; Calgaty” Editonton,

° More... with plete lines

Page 22—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950

Town-bound farmers

oe | fake ther houses along

A million horsepower behind these tumbling falls...

In the days when The Mutual Life of Canada was founded few people dreamed of the vast sources of energy for light and power that lay hidden in the huge rivers and tumbling catar- acts of this land of ours. Yet engineers were soon to- harness these great water-=~ ways and today four hydro-electric horses are working day and night for every Canadian family to bring them the luxuries of electrical living and run our expanding industry . .3 and among those who help make this possible are the policyholders of the Mutual Life of Canada,

FP-20

UTUAL LIFE ANA EA: ir ensige :

“YEAR 2

oT HEAD OFFICE

LIFE INSURANCE AT LOW NET cost

”

-|for use on the farm.

ITH the turn. of events

where the rural school chil- dren are being vanned to the towns and villages, many rural people are doing as an old nur- sery rhyme states:

“The turtle can not sell his house or rent it,

For where he goes his house goes too and nothing can prevent it.”

So it is with our farm houses as you will see by the accom- panying picture. This is one of the many houses that have been

Ceclatchawah farm

mechanics course

TWO-MONTHS farm me-

chanics course will be conducted at the Canadian Vocational Training School, Saskatoon. This course will be put on twice during the winter, the first class being from Octo- ber 31 to December- 22, 1950, and the second from January 3 to March 2, 1951. The purpose is to develop mechanical skills Instruc- tion will be in practical shop work accompanied by lectures

“| in certain subjects.

Motors and'Tractors

Maintenance and repair of gasoline engines; motor tuneup; overhaul; ignition, carburetion; clutch, transmission, differen- tial; fuels and oils; maintenance of diesel engines.

Farm Machinery

Maintenance, adjustments and repair of tillage, seeding, haying and harvesting machin- ery, Spraying equipment, ete.

Farm Carpentry :

Care and use of tools. Rafter cutting and general construc- tion and maintenance of farm buildings; concrete work; insu- lation and ventilation.

Electricity

Selection and maintenance of farm lighting plants; simple wiring; electrical code and legal standards. —

General Agriculture

Lectures on principles of suc- cessful farm machinery opera- tion, selection of equipment, management for greatest effi-

ciency, machinery in relation to.

- By MRS. AGNES RUTH, Hayter, Alberta

-separators.

moved by my son, Meryl J. Ruth. Some have been moved a distance of thirty to farty miles; and large houses, too. The outfit he uses was built by himself, by salvaging discarded truck wheels and some discard- ed wheels from old threshing He also built—a winch to pull houses off the foundations. On one house, a brick from the chimney remain- ed on the roof while moving the house a distance of 28 miles over some rough roads.

soil conservation, land use and

weed control; home water sys- ).

tems, ete. Metal Work, Welding and Cold Metal

For farm repair and construc- tion.

The above course is available for young men between the ages of 16 and 30 years. Each stu- dent will be notified as to whether his application is, or is not, accepted. There is no tui- tion fee charged while all tools are provided. Students should bring overalls, rubber soled shoes, loose leaf note book. A list of boarding houses will be available on registration.

e e e

Gypsy moth costly [PR gypsy moth, the larva of which preys on the foliage of shade and forest trees, has caused millions of dollars of damage in the New England States since it was accidently introduced into the woodlots of Massachusetts in 1868 after it was brought over from Europe. By 1927 some $25,000,000 was spent to keep this pest under control, reports C-I-L Agricultural News, and thou-

_ sands of men have been employ-

ed to battle it with spray guns, fire, axes and parasites. In 1923 a “deadline” 250 miles long was established along the Hudson River and the Lake Champlain valley beyond which, entomolo- gists were determined, the moth would not pass. It has been costing the state of Massa-

chusetts alone $3,000,000 each |

year to hold that line.

... 1S the Aladdin's lamp of to-day

Without the enterprising capital that built hydro- electric plants such as those of the Niagara, / Gatineau and Winnipeg Rivers, and others, the magic of electricity would - not be available to so many at so little cost. The policyholders of The Mutual Life of Canada have not only provided the. comfort and security of insurance for their own homes, but can take pride in having helped raise our ~ living conditions by pro- viding funds for the con- struction of our mighty hydro plants.

Truly The Mutual has grown with Canada. FP-20,

MUTUAL [IFE

of CANADA

HEAD FES) WATERLOO, OFFICE u ONT YEAR / j

LIFE INSURANCE AT LOW NET COST

Machinery co-operatives

are still expanding

(PERE new machinery co- operatives have been form- ed in Saskatchewan recently, proof of the increased interest in this type of co-operative to meet the requirements of small- er farmers, who are having trouble in financing the equip- ment needed. :

Latest of these to incorporate is the Harlco Farm Machinery Co-operative Ltd., comprising a group of four farmers living near Hafford, 40- miles east of North Battleford. They are pooling their privately-owned machinery and will buy addi- tional equipment as _ needed. Their first acquisition will be a combine to harvest this year’s erop.

Six farmers near Petaigan,

about 30 miles northeast of Ni- ,

pawin,~also are pooling their machinery and buying more as needed. They are all establish- ed farmers, most of whom farm only a quarter section of lan@. One- has a half section. Al- though together they have a considerable amount of equip- ment, individually they have not had nearly.a full line of machin-

ery. Like the Hafford co-op. their first piece of equipment purchased under the new set-up will be a combine. »

:The Spruce-Grove Farm Ma- chinery Co-operative has also been formed lately by six farm- ers near Algrove, 35 miles south of Tisdale. They are medium small farmers, averaging 100 cultivated acres per member. Their first purchases will be power and tillage equipment. One of their problems is get- ting land under cultivation so they have ordered some break- ing machinery.

These machinery co-ops will be operated on the same basis as two which have been func- tioning near North Battleford for some years.. One was organ- ized in 1943, the other in 1945. Since no individual owns any machinery the time required for any operation is noted and each tillage operation is charged for at so much an hour. At the end of the year the earnings are dis- tributed to the members on the

_-basis of how much each one

used the machinery.

Deen ee en EEEEEEEEEEEEE

Another year with 2,4-D

AC OESeR year of experi- mental work and general observations in the use of 2,4-D has failed to establish the value of chemical weed control as a part of farm practice in South- western Saskatchewan. Results have been observed on farms throughout the district and on District Experimental Substa- tions. A highly beneficial effect is indicated in some fields, and a distinctly harmful effect in others. | Unfortunately, the effect on most fields cannot be determined, as no _ untreated check strips were left for com- parison.

The importance of careful checking of results by the use of untreated strips cannot be over-emphasized, as 2,4-D has come into use in this district without the benefit of experi- mental work to prove its ulti- mate value. Present indications are that many years of experi-

mental work would be required

for this purpose.

One, interesting point noted this season is the rapidity with which some of the less common

“weeds may increase where spraying is carried out. Wild buckwheat, cow cockle, wild oats, and, rose bushes are re- sistant to 2,4-D. Although usu- ally unnoticed, due to the pre- valence of Russian thistle, these weeds are present in many fields.

A few fields have been *hoted where the removal of. Russian thistle by chemical has allowed a greatly increased develop- yment of resistant weeds. Some

’

of these weeds offer serious competition to a growing crop, and there is some evidence that the severity of such competi- tion may be increased by the removal 6f Russian thistle with 2,4-D. This appears most like- ly to ‘happen where a fairly heavy infestation of wild buck- wheat is being held in check by Russian thistle.

No final conclusions should

be drawn at this stage, but re--

sults should be carefully evalu- ated by the use of untreated check strips, and any change in the weed population should be noted, particularly any increase in the prevalence of “resistant” weeds.—(Swift Current.)

‘Prize Picture

with the pretty horse is Arla Gouring, of Minnedosa, Her mother, Mrs. R. J. Gour- ing, won $3 for a nice picture.

The pretty girl

Man.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 23

UTSMY FIELD TUE lW HALF

LET A BIG, HUSKY MCORMICK W-9 o WD-9 SPEED YOUR WORK AND CUT YOUR COSTS

Why drive 560 miles to plow 160 acres? With a McCormick W-9 or WD-9 standard tractor you can do the job in half the miles, in half the time compared with a 2-plow tractor. 44 drawbar horsepower walks right off with a 4- or 5-bottom moldboard plow. Why, you can plow an acte in 30 minutes! Comfortable to drive, easy to handle, and so economical to operate, too.

There are 5 models, 3 sizes and 3 types of engines in the McCormick standard tractor line—enabling you to select the one best suited to your farm... to save your time—to cut your labor and fuel and maintenance costs away down.

< A McCormick

W-6 standard

tractor plows up

to 13 acres per 10-hour day. With the belt it will handle a 28-inch thresher, large hammer mill or ensilage cutter,

The McCormick W-4> standard has 22 drawbar horsepower and 24 horse- power on the belt. Field cutirals 20 to 25 a per dayg— powers a 22- inch thresher, or medium size hammer mill or en- silage cutter.

Your IH Dealer is the man to see!

International Harvéster Bullds McCormick Farm Equipment and Farmall Tractors ... Motor Trucks .,. Industrial Power

“INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER

INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED, HAMILTON, ONTARIO

Page 24—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950 -

Sunil Spon its Sadlt

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU, THE FARMER, AND WE, THE PROCESSOR, GOT OUT OF THIS ‘PICTURE?

It would be like taking the spokes out of a wheel — not good.

There are lots of things kind of out of kilter with the world today and, by the same token, there are lots of things that make this a pretty nice place; For instance, it’s a-lot easier for folks to go shopping — not shooting — for their meat. And, it’s the»nicely balanced co-operation between the’ meat producer and meat processor that puts meat on the dinner tables of-the nation at a low service cost.

Sure, the retail price of meat is high but the price to the producer is higher than it has ever been — the processor can pay the producer these prices only because of the sale of by-products. It’s things like this

that make a strong self-reliant nation — co-operative assembling of goods and services for the betterment of all.

* * *

For over 60 years Burns: & Co. Limited has been co-operating with ‘the

livestock industry and during that time has provided producers with a cash market and held to the belief that friendly business is the surest foundation on which to build

BURNS & co. LIMITED

Farm improvement loans can be used to buy new implements, machinery and equipment to make your work easier and more profitable. Amounts up to $3,000 may be advanced under the plan and the money repaid by instalments spread over one, two or more years. The rate charged is 5% simple interest. Ask for full particulars at our nearest branch.

FARM IMPROVEMENT LOANS. can also be used for

New foundation or breeding livestock.

Fences, drainage and other developments.

Construction, repair, or

Ask for a

alteration of any building on . : the farm copy of this i booklet. Farm electrification. It fot ot 3 ‘ about farm New implements, machinery improvement

and equipment. loans,

THE ROYAL BANK

OF CANADA You can bank on the "Rogal™

Here's how to build

a rock garden By H. F: HARP

Oe is usually a month of brilliant sunshine, crisp air and keen appetites. Garden

construction work, alterations,

or plain digging in preparation for next year’s crops may be comfortably carried out during the first half of the month. Stonework in one form or an- other will associate itself with the general garden plan and where space permits excellent features can be introduced.

Where the construction of a rock garden is being attempted, the following pointers will be of interest:

In the first place the chosen site should be open (at least on three sides). Shelter from the north is desirable, but large trees and shrubs must be kept at reasonable distance. Over- hanging branches will not be tolerated by rock garden plants, nor should the tree roots be allowed to sap soil moisture from the adjacent area. The site should be away from build- ings or formal garden features. A start is made by taking off the sod and stacking it on one side while a foot or so of soil is excavated, and the hole filled with stones, gravel or rubble. This will provide good drainage necessary for rock plants.

The sod is replaced (grass side down) on the drainage and the soil returned. If thé site is gently sloping, all the better, for the task of setting in the stones so as to achieve a natural effect will be made easier. Next comes the placing of the stone — and here we-_ shall have to be governed by what material we have at hand, but on no account should concrete blocks or trim- med granite blocks be used.

For protection of harmonious blending -of- stones, soil and plants nothing is comparable to weathered limestones. They have a beauty of outline and their colour reflects the mid- summer heat so that plants set in the shadow of limestones keep cool and comfortable. A few selected limestones will be

better than all the granite boul- ders or pebbly stones you can get. Concerning the technique of building a rock garden, this much at least may be said:—

Use large stones and use them sparingly.

Set each stone firmly on its flatest surface. Never set stones on their’ edge.

Try and copy a natural out- cropping of rock by sloping the stones into-the soil so that moisture will be directed to the plants rather than away from them. When the work is com- pleted it should have the appear- ance of permanency. Hach builder must create for himself, striving to make each stone a. part of its neighbor and the - whole.a connected mass. :

- The planting is best done’ in

spring as soon as weather con- © ditions permit for rock garden - plants are mostly earlier spring. bleomers. :

There are numerous species and varieties suitable for this type of gardening and growers. of perennial plants usually list a wide variety that are hardy and reliable. A few subjects that are of easy culture .and capable of furnishing the rock ©

garden with showy plants would include: Campanula (Bellflower) — many forms. Phlox Subulata — various colours. j

Dianthus — in variety. Tris pumila — (Crimean. Flag. Tris).

Sedums — many kinds (sun loving). Sempervivums — (Hen and

chickens) (sun loving).

Thyme — (scented carpeting_ plants).

Violas — (good for shady spots). As

A host of others are avail- able; equally hardy and inter- esting but the foregoing list will give the beginner a start and soon he’ll be increasing the number of varieties as he hbe- comes enarmored of the fas- cinations of rock gardening.

Solution to last month's puzzle

GEIEIE

BB £

SREBE aloft lol of =lol[m/o}

[RI B LD) BE | Al S| AL | A

Belplelo

| 79) EE BE 2 Wy LD

Al | 0} cr E | NE S| Lol L | v3 & EI iS) HS)

redleelealtcltal a mils SS SeSese eS

From this wilderness—

—to this lushness

These pictures were taken a long time apart.

is striking. 1923.

Besides the alpine plants there are some bulbous plants suitable and these include a few Tulip species, Grape Hyacinths, Tritillarias, and Scillas. These should all be planted this month. Dwarf forms of ever- greens can be used to good advantage where space permits. Suitable ones are:

Prostrate forms of Juniper.

Dwarf Spruce (Albertiana).

Mugho Pine (select dwarf forms).

Pinus Cembra (choice slow growing pine). Japanese Spurge (does well in _ shady spot). Pachystima (good ground cover).

SEASONAL HINTS

Dutch Bulbs

These are now available and should be procured where need- ed and planted without delay.

Tulips are reliably hardy and most satisfactory for prairie gardens. The Darwins are best for planting out in beds or bor- ders and should be set in well- drained soil at a depth of four or five inches. A light covering of corn stalks .or evergreen boughs will be: beneficial. the first winter. ~—

Daffodils and other Narcissus

Yet even so the contrast The first was taken after a forest fire had gone through in The second shows the Altasweet clover crop of 1948. Fred G. Schutz, Bluffton, Alta., sent us the pictures.

varieties are not recommended for prairie planting, although they have been known to sur- vive a winter or two in some gardens.

Daffodils that have been used indoors to provide winter flow- ers are of no further use. Tu- lips, however, may be set out in the open ground after they have been flowered indoors, but too much should not be expected of them for a year or two.

U.S. announces support price for 1951

NATIONAL average price

support, of not less. than $1.99 a bushel for the 1951 wheat crop has just been an- nounced by the Secretary of Agriculture in | Washington. This is the same as the support level now in effect in the United States for the 1950 crop, and is announced in advance of the planting season.

In view of the present world situation, United States officials consider it imperative that the supply of bread grains be main- tained in a strong position not only to protect the interests of both producers and consumers, but to meet international food obligations.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW-—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 25

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There's a joy in

on an Indian Summer day

cranberry hunts

By KERRY WOOD .

ITH October here, we must

go gather the frost-soften- ed fruits of the cranberry to make sauce for the Thanksgiv- ing turkey. Each of us has a favorite patch: mine takes you on a five-mile walk, with the last part of the hike across an empty stubble field where the

| fresh mounds thrown up by a

pocket gopher give evidence of the excellent black-loam quality of the farmer’s soil. At the edge of the field, rose haws are vividly scarlet above the seared grasses and yellowed dower stalks. We find the gate, then duck through to enter the rough woodlands that border our sing- ing. river.

The path leads down past an old sawmill, where spruces from the adjoining woodlands were once made into dimension stock and shiplap boards. All that re- mains of that bustling industry is a brown heap of sawdust and a rotting pile of slabs. A griz- zled woodchuck used to perch on this thick slab, ever ready to

Winter Home

Look: the loosened bark has exposed the resting place of a queen wasp. The long-bodied insect crawls slowly from the cranny, where it intended. to spend the winter until the awakening time of spring. These young queens are the only members of.the wasp clan to survive the winter, each one founding a new paper-domed colony in the year to come. Ail last summer’s workers, drone- wasps, and the ruling queens die when the frosts get severe, but the young queens have already flown their marriage-flights and gone to solitary hiding places to await the new season. Let us help the good cause of fly con- trol and polinating wild fruits by saving this queen. Let’s find the royal wasp a new home in- side this old chickadee hole. Gingerly, with the help of a fragment of bark, we chivvy the queenly insect into the new quarters. The wasp turns at the entrance, her large. eyes

utter a piercing whistle and. seeming to stare out at the au-

dive down into his hole. Now that chuck will be sound asleep in the den-room located under the frost line: a sleep that starts with September and lasts eight full months to the end of April.

Let us pause for a moment on the banks of the river — Ah, we startled a flock of ducks that were sunning themselves on a sandbar. What a quacking, as the greenheads and their con- sorts spring aloft and fly away. After they have gone, we look upstream towards the wide eddy where fish used to. jump for flies back in June. Now the backwater seems to ‘have shrunken in size, for the river is low. Through the clear blue water we see fronds of pickerel plant and duck-weed. A beaver house towers at the head of the eddy, and we note that the busy animals have plastered a coat- ing of mud on the outer walls of their lodge. This is their way of insulating their home against the stinging winds of winter.

Thought of winter makes us turn from the river, eager to gather summer’s last fruits. Into the spruces we go, the hushed stillness so _ different from the song-filled time of bird-nesting. But we do see a bird: a scarlet-plumed Pileated Woodpecker flies up from a stump with a cuk-cuk of alarm. A large bird — the Pileatta — as large as a crow, with a most spectacular red _ top- notch blue-gray body plummage. This is the largest of Canadian woodpeckers, with a strong bill capable of digging a four-inch hole in a poplar stump in less than’ an hour’s time. Here’s where that bird was working, searching for wood-grubs tun- nelled under the bark of this balsam poplar.

contrasting with. the

tumn scene, then she disappears down into the hole and we go on our Way again.

Through the spruces to the

‘base of the hill, where a willow

tangle is clustered around a spring. In summer this pool is

alive with frogs and tadpoles, and sometimes a Heron comes to stalk through the shallows on stilt-legs and spear the tad- poles with a yellow beak. The

Guess What?

No, it isn’t a pumpkin that young

Gordon McKeen is sitting on. It’s a 25-Ib., 54-inch around puff-ball. Mrs. Frank McKeen of Rossendale, Man., sent us the picture.

Herons have gone south by

‘now, but there goes a snipe, zig- _ . zagging away from the boggy.

grass near the lip of the spring. Hear the Skape! Skape! ery of that bog-walker as it whirls* over the tree tops and flies to- . wards the river.

Look at the tracks in the mud: only this morning, a doe deer and her spring fawn came here to have a drink frdm the clear pool. Here’s a skunk track,.and there’s the narrow dog-trail of a coyote. A chunky little muskrat is sitting on the bank at the far side of the pond, watching us out of beady eyes while munching on a rush root. » Better find a deeper pool than this, Friend Muskrat, else you'll be frozen i in when winter comes.

Now up the hillside we go, climbing over fallen logs and pushing through thickets of chokecherry, silverberry, and saskatoons. Keep __ looking around from every eminence, and don’t climb above the first steppe of the hill. Cranberries are somewhere near, for their pungent perfume stings into the nostrils more. strongly now. Some people dislike the cran- berry odour, but I always enjoy the zestful scent and it brings back many memories of Indian . Summer days.

Look yonder! See that scar- let splash of color? That’s a cranberry bush, for sure. Down we scramble, and when we get close we marvel at the abund- ance of the fruit. This is the high bush variety, the gray- barked shrub growing eight te ten feet in height and each berry-cluster containing from twenty to forty of the large, translucent fruits. They are the easiest of ail cranberries to har- vest, though not so well flavor- ed as the moss berries of the jack pine country. But now we can get busy at the picking: each bush should yield three or four pounds of the ruby-colored berries, and I know that there are at least twelve cranberry clumps somewhere along this hillside.

We do not have the patch to ourselves. A _ squirrel starts scolding, ranting and raving in great indignation. The tirade gradually fades off, the squirrel coming nimbly from tree to tree until he reaches the shrubbery. He’s after the dried chokecher- ries, cracking open the stones to get at the nutty seeds inside. Then we sight a dainty White- footed Mouse, climbing up the snow-berry bushes to’ garner their fruits and now and then biting off a rose-hip when the animal can reach such berries without having to climb the thorny stalks. A flashy Blue Jay is in the patch, too:- the jaybird is dining on shrivelled saskatoons. We hear a rustling patter, and sight a ruffed grouse foraging slowly through the un- derbrush. The plump bird is mainly interested in snow-ber- ries, but no doubt finds some insect remains among the leaves underfoot. At sight of us, it utters a kwit-kwit-kwit of

alarm and thunders away on stiff wings.

When the picking is over, climb to the top of the steepest hill. This spot commands the finest view of the whole river valley. I like to think that many an early settler has come here to enjoy the panorama: rich in dark green of spruces, yellows of the leaf-dropping poplars, the white barks of birches showing here and there and the brown tangles of wil- low, with the stony shoreline and the blue waters of the river circled around the woodlands to give it a beautiful frame. An eagle soars above, a broad-wing- -ed silhouette against a cloudless sky. Then a whisper of breeze ruffles across the stream and fans the hill. From a nearby tree, a clinging leaf clicks against the branch: tick-tick- tick! It makes a woodland clock, ticking away the lovely hours of October.

Curves for

Conservation

ARMING for soil conserva- tion is still in the early stages of development. Much of the field remains unexplored and untouched; there is still much groping and some inde- cision among its advocates as to the exact course that should be followed. This, however,

need not and should not deter

us from adopting those prac- tices that have been found to be economically and_ practically sound.

Contour farming is such a practice.

Few, if any, farmers have ever wilfully destroyed or in- jured their lands. Prairie sods had to be broken to furnish food for the settler and, in many instances, to obtain title to the land under the old home- stead acts. Forests and brush had to be removed before crops so necessary for subsistence and for trade could be grown. Rectangular land surveys na- turally led to a block-type far- ming rather than contour far- ming. Farmers everywhere took pride in straight rows even if those rows ran downhill and served as channels for water that washed them wider and deeper with each rain. . Pride in a straight plowed fur- row and a straight row of grain may be entirely justifiable on our level prairie lands where slopes are no greater than one or two percent. However, in the more rolling parts of our farming country, especially those in the foothills area, this same pride has delayed the gen- eral acceptance of contour far- ming. This condition neces- sarily must change if we are to maintain our land.

CHANGING MAILING ADDRESS? Don’t forget to notify the Circulation Department, THE FARM AND

RANCH.

No. 15W PRESENTED

FARM AND RANCH

BY —

SERVICE

SELECTION AND INSTALLATION OF SPACE HEATERS

A space heater, described in simple terms, is merely an oil-burning heat- ing appliance, designed to replace coal and wood-burning types. It can be used in any.type of home... bearing in mind that there is a limit to the amount of space each size and kind of heater will heat. The new space heaters are an attractive piece of furniture, designed to harmonize with the other furnishings in the home.

There are several advantages in

using space heaters. First, the amount §

of heat is easy to regulate ... just a matter of adjusting the oil flow valve. Then, there is greater convenience and cleanliness in oil, as compared with wood or coal. And, another advantage ... you can spend a night away from home without creating a fire hazard... without having to re- turn to a cold house. All you do is turn the heater low and*go on your carefree way.

Choosing A Heater

The most important point in choosing a heater is to get the right size. If the heater is too small... room tempera- ture will be too low. If the heater is too large ... it may result in waste of fuel. This point should be discugsed with your dealer, who should be able to estimate the amount of heat needed ...and recommend the correct size gf heater. Before buying, it might be well to get the experiences of neigh- bours who have purchased heaters. Check, too, on the kind of service they have been getting through the dealer.

Tips on Installation

Having selected a heater of the right sizé, the next most important thing is location. Locate the heater as nearly as possible in the centre of the space to be heated. This will distribute the warmth evenly, and cut down use of fuel. Even more important in location, is to set the heater close to the flue opening into the chimney. This helps avoid elbows and long laterals which cause loss of heat. The back and sides of the heater should be at least three feet from wall or corner.

Insulation Pays Off

There is no point in trying to heat the sur- rounding countryside, and this is what you are attempting to do when windows and doors are loose fitting and when cold air comes in as fast as it can be heated. The ceiling is perhaps the most important section of the house to insulate, and is the easiest place to put insulating material on. Cold floors and | room drafts also cut down tlie efficiency of any heater. Insulation

will pay for itself many times in fuel saved.

Place heater in centre of space to be heated and close to chimney, to get best distribution and least waste of' heat.

Heater Must Be Set Level

It is important to have the heater set level, to obtain correct fuel flow to the burner. While the position of the feed tank in relation to the burner is set by the manufacturer, it will work correctly, only if the floor is level? The float valve will then maintain a constant level of oil in the bottom of the burner (the quantity or level will vary with the different makes). If the floor level slopes toward the feed tank, not enough fuel will be deliver- ed and the burner simply will not burn. If the slope is toward the burner, too much oil will be delivered, resulting in heavy smoke and car- Boning.

Fuel Storage

The feed tank attached to the burner is small in size, usually from two to five gallons in capacity. This means that additional fuel oil storage is necessary. A fuel storage tank prop- erly installed, of at least 100 gallons, is ideal, as it is Convenient and as- sures an ample supply of fuel at alt times. This can be particularly im- portant should deliveries be interrupt- ed by bloeked roads.

Some users of space heaters prefer the outdoor tank with au- tomatic feed, as venience.

an added con- Such tanks should be placed. so that the bot- tom of the tank is not less than six inches and the top of the tank not more than eight feet above the level of the fuel contro! valve. Be sure to locate the tank in such a position that it can be readily filled by the tank truck. Before installing any outside “tank, consult the local authorities re- garding fire regulations.

With a storage tank you don’t have to worry about blocked reads in winter and early spring. You can assure yourself of ample supplies of fuel oil.

REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 27

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‘Page 28—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950

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The new poison war on the coyote menace

JAMES R. McFALL,

‘Secretary, Alberta Federation of Agriculture, 515 Lougheed Building, Calgary, Alberta

F. one were to visit farmers throughout Alberta he could could glean many stories about coyote depredation. He would hear tales of poultry losses, tur- keys and chickens in large numbers, of wholesale daylight robbery, and in particular in- stances, of petty thievery

where Mr. Coyote only made

away with one or two hens. Possibly the sheepman could tell him the most impressive stery when he points out what the loss of lambs means at the present price for choice spring lamb. Then, too, he would hear stories of calves and colts being attacked.

Some people may scoff at such stories and say, “too bad, but in sum total, they don’t add up.” I suppose they are en- titled to their opinions, but what has happened to our sheep industry? Do you know that Alberta’s sheep population at December ist, 1949, was

36.5% of the 1936 to 1940 aver- --

age? I suppose one can list many factors as causes of this reduction and one of those will be related to coyote depreda- tion. In other words, many of the threats to go out of sheep because of coyote losses have been carried out.

There is on use crying- over what has taken place, but why let it continue? What has been done? What is being done? What can be done? There are answers to these three ques- tions. i -

For many years the approach to this problem was to encour- age hunting by paying a bounty on each animal destroyed and accounted for. In present-day language this would be called a subsidy to hunters and trap- pers. This method was reason- ably. satisfactory when good prices for the pelts supple- mented the bounty and when

every dollar earned on the side meant a good deal. In more recent years in spite of large sums being spent on bounties, the coyote population has in- creased,

Authorities who were respon- sible for spending these large sums realized they were not getting results. Consequently they are adepting a different ap- proach. Saskatchewan to the East of us, North Dakota and Montana, as well as adjoining States to the South, all have or are establishing organized coy- ote control campaigns. Their general plans include use of 1,080 poison, coyote getters and airplanes.

They are getting results, too. At a meeting held a year ago in South Dakota the Secretaries of the Western -South Dakota Sheep Growers’ Association and the Black Hills Livestock Protective Association ‘reported — that the ceyote control pro- gram had saved their producers from 2 to 8 million dollars a year. In making these esti- mates they took into account the prevention of loss of sheep and lambs, the cost of extra help in protecting their herds

‘So you’re the parents of the / young man who gets so much mis- information at home.”

and loss of weight in lambs when disturbed by coyotes. They report that herding is now unnecessary and that the sheep are allowed to range at will over large areas. .

The Saskatchewan — poison program was only conducted on an experimental basis last win- ter but here, too, the stockmen report favorable results.

Here in Alberta - e have not been idle, nor have we entered into any comprehensive control program. Many districts organ- ized local coyote hunts last win-. ter which provided fun for the participants and caused the destruction of some coyotes. The Provincial. Government carried out an extensive experi- ment in the use of planes to de- termine effectiveness and cost of this practice. A total of 25 hundred coyotes were killed from planes. This number, along~ with those killed in or- ganized coyote hunts, undoubt- edly relieved the situation in

’ some districts but judging from

experiences in other areas, this is not the final answer.

Poison Spearhead

.As mentioned — previously, 1,080 poison is used as a spear- head for these effective coyote control programs. This is a comparatively new type of poison developed by the U.S. Wild Life Research Laboratory

and carries the name ‘1,080’ °

because it was the 1,080th type tested before a_ satisfactory poison was found.

Like many new ventures the use of this poison on a large scale is viewed with concern

“and fear from many quarters.

One cannot deny the fact that it can be dangerous if used carelessly. On the other hand, this is true of any type of pois- on. 1,080 has been shrouded in mystery and subject to much

‘misinformation. Many articles

have been written telling of its devastating effects and of its powerful secondary poisoning qualities. The answer to these statements can be made by ex:

-perienced men who have work-

ed with this poison and have observed the results. Their re- ports show that except for the death of a few roving dogs, loss to other animals or humans has been nil.

The answer as to what we in Alberta can do to control cag- ote depredation is reasonably simple. We don’t need to go

- out and do a lot of research and

experimental work. That has been: done elsewhere. It has been done by men in adjoining states and provinces who will gladly make their experiences

wand information available for

application here:

_ In other words, we can adopt the general procedure and practices which have proven satisfactory. under conditions which are not dissimilar to our own. Without giving details, what does this include?

Men who have been respon- sible for coyote control in other areas take the stand that it is |hot just a job for governments

to do. They look upon it as a

co-operative project with the - co-ordinated support of “farm-

ers and ranchers, of Municipal Districts and Governments. The Provincial Government would be looked upon as the logical leader and administrator as well as being expected to supply a large share of the finances. The Dominion Government should participate because of large areas of park and mili- tary lands which constitute un- molested breeding grounds for the coyote. Game and Wild Life organizations should be expect- ed to participate if they hope, in the long run, to be able to achieve their goal, that of con- serving game and other non- predatory animals. _

The co-operative approach to this whole problem is particu- larly important because of the dangers which are apparent in the use of the poison. Farmers and ranchers have the final say as to whether poisoned baits can be placed on their property. They can be very helpful in ad- vising where poisoned baits can be effectively and safely located.

It has been conclusively pro- ven that if the all co-operation is available the coyote popula- tion can be safely and effective- ly reduced by an organized campaign in which 1,080 poison is used as the lethal weapon.

No more witch doctors

Ae Rens to reports from Southern Rhodesia, exten- sion methods combined with education in church missions are banishing witch craft, su- perstition and fear in that part of Africa.

Farming techniques, relates C-I-L Agricultural News, have shifted frgm .exclusive use of hand-made iron-tipped hoes, to ox-drawn plows, cultivators and harrows. A few power tractors are. used. ;

After 30 years of conserva- tion, crop rotation and use of fertilizers, crop yields have in- creased by 10 times, it is re- ported. Native farmers no longer buy mystic potions to make their crops flourish after finding modern scientific me- thods much more productive. ¢

The first, agricultural mis- sionary.in Southern Rhodesia, Emory Alvord, used the demon- stration plots and*the “learn to do by doing” formula to per- suade natives to turn away from their old farming practices.

e e e

U.K. wheat acreage up

Wrest acreage in Britain’ was up 500 thousand acres over 1949 to reach a total of 2.4 million acres, only slightly less | than the revised target of 2.55 million acres, according to a June census.of United Kingdom ¢rops.. The area sown to barley and oats was less than that of last year by 340 thousand acres.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 88 -

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Page 30-—-FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950

DIGES Tr

LY TIPS rom THE FARM SERVICE BULLETINS

Fall grazing

crested wheat

Att grasses require proiec- tion from grazing at some time during the growing season. Native grasses, including blue- joint, speargrass, and Junegrass need protection during the spring in order to produce high yields. Spring protection is re- quired by alfalfa also, while a few plants do best if not grazed during flowering.

Crested wheatgrass has a different protection period. It can be moderately grazed from early spring until freeze-up without reducing yields in sub- sequent seasons. Further, it can be heavily grazed during the spring and early summer, but heavy fall grazing results in a lighter crop the following year.

Heavy fall grazing of crested

wheatgrass will reduce the next year’s yield by about one-third; that is, if fields protected the previous fail produce 750 pounds per acre, then those that were heavily fall grazed will yield about 500 pounds. These are average figures, because the yield will be higher during good growth seasons, and lower dur- ing years of drought.

The reduction caused by fall grazing is affected also by the season. If good growth occurs during the spring, the reduction is less than average, but if the spring is dry the loss of pro- duction is greater. This latter condition showed up markedly during 1949, as pastures pro- tected throughout the fall of 1948 yielded 325 pounds, while those that were heavily grazed during the previous autumn produced only 120 pounds per acre. :

We have considered crested

wheatgrass to be almost im-

mune to damage by grazing. Undoubtedly, it will stand ex- cessive abuse. However, fields will yield more if they can be protected, or lightly grazed dur- ing the fall growing period. This practice will help to ensure re- serves of pasture for early spring grazing.

What makes

nutritious forage

TRE nutritive value of forage is determined by the pres- ence of substances that are necessary for the health, growth and productiveness of animals.

Nutritional experiments, or feeding trials, have indicated what are the desirable amounts of many of these substances. A chemical analysis will deter- mine the amounts present in a particular forage and should in- dicate how forage meets animal requirements. While chemical analysis and feeding trials do not always agree in measuring nutritive value the chemical method is much more rapid and inexpensive.

The chemical composition of

forage crops depends on the conditions under which they grow. Natural factors that have a bearing on the chemical com- position and correspondingly on the nutritive value are the kind of plant whether true grass, le- gume, or other species; climatic conditions; soil fertility; the weather preceding and during harvest; the age of the plant at harvest time; and the season of year.

In the spring grass is rela- tively low in fibre. As the sea- son advances, visible changes take place, heading, flowering, and at the same time chemical changes occur, such as great carbohydrate storage and ligni- fication. When, however, the tops of the plants are cut off by the grazing animal, these natural developments are inter- rupted. The plants are stimu- lated to produce new foliage from shoots near the ground. At first this new foliage, like young grass, is high in protein and low in fibre, but in time it becomes more and more like older grass. Consequently mod- erate grazing tends to stimulate forage growth and maintain a higher protein level than would otherwise prevail.

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Water trickling from a fire hose has scarcely enough force to bend a blade of grass. But open the valve, and the pressure will knoek a giant off his feet.

This principle is applied to the transmission of power in an easily understood manner.

Two fan-like members . . . are enclosed in an airtight housing. This

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housing is then partially filled with fluid. That’s all there

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Sweet clover on alkali soils.

WEET CLOVER has been.

tested for many years at the Swift Current Station, and tried out by farmers and ranch- ers in the area as well. In general, the results have not been too successful. There are several reasons for this, the most important being the fact that stands are often very hard to establish. If seeded in the early fall, the seedlings do not survive the winter and late fall seeding is seldom very success- ful.

This leaves spring as the best - seeding date, and even on sum- ‘merfallow good stands result “only in the moister years. More recently, the sweet clover wee- vil has come in and is now so prevalent that young seedlings are always eaten down rather badly each year. Because stands are difficult to obtain, plus the “fact that it is a biennial crop and dies out in the second year, ‘yields over a period of years “have been considerably less

than those from grass-alfalfa.

mixtures.

Under irrigation, sweet clover does not compare with alfalfa in yield and, therefore, should not be grown where alfalfa is suited.

Possibly, the best use for sweet clover in Southwestern Saskatchewan is on alkali areas. It tolerates small amounts of alkali and often does well under such conditions. If sown in mixture with slender wheat- grass, which is also alkali toler-

ant, waste areas can often be.

brought into production of feed and pasturage. The _ yellow- flowered varieties - of sweet clover should be sed on such lands as they set seed close to the ground and will reseed and maintain a stand. Often alkali areas can be reclaimed by grow- ing sweet clover and plowing it

under. The large tap roots help.

to give better drainage. EHventu- ally, this crop may improve alkali land to the point where other crops can be grown.

While sweet clover is a ques- tionable crop under dry land and on good irrigated land, it has a definite place on these alkali areas so prevalent in the South- west.

“Culling the

pullet crop

| eeceae hatched pullets, for the most part, are already in production but the main crop of layers will be brought in from range during September or early October. Culling the prospec- tive laying flock to eliminate the “loafers” has always been good sense, but today, with high feed and labour costs, it is absolutely essential if the birds are to re- turn a profit.

Obvious vigor is a first re- quirement. Unthrifty birds will not pay for their keep. Alert carriage, bright eyes, close,

glossy feathering indicate vigor and all other birds should ‘be eliminated. fairly large, full, red and fine in texture and wattles should be thin and silky. It is doubtful if birds with rough, pale, coarse or scaly combs and sunken eyes will prove to be good layers, and it may prove more profitable to dispose of these for meat pur- poses.

Help for

exhibitors

re encourage Saskatchewan farmers to send field crops exhibits to the Royal Winter fair at Toronto the provincial department of agriculture is offering monetary aid to all ap- proved ekhibits.

Shipping costs from Regina to Toronto and return on ap- proved exhibits shipped through the field -crops branch will be paid by the Department, but exhibitors will bear the cost of

delivering their entries to Re-'

gina. Farmers sending their

exhibits direct to Toronto will }-

have to pay their own transpor-

tation charges, except in the.

case of potatoes. To qualify for the free freight, exhibits must arrive in Regina not later than November 2.

Prize money won at the To- ronto Royal will be duplicated by the department. In addition, an honorarium of $100 will be paid to exhibitors who win world championships in wheat, oats, barley and rye and such other seeds for which the exhi- bition board may designate world championship awards.

Soft water

increases milk yield

OWS increase their milk pro- duction up to 50 per cent when they are switched from hard to soft drinking water, according to recent experiments in Illinois.

An the experiments, one cow’s production was increased from 80 pounds daily to 121 by giving her water softened by special water-softening chemicals. The purpose of the tests was to show that minerals in hard water retard normal functions in. the intestinal tract of the cow.

“Mr. handles for these faucets?”

Barnes! Where are the

Comb. should . be:

FARM®AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page 31

REMEMBER:

Ship only healthy, well-finished birds. Don't overcrowd birds in the crates.

Take advantage of these co- operative marketing facilities:

Poultry crates forwarded free upon request. Prompt returns — accurate grades and weights. Final payments to all shippers. Ask for our rail-grade service.

a a ee

Broilers should weigh not less than 2% pounds live weight for best results.

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Whatever your need, your nearby Bank of Nova Scotia manager looks at it this way: If a loan is sound business for you, it’s sound business for the Bank. Discuss a Farm Improvement Loan with him the very next time you’re in town.

The BANIK of NOVA SCOTEN

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Page 32—-FARM AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBE&R, 1956

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“I Saw...

Farm and Ranch readers. ‘report on bugs, birds and cows

| While working in my shop cne day I heard a loud buzzing sound in one of the windows. /On investigating I saw a | spider’s funnel-shaped insect i trap. Jt was about 6 inches at the top and tapering to 44 inch | at a hole which went out at the ‘corner of the window. There , was a large fly caught in this web and was making a loud buzzing in trying to free itself | from the web. As I watched the fly a spider ‘came out from the small end of the net, stopped near the fly | for a second and then jumped at the fly and went back just as quick. He had fastened a web to one of the fily’s legs and tied the web to the net about 1 inch from the fly. The spider con- tinued this until he had all six legs tied securely. Then he tied. both wings the same, and then disappeared down the hole. I did not see it come out again, but two days afterwards the fly was still there, but pretty well shrivelled up. H. L. Gerow. Beresford, Man. x *

I went out to the granary for a quilt which was stored there last spring. When I opened the box it had a funny smell. I took it outside, thinking a mouse had made a nest. As the quilt was almost at the bottom, I took out the top covers and found a baby blanket full of hornet eggs and hornets, even the queen herself. So I hung the quilt on the clothes line and hoped the hornets would leave.

Mrs. A. R. Neudorf. Four Corners, Sask. « *

{

One day we had made up our mind to go out and pick blue- berries and on the way we had to pass through a spruce grove. As we were walking along I happened to notice that one tree seemed to look a little different. I went close to it and found that growing out from the bottom branch there was a perfect little tree. It was about a foot high and growing as straight as if it were grow- ing out of the ground.

Mrs. N. Pichette.

Chitek Lake, Sask.

* *

One spring morning, looking out of my kitchen window, I saw about eight magpies sitting in a semi-circle facing a slight depression.

In this place one magpie was going through some sort of dance, sort of run and hops back and forth. A moment later fone of the watchers walked over to the performer and bob- bed its head. Then the two flew into a nearby tree, and an- other magpie took its place and | went through the same dance.

Mrs. Annie Roesti. Bashaw, Alta.

On going out to my bird bath a day or two ago, I noticed a large number of wasps flying around, evidently in search of water. One wasp missing his aim landed on his back in the water. He struggled, but was unable to turn over and right himself. I watched it for per- haps half a minute, when sud- denly another wasp flew down and picked up the struggler out of the water; when both flew away, apparently unharmed. Who says insects have no rea- son.

F, A. Douglas. R.R. 2, Clandonald, Alta. x *

I saw at my neighbor’s place one Sunday evening; both par- ents were out visiting and were still away at milking time. There was one cow there that would allow only the mother to milk her. The eldest son who was about the mother’s size made an attempt to milk that cow. She would have none of him, however, and kept on moving around the corral, In desperation, the boy went to the house and came back com- plete in his mother’s dress, sweater, and head kerchief. He approached the cow who now stood still. He sat on the milk- ing stool. The cow sniffed him, seemed satisfied, and allowed herself to be milked.

Wm. Grasiuk. Landonville, Alta.

xk Our gobbler thought he

wanted to set so he chased the turkey hen off her nest and set on the eggs himself, so we fixed a box by her nest and put some eges in it, then he set there quitecontented and proud of himself, and the turkey hen went back to her own nest.

Jean Musselman

Peesane, Sask. x *&

A.kingbird made its nest on the tractor. As the tractor has to be moved now and then, we destroyed the nest. We de- stroyed the nest eight times without any success. The king- birds won their battle and now have a nest on the tractor with two eggs in it. This shows you what a determined bird is the kingbird.

Emma Abrahamse.

Coronation, Alberta.

One day as I was picking berries I had the dog with me. He got a baby black bird that was learning to fly. About 5 big black birds came pecking his back trying to protect the baby bird. Wherever the dog went, the black birds were try- ing to peck him.

Elaine Venne, Entwistle, Alta.

. .- One, day at school I saw a nest that a wren had built in the pocket of a carpenter’s apron. The apron was haiging on a nail in the woodshed that had not been finished yet. The car- penter was going to finish the woodshed later so he left his apron there and in the mean- time the wrens built a nest in the pocket of the carpenter’s apron. Bert Reich. Tomahawk, Alta. x

. . I saw, and I hope to see again very soon, two swallows who build their nest in our granary. They have done so for a few years, getting mud at a nearby slough. Quite a few times the half-built nest has fallen, but just like Bruce’s spider, they try again. Last year the half-built nest fell as usual, but next day I saw one of them flying around with a long piece of binder twine in its bill. Next I saw the twine twist- ed around a big nail, high up in the wall of the granary, and an- other start made all over again. This time the mud was close to the nail and over some of the twine. It seemed as if the twine held the mud. Five little swal- lows were hatched and raised to fly around. The nest is then broken down, by the old birds, ready for a new start each spring.

Mrs. Frank Love.

Haven via Benton, Alta.

x *

... One evening, just after dark, I was walking across the snowy bush pasture and I saw what ap- peared to be a snow-free rock. I decided to sit down and have a smoke. I was just sitting down when, zoom, away went the rock and, zoom, up I went into the air. Upon landing, my trus- ty flashlight disclosed a large porcupine running away. Wilfred Rainville. Wolseley, Sask. x oF ... While staying at my aunt’s place one evening during a thunderstorm, I looked out of the window and saw our bache- lor neighbor’s house, which was made of tin, part of the roof was blown off and as the light- ning flashed I saw him running outside in his underwear to save the tin. Later on the neigh- bors helped him fix his house. : Gloria Harrison. Petersfield, Man.

“Now let me see—That will be $8 dollars for the fence, 75c for the apples and... .”

... Two friends of mine had a playhouse. One day when I was there they invited me to see it. When we came there, the goose had a nest there as she had made one during the night. My friends were very disappointed, but they made another play- house with which they succeed- ed. The gander was very proud when the goose raised a family of eight geese.

Lillian J. Tkachuk. R.R. 2, Andrew, Alta.

x* *

... On my way from school I saw two Indians driving along with a team and wagon. They had a big sofa across the front of the box for a seat. Very com- fortable, I thought.

Muriel Clark. Ferintosh, Alta.

x *

... As I was hunting magpie eggs last evening, I came upon an old magpie right on her nest and actually got hold of her tail. I thought this unusual as most of the time I can’t sneak up on them, even close enough for a good shot.

Ralph Grunow. R.R. 1, Czar, Alta.

FARM. AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER, 1950—Page. 33

GOOD EQUIPMENT DOESN'T COST

IT PAYS

“LITTLE GIANT” SAWMILLS, EDGERS AND PLANERS PAY FOR THEMSELVES IN A VERY SHORT TIME.

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POSTAL MONEY ORDER instead of cash!

Envelopes can be broken or torn and money slip out. It’s wiser... and safer ... to use Postal Money Orders. You can get them at your Post Office.

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PARCELS carefully!

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_ Page. 34—FARM. AND RANCH REVIEW—OCTOBER,. 1950 |

It's been a frightful year for B.C. poultrymen and orchards

By A. J. DALRYMPLE

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ALBERTA LIVESTOCK ASS'NS CALGARY, ALBERTA

ORRY, folks, hit the major news from B.C. this month is none too good.

For one thing the Alberta embargo on B.C. poultry pro- ducts because of Newcastle disease, proved a heart-breaker for coastal flockmen.

Then, too, there were un- happy happenings in the Okan- agan-fruit belt, and because of orchard winter-kill, a call upon the government for assistance.

However, let us first consider the Newcastle embargo. Just before Alberta found it neces- sary to take this action, Dr. F. W. B. Smith, federal health of animals branch, Vancouver, said that fewer cases had come to the attention of the authorities.

It appeared that Newcastle was. “taking a rest” on the lower mainland and Vancouver Island. Then we heard of a case in Alberta. If it moved from B.C. to the foothills prov- ince, then it jumped a lot of places in the B.C. interior.

Dr. Smith again called upon flockowners to make use of the cost-free vaccine supplied by his department, and reiterated his

WAIT!

IF YOU ARE IN DOUBT ABOUT PASSING

Passing another car is a man- euver that requires the good drivers’ full concentration. Do not attempt to pass unless you have visibility of the road ahead and no traffic is approaching. Al- low plenty of room to pull out, pass, and return again to the proper lane. Cutting in too sharply may doom both yourself ond the driver you have passed.

DRIVE CAREFULLY... THE LIFE YOU SAVE MAY BE YOUR OWN! .

REBEL Shep IN THE INTERESTS OF PUBLIC SAFETY BY

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advice to prevent lees of the disease.

Then came rumors of the proposed Alberta action. Some persons did not believe that Alberta could place such an embargo on B.C. poultry pro- ducts, since Newcastle disease

- was in federal hands.

E. E. Sendall, Langley hatch- eryman, estimated that the loss to B.C. producers would run into: a million dollars if the embargo was kept in effect for a lengthy period of time.

“We believe it is unfair,” said Mr. Sendall, ‘because it takes in all B.C. If it had been a quar- antine placed on the effected areas of this province, we would have said okay.

“But it has been clamped on a number of districts -where Newcastle has not been found, —such districts as __ Creston, Penticton, Kelowna, Kamloops and other regions.

“B.C. not only stands to lose a lot of chick business with Al- berta, but also R.O.P. ship- ments. There is one man who has